Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

J. Chenot, B. Greitemann, B. Kladny et al.

Immanuel Kant, Edited BY Jens Timmermann English, M. Gregor

L. Michaelis, M. Menten, K. Johnson et al.

A. Hatheway

A. Wezel, S. Bellon, T. Doré et al.

Agroecology involves various approaches to solve actual challenges of agricultural production. Though agroecology initially dealt primarily with crop production and protection aspects, in recent decades new dimensions such as environmental, social, economic, ethical and development issues are becoming relevant. Today, the term ‘agroecology’ means either a scientific discipline, agricultural practice, or political or social movement. Here we study the different meanings of agroecology. For that we analyse the historical development of agroecology. We present examples from USA, Brazil, Germany, and France. We study and discuss the evolution of different meanings agroecology. The use of the term agroecology can be traced back to the 1930s. Until the 1960s agroecology referred only as a purely scientific discipline. Then, different branches of agroecology developed. Following environmental movements in the 1960s that went against industrial agriculture, agroecology evolved and fostered agroecological movements in the 1990s. Agroecology as an agricultural practice emerged in the 1980s, and was often intertwined with movements. Further, the scales and dimensions of agroecological investigations changed over the past 80 years from the plot and field scales to the farm and agroecosystem scales. Actually three approaches persist: (1) investigations at plot and field scales, (2) investigations at the agroecosystem and farm scales, and (3) investigations covering the whole food system. These different approaches of agroecological science can be explained by the history of nations. In France, agroecology was mainly understood as a farming practice and to certain extent as a movement, whereas the corresponding scientific discipline was agronomy. In Germany, agroecology has a long tradition as a scientific discipline. In the USA and in Brazil all three interpretations of agroecology occur, albeit with a predominance of agroecology as a science in the USA and a stronger emphasis on movement and agricultural practice in Brazil. These varied meanings of the term agroecology cause confusion among scientists and the public, and we recommend that those who publish using this term be explicit in their interpretation.

Tzu-Kai Lin, Lily Zhong, J. Santiago

Plant oils have been utilized for a variety of purposes throughout history, with their integration into foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. They are now being increasingly recognized for their effects on both skin diseases and the restoration of cutaneous homeostasis. This article briefly reviews the available data on biological influences of topical skin applications of some plant oils (olive oil, olive pomace oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, safflower seed oil, argan oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, avocado oil, borage oil, jojoba oil, oat oil, pomegranate seed oil, almond oil, bitter apricot oil, rose hip oil, German chamomile oil, and shea butter). Thus, it focuses on the therapeutic benefits of these plant oils according to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on the skin, promotion of wound healing and repair of skin barrier.

I. Kant, Arnulf Zweig, T. E. Hill

Immanuel Kant's "Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals" is one of the most important texts in the history of ethics. In it Kant searches for the supreme principle of morality and argues for a conception of the moral life that has made this work a continuing source of controversy and an object of reinterpretation for over two centuries. This new edition of Kant's work provides a translation that seeks to be faithful to the German original and is fully annotated. There are also four essays by well-known scholars that discuss Kant's views and the philosophical issues raised by his work. J.B. Schneewind defends the continuing interest in Kantian ethics by examining its historical relation both to the ethical thought that preceded it and to its influence on the ethical theories that came after it; Marcia Baron sheds light on Kant's famous views about moral motivation; and Shelly Kagan and Allen W. Wood advocate contrasting interpretations of Kantian ethics and its practical implications.

