Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

R. Gold

J. Gruber

M. Brault

Kenneth F. Scheve, Matthew J. Slaughter

Carlos J. L. Balsas

U.S. urban industry has experienced remarkable transformations. At least two and a half centuries of evolution have changed location, productive processes, technology, sources of energy, and outputs. This article analyzes an attempt to help retrofit an aging urban industrial district in South Phoenix. It focuses specifically on mounting pressures to convert remaining, centrally located, industrial land to non-productive commercial and office uses. It is argued that the Wedge South Mountain industrial area presents advantages to the local community in terms of urban structure, proximity to labor pools, and good transport networks in the core of the Phoenix metropolis. The methods comprised an Advanced Urban Planning Studio at Arizona State University, multiple inventories and site visits, presentations, and feedback from guest speakers and economic development specialists at the City of Phoenix and at the Greater Phoenix Economic Council. The main policy recommendations are to preserve small-business activities, modernize neighborhoods along industrial park settings with green and environmental strategies (i.e., parasols and solar panels), and encourage growth in the technology manufacturing sector. The key finding is a series of implications for the retrofitting of other urban industrial areas in the Global North.

Meghna Chaudhuri

Abstract:Standard accounts of South Asian developmentalism render invisible the very conditions that make it possible: the successive displacement of land, both historiographically and historically. The author argues that by the late nineteenth century, there was a critical shift in the epistemological paradigm through which colonial political economy viewed the potential for agrarian development. It was not land, but the intimate, personal, and laboring capacities of the peasant proprietor that was the real object of "improvement" in the grammar of development. The author points toward how credit was the financial logic through which "development" was sought to be put to work in service of maintaining an embattled Britain's hegemonic grip over imperially organized global capital. Indeed, the author's claim about land in this piece is part of a larger set of claims about the epistemological orientation of the late nineteenth-century colonial state. There is a history to be excavated between the structural conditions through which South Asia related as a financial project for Britain and its stewardship of the global economy: between the appearance that political problems took in policy and the epistemological coordinates of political economy in the calculus of governance.

Ivanchenkov Viacheslav S.

The article is dedicated to the study of the evolution of budget expenditures and budget investments in Ukraine in the context of the structural transformation of the national economy. The article substantiates the directions for improving the efficiency of budget policy to ensure sustainable economic growth in Ukraine. The importance of using various methods and forms of the budget mechanism is revealed, among which budgetary levers play a key role. It is determined that the main instruments of the State influence on economic processes are revenues, taxes, interbudgetary transfers, grants, subsidies, and government loans. The significance of the State budget as an effective tool of budget policy capable of ensuring economic growth, reducing unemployment, and improving social standards is disclosed. The dynamics of State expenditure indicators in the structure of Ukraine’s GDP for the years 2019–2023 are analyzed. It is substantiated that the significant increase in expenditures in 2022–2023 is due to the necessity of financing defense needs under martial law conditions. A conclusion has been drawn regarding the impact of budgetary levers on stimulating economic activity, creating jobs, and ensuring sustainable development. It has been shown that government spending on infrastructure projects, education, and healthcare serves as important factors for increasing labor productivity and improving the welfare of the population. It is determined that, under conditions of armed aggression, priority remains on financing the military-industrial complex, social programs, and supporting vulnerable segments of the population. The features of budgetary investment as an effective tool for economic development, taking into account modern challenges and threats, have been revealed. It is found that Ukraine’s public capital expenditures in 2022 significantly decreased; however, in 2023, there is a trend of their growth, which is explained by the need to restore the destroyed infrastructure. Attention has been drawn to the importance of ensuring transparency and accountability in the field of budgetary investment to achieve the strategic goals of sustainable development.

