We apply, for the first time, Bayes Linear Emulation and History Matching to the calibration of non-perturbative models in Monte Carlo event generators. In contrast to the usual approach of "Monte Carlo tuning", History Matching does not result in best-fit plus ellipsoidal parameter uncertainty estimates but instead identifies all parameter space regions that are consistent with data. This approach leads to a systematic and robust quantification of parametric uncertainties in the models, especially in those challenging cases where different, possibly disjoint, regions of parameter space deliver similar results, which are usually not properly treated with current methodology. We highlight the power of this method with the hadronisation models available through Sherpa: the built-in cluster fragmentation Ahadic and string fragmentation through an interface to Pythia.
Multivariate Time Series (MTS) forecasting has a wide range of applications in both industry and academia. Recent advances in Spatial-Temporal Graph Neural Network (STGNN) have achieved great progress in modelling spatial-temporal correlations. Limited by computational complexity, most STGNNs for MTS forecasting focus primarily on short-term and local spatial-temporal dependencies. Although some recent methods attempt to incorporate univariate history into modeling, they still overlook crucial long-term spatial-temporal similarities and correlations across MTS, which are essential for accurate forecasting. To fill this gap, we propose a framework called the Long-term Multivariate History Representation (LMHR) Enhanced STGNN for MTS forecasting. Specifically, a Long-term History Encoder (LHEncoder) is adopted to effectively encode the long-term history into segment-level contextual representations and reduce point-level noise. A non-parametric Hierarchical Representation Retriever (HRetriever) is designed to include the spatial information in the long-term spatial-temporal dependency modelling and pick out the most valuable representations with no additional training. A Transformer-based Aggregator (TAggregator) selectively fuses the sparsely retrieved contextual representations based on the ranking positional embedding efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate that LMHR outperforms typical STGNNs by 10.72% on the average prediction horizons and state-of-the-art methods by 4.12% on several real-world datasets. Additionally, it consistently improves prediction accuracy by 9.8% on the top 10% of rapidly changing patterns across the datasets.
Traditional approaches to studying decision-making in neuroscience focus on simplified behavioral tasks where animals perform repetitive, stereotyped actions to receive explicit rewards. While informative, these methods constrain our understanding of decision-making to short timescale behaviors driven by explicit goals. In natural environments, animals exhibit more complex, long-term behaviors driven by intrinsic motivations that are often unobservable. Recent works in time-varying inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) aim to capture shifting motivations in long-term, freely moving behaviors. However, a crucial challenge remains: animals make decisions based on their history, not just their current state. To address this, we introduce SWIRL (SWitching IRL), a novel framework that extends traditional IRL by incorporating time-varying, history-dependent reward functions. SWIRL models long behavioral sequences as transitions between short-term decision-making processes, each governed by a unique reward function. SWIRL incorporates biologically plausible history dependency to capture how past decisions and environmental contexts shape behavior, offering a more accurate description of animal decision-making. We apply SWIRL to simulated and real-world animal behavior datasets and show that it outperforms models lacking history dependency, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This work presents the first IRL model to incorporate history-dependent policies and rewards to advance our understanding of complex, naturalistic decision-making in animals.
Ewoud Wempe, Amina Helmi, Simon D. M. White
et al.
We study the mass growth histories of the halos of Milky Way and M31 analogues formed in constrained cosmological simulations of the Local Group. These simulations constitute a fair and representative set of $Λ$CDM realisations conditioned on properties of the main Local Group galaxies, such as their masses, relative separation, dynamics and environment. Comparing with isolated analogues extracted from the TNG dark-matter-only simulations, we find that while our M31 halos have a comparable mass growth history to their isolated counterparts, our Milky Ways typically form earlier and their growth is suppressed at late times. Mass growth associated to major and minor mergers is also biased early for the Milky Way in comparison to M31, with most accretion occurring 1 - 4 Gyr after the Big Bang, and a relatively quiescent history at later times. 32% of our Milky Ways experienced a Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage (GES)-like merger, while 13% host an LMC-like object at the present day, with 5% having both. In one case, an SMC- and a Sagittarius-analogue are also present, showing that the most important mergers of the Milky Way in its Local Group environment can be reproduced in $Λ$CDM. We find that the material that makes up the Milky Way and M31 halos at the present day first collapsed onto a plane roughly aligned with the Local Sheet and Supergalactic plane; after $z \sim 2$, accretion occurred mostly within this plane, with the tidal effects of the heavier companion, M31, significantly impacting the late growth history of the Milky Way.
A study of imperial wall decoration reveals the recurring presence of the exotic-bird motif. Presented in the exhibition Soieries impériales pour Versailles: collection du Mobilier national, the wall hangings in the Empress’s Versailles study and in the Salon Jaune (Yellow Room) of the Queen’s Hamlet stand out for their ‘birds of paradise’ motifs. This emphasis raises questions. Although birds were a regular feature of wall decorations, they became a fashionable motif from the second half of the eighteenth century onwards, in connection with the first natural-science publications. At the turn of the century, birds inspired by Antiquity as depicted by Charles Percier were increasingly present. Following the publications of the traveller and naturalist François Levaillant, which were illustrated by the painter Jacques Barraband, exotic birds such as birds of paradise became fashionable motifs, fully in keeping with the taste for the exotic that was popular at the time. The birds of paradise woven, embroidered and painted for Versailles in the early 1810s represent the culmination of this taste.