G. Hofstede

V. Voloshinov

R. Kessler, K. McGonagle, M. Swartz et al.

K. Marx, Friedrich Engels

D. Lacapra

C. Applegate

At the center of this pioneering work in modern European history is the German word "Heimat"the homeland, the local place. Translations barely penetrate the meaning of the word, which has provided the emotional and ideological common ground for a variety of associations and individuals devoted to the cause of local preservation. Celia Applegate examines at both the national and regional levels the cultural meaning of "Heimat" and why it may be pivotal to the troubled and very timely question of German identity. The ideas and activities clustered around "Heimat" shed new light particularly on problems of modernization. Instead of viewing the Germans as a dangerously anti-modern people, Applegate argues that they used the cultivation of "Heimat" to ground an abstract nationalism in their attachment to familiar places and to reconcile the modern industrial and urban world with the rural landscapes and customs they admired. Primarily a characteristic of the middle classes, love of "Heimat" constituted an alternative vision of German unity to the familiar aggressive, militaristic one. The "Heimat" vision of Germany emphasized cultural diversity and defined German identity by its internal members rather than its external enemies. Applegate asks that we re-examine the continuities of German history from the perspective of the local places that made up Germany, rather than from that of prominent intellectuals or national policymakers. The local patriotism of "Heimat" activists emerges as an element of German culture that persisted across the great divides of 1918, 1933, and 1945. She also suggests that this attachment to a particular place is a feature of Europeans in general and is deserving of further attention."

Christiane Vogel, Jan Schildmann, Sabine Sommerlatte et al.

Aim: Interprofessional education (IPE) prepares students in health professions for the joint care of patients and promotes (inter)professional identity formation. Interprofessional collaboration in clinical-ethical case consultations is essential for the best possible recommendations for action. Therefore, simulating the already established format of principle-oriented ethical case consultation is ideal for IPE. Method: An interprofessional education course was developed for three professions (evidence-based nursing, midwifery, and human medicine) with a focus on simulating principle-oriented ethical case consultations. After a theoretical introduction, students act in their (future) professional roles as participants in such a consultation. Two cases are simulated and reflected upon using a modified fishbowl method. The course is evaluated using a self-developed questionnaire implemented with EvaSys. Results: The course has been held three times since the winter term of 2022/2023. Ninety-six evaluation forms were evaluated (78% response rate) from 123 students. Students reported, inter alia, a “positive change in attitude toward interprofessional collaboration through the course” with an average of 1.8±0.8 and an “awareness of various ethical dimensions of professional activity” with 1.6±0.9 on a 5-point Likert scale (1=“completely agree”). The free-text responses show that the students particularly benefited from the practical exercises, the real-life cases, and the interprofessional exchange. Conclusion: Ethical issues are a natural focus for IPE due to the multi-professional perspective they require. This allows for the promotion of practical understanding and appreciation of various ethically relevant perspectives.

W. Rathmann, B. Haastert, A. Icks et al.

G. Aad, E. Aakvaag, B. Abbott et al.

Measurements of jet substructure in Pb+Pb collisions provide key insights into the mechanism of jet quenching in the hot and dense QCD medium created in these collisions.This Letter presents a measurement of the suppression of large-radius jets with a radius parameter of R=1.0 and its dependence on the jet substructure. The measurement uses 1.72 nb−1 of Pb+Pb data and 255 pb−1 of pp data, both at sNN=5.02 TeV, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Large-radius jets are reconstructed by reclustering R=0.2 calorimetric jets and are measured for transverse momentum above 200 GeV. Jet substructure is evaluated using charged-particle tracks, and the overall level of jet suppression is quantified using the jet nuclear modification factor (RAA). The jet RAA is measured as a function of jet pT, the charged kt splitting scale (d12), and the angular separation (ΔR12) of two leading sub-jets. The jet RAA gradually decreases with increasing d12, implying significantly stronger suppression of large-radius jets with larger kt splitting scale. The jet RAA gradually decreases for ΔR12 in the range 0.01−0.2 and then remains consistent with a constant for ΔR12 ≳ 0.2. The observed significant dependence of jet suppression on the jet substructure will provide new insights into its role in the quenching process.

Tintor Sara

Background: Throughout history, various driving forces have influenced both forced and voluntary migrations of healthcare workers. Objective: This study aims to obtain new insights into the work activities of foreign doctors from the Western Balkans practicing medicine in Germany. Materials and Methods: In 2023, a qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze physicians' motivation for emigration from their home countries, their professional status development in Germany, the German legal system, and overall satisfaction of the physicians. Results: The main findings highlight better salaries for doctors abroad and no development opportunities in their home countries as the main reasons for emigration. Immigrant physicians were mainly satisfied with their professional status development in Germany, but less satisfied with the German legal system. Conclusion: Employing doctors from the Western Balkans can alleviate the burden on the German healthcare system caused by the significant shortage of skilled labor force.