Qiannan Zhu, Zhengyu Zhang

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI) plays an increasingly pivotal role in advancing sustainable economic development. While existing literature predominantly examines the environmental impact of AI technologies from national or sectoral perspectives, this study provides a micro‐level analysis of its effects on energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) performance, utilizing a dataset of Chinese listed firms. We employ a large language model (LLM)‐based intelligent scoring system to capture firms' ECER performance from publicly available environmental disclosures, and construct two‐pronged measures of AI technological capabilities encompassing both innovation and adoption dimensions. The empirical analysis demonstrates that AI technologies significantly enhance ECER performance among Chinese listed firms, with results remaining robust to various alternative specifications and robustness tests. Mechanism analysis reveals that AI facilitates environmental improvements through the enhancement of productive efficiency and the promotion of green innovation. Heterogeneity analysis further indicates that AI‐driven environmental effects are more pronounced among state‐owned enterprises, mature‐stage firms, firms in polluting industries, sectors with lower competitive intensity, labor‐intensive and capital‐intensive industries, and firms located in cities with stringent environmental regulations. These findings offer novel firm‐level empirical evidence on AI's environmental implications, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the technology‐environment nexus in emerging economies and laying a theoretical foundation for targeted AI‐related environmental policy interventions.

Ayush Sawarni, Jikai Jin, Justin Whitehouse et al.

Policy learning algorithms are widely used in areas such as personalized medicine and advertising to develop individualized treatment regimes. However, most methods force a decision even when predictions are uncertain, which is risky in high-stakes settings. We study policy learning with abstention, where a policy may defer to a safe default or an expert. When a policy abstains, it receives a small additive reward on top of the value of a random guess. We propose a two-stage learner that first identifies a set of near-optimal policies and then constructs an abstention rule from their disagreements. We establish fast O(1/n)-type regret guarantees when propensities are known, and extend these guarantees to the unknown-propensity case via a doubly robust (DR) objective. We further show that abstention is a versatile tool with direct applications to other core problems in policy learning: it yields improved guarantees under margin conditions without the common realizability assumption, connects to distributionally robust policy learning by hedging against small data shifts, and supports safe policy improvement by ensuring improvement over a baseline policy with high probability.

Dianye Huang, Nassir Navab, Zhongliang Jiang

Integrating generative models with action chunking has shown significant promise in imitation learning for robotic manipulation. However, the existing diffusion-based paradigm often struggles to capture strong temporal dependencies across multiple steps, particularly when incorporating proprioceptive input. This limitation can lead to task failures, where the policy overfits to proprioceptive cues at the expense of capturing the visually derived features of the task. To overcome this challenge, we propose the Deep Koopman-boosted Dual-branch Diffusion Policy (D3P) algorithm. D3P introduces a dual-branch architecture to decouple the roles of different sensory modality combinations. The visual branch encodes the visual observations to indicate task progression, while the fused branch integrates both visual and proprioceptive inputs for precise manipulation. Within this architecture, when the robot fails to accomplish intermediate goals, such as grasping a drawer handle, the policy can dynamically switch to execute action chunks generated by the visual branch, allowing recovery to previously observed states and facilitating retrial of the task. To further enhance visual representation learning, we incorporate a Deep Koopman Operator module that captures structured temporal dynamics from visual inputs. During inference, we use the test-time loss of the generative model as a confidence signal to guide the aggregation of the temporally overlapping predicted action chunks, thereby enhancing the reliability of policy execution. In simulation experiments across six RLBench tabletop tasks, D3P outperforms the state-of-the-art diffusion policy by an average of 14.6\%. On three real-world robotic manipulation tasks, it achieves a 15.0\% improvement. Code: https://github.com/dianyeHuang/D3P.

Youssef Mroueh, Nicolas Dupuis, Brian Belgodere et al.