The purpose of this brief article is to clarify certain distortions of the history of ideas about the quantum theory of de Sitter space that have appeared in recent literature.
This article examines the importance of graphic representations in the social sciences, and particularly in (medieval) history, taking as its starting point a reflection by {É}tienne-Jules Marey, a physiologist and pioneer of 19th-century photography and cinema. Marey believed that the visual should replace language in many fields. Indeed, the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries saw an exponential multiplication of visual media, particularly with the advent of digital technology. However, this ''graphics revolution'' has not affected all disciplines equally. Significant differences remain between scientific fields such as astrophysics, anthropology, chemistry and medieval history, despite their shared commitment to describing dynamic processes and changes of state. Yet, while historians have already digitized a large part of the cultural heritage from Antiquity to the 10th-13th centuries, exploration of this corpus using visualizations remains limited. There is therefore untapped potential in this field.This article begins by outlining a typology and quantification of the past and potential roles of visual representations in medieval history. It examines two distinct intellectual approaches: 1. the use of visuals to support a scientific discourse (majority) and 2. the construction of a historical discourse based on observations made from visual figures with the aim of modeling phenomena invisible to the naked eye. The author thus examines the use of ''images'' in medievalism, focusing on the annual volumes of the Soci{é}t{é} des historiens m{é}di{é}vistes de l'enseignement sup{é}rieur (SHMESP), up to 2006. Two other parts of the text look at the still-rare forms of visual representation in medieval history, particularly those with a ''heuristic vocation'', using iconographic objects, parchments, buildings and digitized texts. The article suggests various visualization techniques, such as network analysis, the creation of ''stemmas 2.0'' and interactive chronologies, which could benefit the discipline. These methods could potentially profoundly change our understanding of ancient societies, by showing the dynamic relationships between different aspects of these societies. One of the most important advances expected from these visual methods is a better understanding of the patterns of development in medieval Europe, which varied from region to region. The hypothesis is that the scarcity of heuristic graphics in medieval history stems from the relationship with ancient documents and the historical method based on narration and exemplarity. The article thus questions the value of ''visual modelling'' in medieval history, and highlights the challenges associated with the widespread adoption of this approach in the humanities and social sciences. Finally, the text invites us to reflect on the nature and functioning of heuristic visual devices, by comparing medieval ''images'' and contemporary scientific visuals. In both cases, the point is to materialize the invisible in order to show something that exists beyond the visual. The author suggests that this way of approaching visuals could play a growing role in the decades to come, particularly in the field of data science.
This paper investigates the grammatical and pragmatic uses of epistemic and deontic modal expressions in a corpus of Slovenian socially acceptable and unacceptable Facebook comments. We propose a set of modals that do not interpretatively vary in their modality type in order to enable robust corpus searches and reliable quantification of the results. We show that deontic, but not epistemic, modals are significantly more frequent in socially unacceptable comments, and specifically that they favour violent discourse. We complement the quantitative findings with a qualitative analysis of the discursive roles played by the modals. We explore how pragmatic communicative strategies such as hedging, boosting, and face-saving arise from the underlying syntactic and semantic properties of the modal expressions, such as the modal force and clausal syntax.
The article is a Polish translation of a chapter from a book titled Rediscoveries in Art. Some Aspects of Taste, Fashion and Collecting in England and France. The Wrightsman Lectures delivered under the auspices of the New York University Institute of Fine Arts (Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York 1980; first edition: Phaidon Press Limited 1976) by Francis Haskell (1928–2000), a renowned art historian, the author of classic studies on artistic patronage, the history of taste, and collecting. The subject of the essay is changes in tastes, particularly the increased interest in Italian and Northern European painting at the turn of 18th and 19th centuries and the consequences of this phenomenon for the British and French collections of painting created at that time (as well as the diverse political and social turbulences that occurred in the wake of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars).
Abstract
The Olympic Congress of 1914 took place in Paris immediately prior to World War I. It was to highlight Coubertin’s standing in front of the President of France. While the formal celebrations were grandiose, the deliberations of the delegates about the future of the Games were a disaster for Coubertin, as he was utterly unprepared for these negotiations. He was confronted with the power of the newly founded international sports federations which wanted to have a decisive vote on their sports. Coubertin was even ready to resign on the question of women’s participation in the Games. No complete Minutes of the Congress were ever published. Coubertin’s description in his autobiography and the abridged version of the Proceedings after the Great War contain fakes which have not been questioned by the scholars of Olympic history because of the authority of Coubertin. Using newspaper records of the participants of various countries it is attempted to reconstruct what happened at the Congress.