Marcel Mertz, Tatiana Hetzel, Karla Alex et al.

Can nonhuman animals be used for the benefit of humans in a scientifically and morally justified manner and, if yes, how? Based on our own experiences as scholars from various academic backgrounds, we argue that this question can only be answered as an interdisciplinary and international endeavor, considering insights from research ethics and animal ethics as well as scientific and legal aspects. The aim of this article is to contribute to the foundation of the emerging field of animal research ethics. In doing so, we describe the following seven phases of animal research experiments: ethical, legal and social presumptions (phase 0), planning (phase I), review (phase II), conduct of experiments (phase III), publication/dissemination (phase IV), further exploitation of results (phase V), and evaluation (phase VI). In total, 20 key ethical, legal, and practical challenges that an ethical framework for the use of animals in research needs to address are identified and analyzed. Finally, we characterize the following four meta-challenges and opportunities associated with animal research ethics as a field: (1) moral pluralism, (2) the integration of views and positions outside the laboratory, (3) international plurality of conduct, standards, and legal norms, and (4) interdisciplinary education.

Phoebe Heddell-Stevens, Phoebe Heddell-Stevens, Sarah Barakat et al.

The application of high-resolution methods to reconstruct the ecology and behavior of large-herbivores within Late Pleistocene contexts in Europe has revealed increasing evidence for variability in diet, habitat preference, ranges and mobility patterns through time and space. This data has major implications for interpretations of hominin subsistence strategies in terms of prey-species selection, which rest to a large extent, on the spatial ecology of these animals and their resulting availability in the environment. To this end, multi-isotope analysis of faunal remains from archaeological sites has been shown to provide direct information in herbivore movements and ranges that move beyond assumptions of consistency in animal behavior through time. The Middle Paleolithic site of Salzgitter-Lebenstedt, Northern Germany, has been put forward as a prime example of specialized hunting of a single taxon – reindeer – by Neanderthals. However, questions remain around the number and season of hunting events. Here we employ strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotope analysis in combination with stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotope analysis of sequentially-sampled tooth enamel from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and horse (Equus sp.) to reconstruct the sub-annual dietary and ranging behaviors of these prey-species at Salzgitter. We find that reindeer exhibit parallel seasonal shifts in diet and likely experienced similar environmental conditions. While the majority of the reindeer display the potential for long-distance climate-induced migrations, mobility patterns and seasonal ranges appear to have differed between individuals. This may be indicative of behavioral flexibility, particularly in migratory behavior of reindeer, during this period in Northern Germany. Horses analyzed here likely consumed a graze-based diet year-round, while potentially undertaking more residential movements on a seasonal basis. We briefly discuss potential implications of these findings on Neanderthal hunting strategies at the site. Finally, we discuss the challenges to the application of 87Sr/86Sr as a provenancing tool in Central Europe, and the importance of multi-isotope approaches and development of additional spatial proxies.

Alberto Sendra, Alba Sánchez-García, Hannelore Hoch et al.

Few species of Japygidae (Diplura) have been discovered in cave ecosystems despite their importance as large predators. A small collection of rare specimens of this hexapod group has allowed to explore the taxonomy of japygids from caves in New Zealand, Morocco and South Africa, and to describe one new genus: Imazighenjapyx Sendra & Sánchez-García gen. nov., as well as four new species: Austrjapyx wynbergensis Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov., Imazighenjapyx marocanus Sendra & Sánchez-García gen. et sp. nov., Opisthjapyx naledi Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov. and Teljapyx aotearoa Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov. For each of the new taxa we give a comprehensive description of their habitats. These new findings resulted in a revision of the distribution and allowed to re-evaluate the morphological traits of the fifteen cave-adapted japygids species already known worldwide. The functional morphology of the remarkable abdominal pincers of Japygidae and their adaptation to predation are discussed, as well as their potential role in mating behaviour.