We revisit Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) in both on-policy and off-policy optimization regimes. Our motivation comes from recent work on off-policy Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), which improves training stability, sampling efficiency, and memory usage. In addition, a recent analysis of GRPO suggests that estimating the advantage function with off-policy samples could be beneficial. Building on these observations, we adapt GRPO to the off-policy setting. We show that both on-policy and off-policy GRPO objectives yield an improvement in the reward. This result motivates the use of clipped surrogate objectives in the off-policy version of GRPO. We then compare the empirical performance of reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards in post-training using both GRPO variants. Our results show that off-policy GRPO either significantly outperforms or performs on par with its on-policy counterpart.

Л. М. Бястинова, L. M. Byastinova

The relevance of this study is determined by the need for a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of agricultural land use in the northern region, where agricultural production is characterized by a high Aproportion of traditional, low-commodity farming practices, which shape a unique employment structure. The objective of this study was to analyze the dynamics and relationships between the employment structure characteristic of the traditional sector and land use performance indicators in agriculture in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) for the period 2020–2024. The methodological framework was based on the principles of regional economics and the economics of the agro-industrial complex (AIC). The empirical basis of the study was formed by data from Rosstat and the Territorial Office of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The study utilized comparative, economic-statistical, index, and correlation time series analysis methods. The scientific novelty lies in the application of the developed methodological approach to assessing land use performance, which takes into account the structural characteristics of employment and production prevalent in the republic’s agricultural sector. The study’s results showed that, over the analyzed period, household farms maintained their dominant role in generating gross output, and also revealed a steady increase in overall efficiency indicators (land productivity and labor productivity) against a background of structural stability. A synchronous positive trend was established between the growth of production and the increase in land productivity. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of analytical tools for substantiating agricultural policy aimed at supporting the efficiency of the entire multi-sector sector, which is a key condition for the sustainable development of rural areas in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia).

Hadas Mandel, Moshe Semyonov

Mykola Kovalenko, Roman Sobol, Yana Vanina et al.

The relevance of this study is determined by the need to form effective regional policy capable of ensuring balanced socio-economic development of the regions of Ukraine based on innovative-investment reproduction in the context of the fourth industrial revolution, increasing competition between territories, political instability, and social tension, as well as growing external and internal economic, social, military, environmental, and other threats and challenges. A primary factor in the substantive content of public administration of regional development is the change in the goal-setting of territorial development and the principles of distributing economic resources among regions. State regional policy of Ukraine should be aimed at improving the quality of life of the population, careful use of all regional resources, improving the structure of material production, and environmental improvement, stimulating innovation, and implementing new technologies. This system of guidelines implies the activation of the process of digitalization of the regional economy, which is based on the use of advanced innovative technologies permeating all stages of business processes, achievements of traditional science-intensive and intellectual sectors, as well as the modern experience of regional companies actively implementing innovative products and services. The transition of primary and supporting business processes to the digital space, training personnel in digital skills for working in the Internet information and telecommunication network, and shifting the labor process from material-technical factors to human ones are initial conditions for the successful digital transformation of the regional economy. For Ukraine, there is an increasing need to develop the national economy by creating state enterprises that will effectively operate in both domestic and external markets. Such economic entities should become “locomotives” and “growth points” of the national economy, generating impulses and creating a multiplier effect to increase the economic activity of the private sector, development of high-tech industries, innovations, and more. This approach is closely linked to the state regional policy aimed at balanced regional development, particularly through supporting key enterprises that can become the foundation for economic growth in the regions. An important aspect of this policy is ensuring equal opportunities for regional development and reducing disparities between them. The processes of digital transformation open up new opportunities for the development of both state and private enterprises, which can contribute to the activation of economic activity in the regions. In particular, digitalization allows for the optimization of management processes, easier access to markets and resources, as well as fostering innovation. Priority areas for regulating digital transformation of the regional economy by the state should include ensuring consumer rights, organizing a set of cybersecurity measures, and promoting online trade. These areas play a key role in developing business opportunities for representatives of the regional business community and protecting public interests, acting as multipliers to enhance economic activity and investment appeal of the regions. The use of digital platforms can provide numerous advantages, including: stimulating innovation adoption, increasing productivity, creating new consumer values, expanding market opportunities, reducing transaction costs, improving communication, and enhancing overall well-being and quality of life. At the regional level, this can contribute to optimizing resource management, developing local economies, enhancing regional competitiveness, and ensuring more effective implementation of state programs and initiatives. It is shown that the application of a digital ecosystem is of particular importance for public administration, as it allows for the creation of various incentives to support socio-economic development of the region. To attract participants to the digital ecosystem, appropriate incentives need to be developed. Such participation can not only contribute to financial results growth but also strengthen competitive advantages, enhance brand positions and organizational reputation, and improve resilience, productivity, and effectiveness, providing other non-financial benefits. Interaction with various digital platforms expands the boundaries of enterprises and operations of organizations, encouraging them to seek and utilize new opportunities beyond traditional areas of activity. This forms a new level of creating and providing value to consumers and improves the efficiency of local self-government bodies. Consumer participation in the regional digital ecosystem allows not only saving money and time on acquiring necessary goods and services without intermediaries but also gaining new knowledge and competencies, enhancing status and self-esteem. It also contributes to a sense of social significance and belonging to the global network of interactions between people, organizations, and public authorities. Measures for organizing the conversion of digital business platforms into a unified regional digital ecosystem have been developed. The experience of China regarding the development of regional digital ecosystems is extremely valuable for Ukraine, as it illustrates effective strategies for integrating innovations and technologies aimed at increasing the resilience and competitiveness of regions. It also highlights the need for systemic reforms in organizing the economic system and state economic regulation. Such reforms are key to ensuring socio-economic development and for the successful adaptation and development of digital initiatives in Ukrainian regions.

Nina Poyda-Nosyk, Robert Bacho

The study examines development trends and business perspectives in the automotive industry of Ukraine and particularly in Transcarpathia. The trends of the labor market in Ukraine have been identified, the state of migration processes, the level of unemployment in the regions of Ukraine have been assessed. The results of a comparative analysis of the level of the minimum wage in Ukraine in terms of regions, categories and positions are presented. The standard salary of back-office workers and management in the automotive sector was studied. The evolution of the regulatory and legal provision of state regulation of the development of the automobile industry in Ukraine is traced. Radical changes in the state policy of the development of the automotive industry of Ukraine were revealed: from constant support of car manufacturers and stimulation of car production to bureaucratic barriers, obstacles and existing risks and threats. It is stated that since 2014, Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine has led to a significant decline in the car industry. The effectiveness of the activities of the largest automotive industry companies in Zakarpattia Oblast was studied for the period 2018-2022. The financial indicators chosen for analysis were the capital-to-asset ratio, return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and net profit margin (NPM). A conclusion was made about the positive trend of increasing the volume of activity and improving the financial stability and profitability of companies over the past 5 years. From the point of view of investors, the most attractive is Eurocar, which demonstrates positive dynamics of the indicator and has the highest value of ROE among the selected companies at the end of 2022, namely 19.6%. Proximity to the border with the EU, cheap labor and sufficient raw materials make the western oblasts of Ukraine especially attractive for partnership with European auto giants. The need to create an automobile cluster in the region was emphasized.

Yves Noat, Alain Mauger, William Sacks

Thermal measurements, such as the entropy and the specific heat, reveal key elementary excitations for understanding the cuprates. In this paper, we study the specific heat measurements on three different compounds La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$, Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+δ}$ and YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-δ}$ and show that the data are compatible with `pairons' and their excitations. However, the precise fits require the contribution of the antiferromagnetic entropy deduced from the magnetic susceptibility $χ(T)$. Two temperature scales are involved in the excitations above the critical temperature $T_c$: the pseudogap $T^*$, related to pairon excitations, and the magnetic correlation temperature, $T_{max}$, having very different dependencies on the carrier density ($p$). In agreement with our previous analysis of $χ(T)$, the $T_{max}(p)$ line is not the signature of a gap in the electronic density of states, but is rather the temperature scale of strong local antiferromagnetic correlations which dominate for low carrier concentration. These progressively evolve into paramagnetic fluctuations in the overdoped limit. Our results are in striking contradiction with the model of J. L. Tallon and J. G. Storey [Phys. Rev. B {\bf 107}, 054507 (2023)], who reaffirm the idea of a $T$-independent gap $E_g$, whose temperature scale $T_g=E_g/k_B$ decreases linearly with $p$ and vanishes at a critical value $p_c \sim 0.19$. Finally, we discuss the unconventional fluctuation regime above $T_c$, which is associated with a mini-gap $δ\sim$ 2\,meV in the pairon excitation spectrum. This energy scale is fundamental to the condensation mechanism.

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Gelta T. Ramos Xavier, Lia Tiriba, Jaqueline Ventura

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Titarchuk Mykhailo I.

The aim of the article is to generalize and systematize the provisions on the formation of tax policy in the EU countries. The dynamics of the indicator of the ratio of tax revenues to GDP in 27 EU countries during the period 2013–2022 is studied. It is found that the average value of this indicator for the EU-27 is 37.0%. A rather significant differentiation of the tax burden in the context of European countries is recorded, the lowest value observed in Ireland – 24.0%, and the maximum – in France – 47.4%. In general, a moderate level of tax burden is observed in the sample of Central European and Baltic countries. Using the method of correlation and regression analysis, it is found that for the EU countries in 2013–2022, with an increase in the tax burden by 1 percentage point, the real growth rate of the economy slows down by 0.215 percentage points, and the stochastic dependence is significant, but not too strong. In further research, it is important to pay attention to other factors influencing the growth rate of the real economy. Tax service is a key institution in the field of public revenue mobilization, in the EU-27 countries 62% of the total State revenues are collected by the tax authorities. The article pays attention to the study of the compositional tax structure both in the context of taxation of factors of production and individual taxes. Labor taxes account for the highest share in the tax structure in the EU Member States, followed by consumption taxes, and capital taxes are the least fiscally important. The determinant of the formation of the tax policy of European countries is competition in the international market to attract the main factors of production – labor and capital, which necessitates the creation of favorable conditions for their taxation. In the EU countries, there are unified taxation rules that apply to both minimum tax rates (VAT, excise duty) and control procedures, the principles of production and circulation of excisable goods, etc. In the EU member states, a standard and reduced VAT rate is used, the latter is a fiscal tool for maintaining social stability in society. The priorities of the tax authorities in the EU countries are the improvement of administration procedures, the expansion and modification of digital taxpayer services, the implementation of the institutional model of the State tax risk management and scenario modeling.

Korsakov, K.V., Serova et al.

Russia's migration policy is based on the idea of its migration attractiveness, which makesit possible to solve a number of importantsocial, demographic, and economic problems.At the same time, the large flow of external migrants creates certain threatsto national security. This article focuses on studying the potential of national labor policy instruments and employment promotion to solve the problem of decriminalization and demarginalization of the migrant workers'community. It exposesthe need in improving the performance of the state employment service in three main directions: raising the awareness of foreign citizens about the basics of labor legislation, types, procedures, and methods of obtaining public services; adaptation of individual public services to the demands and capabilities of external labor migrants; and interdepartmental interaction advancement. According to the authors of the article, each direction requires the development of the functionality of a single digital platform in the field of employment and labor relations "Work in Russia" and its integration with similar digital resources in other countries. The mechanism for protecting the labor rights and freedoms of foreign citizens also requires enhancement. The special role of trade unions and the State Labor Inspectorate in reducing the crime rate among migrants is noted. It is concluded that trade unions can significantly influence the content of local regulations adopted by employers and the resolution of certain personnel issues in relation to foreign workers, exercise control and other functions, and participate in the formation and implementation of internal state policy in the field of labor and employment promotion.