Resumen
El Congreso Olímpico de 1914 se celebró en París inmediatamente antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Era para destacar la posición de Coubertin ante el Presidente de Francia. Aunque las celebraciones formales fueron grandiosas, las deliberaciones de los delegados sobre el futuro de los Juegos fueron un desastre para Coubertin, ya que no estaba preparado para estas negociaciones. Se enfrentó al poder de las recién creadas federaciones deportivas internacionales, que querían tener un voto decisivo sobre sus deportes. Coubertin estuvo incluso dispuesto a resignarse por la cuestión de la participación de las mujeres en los Juegos. Nunca se publicaron las actas completas del Congreso. La descripción de Coubertin en su autobiografía y la
versión abreviada de las Actas después de la Gran Guerra contienen falsificaciones que no han sido cuestionadas por los estudiosos de la historia olímpica debido a la autoridad de Coubertin. Utilizando los registros de los periódicos de los participantes de varios países se intenta reconstruir lo
que ocurrió en el Congreso.
Simultaneous Machine Translation is the task of incrementally translating an input sentence before it is fully available. Currently, simultaneous translation is carried out by translating each sentence independently of the previously translated text. More generally, Streaming MT can be understood as an extension of Simultaneous MT to the incremental translation of a continuous input text stream. In this work, a state-of-the-art simultaneous sentence-level MT system is extended to the streaming setup by leveraging the streaming history. Extensive empirical results are reported on IWSLT Translation Tasks, showing that leveraging the streaming history leads to significant quality gains. In particular, the proposed system proves to compare favorably to the best performing systems.
Mathieu Allimant, Etienne Bertrand, Nathalie Glinsky
et al.
The presence of topography influences the seismic ground motion and may result in strong amplifications, generally at the top of hills and reliefs. The increasing urbanization of hills requires an accurate estimation of these effects even in areas of moderate seismicity. The simplified coefficients provided by the Eurocodes8 do not depend on the frequency and underestimate the amplification in many situations, which justifies the development of new methods based on easily accessible data. The city of Menton, located in the southeast of France, between the Alps and the Ligurian basin, is one of the most exposed metropolitan cities. We propose a study of topographic effects applied to the Menton area. Topographic amplification is calculated, on a wide frequency band, using the Frequency-Scaled Curvature method, from a DEM and an average value of the shear wave velocity. We then propose to apply an automatic clustering approach to classify the amplification curves into five groups with similar properties. We then deduce a first microzonation map of the topographic effects in the Menton area.
<p>The mid-17th century is characterized by a cluster
of explosive volcanic eruptions in the 1630s and 1640s, climatic conditions
culminating in the Maunder Minimum, and political instability and
famine in regions of western and northern Europe as well as China and Japan. This contribution investigates the sources of the eruptions of the 1630s and 1640s and their possible impact on contemporary climate using ice core, tree-ring, and historical evidence but will also look into the
socio-political context in which they occurred and the human responses they
may have triggered. Three distinct sulfur peaks are found in the Greenland
ice core record in 1637, 1641–1642, and 1646. In Antarctica, only one
unambiguous sulfate spike is recorded, peaking in 1642. The resulting
bipolar sulfur peak in 1641–1642 can likely be ascribed to the eruption of
Mount Parker (6<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> N, Philippines) on 26 December 1640, but sulfate
emitted from Komaga-take (42<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> N, Japan) volcano on 31 July 1641
has potentially also contributed to the sulfate concentrations observed in
Greenland at this time. The smaller peaks in 1637 and 1646 can be
potentially attributed to the eruptions of Hekla (63<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> N, Iceland)
and Shiveluch (56<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> N, Russia), respectively. To date, however,
none of the candidate volcanoes for the mid-17th century sulfate peaks
have been confirmed with tephra preserved in ice cores. Tree-ring and
written sources point to cold conditions in the late 1630s and early 1640s
in various parts of Europe and to poor harvests. Yet the early 17th
century was also characterized by widespread warfare across Europe – and in particular the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) – rendering any attribution of socio-economic crisis to volcanism challenging. In China and Japan, historical sources point to extreme droughts and famines starting in 1638 (China) and 1640 (Japan), thereby preceding the eruptions of Komaga-take (31 July 1640) and Mount Parker (4 January 1641). The case of the eruption
cluster between 1637 and 1646 and the climatic and societal conditions
recorded in its aftermath thus offer a textbook example of difficulties in
(i) unambiguously distinguishing volcanically induced cooling, wetting, or
drying from natural climate variability and (ii) attributing political
instability, harvest failure, and famines solely to volcanic climatic
impacts. This example shows that while the impacts of past volcanism must
always be studied within the contemporary socio-economic contexts, it is
also time to move past reductive framings and sometimes reactionary
oppositional stances in which climate (and environment more broadly) either
is or is not deemed an important contributor to major historical events.</p>
The article is devoted to the policy of France towards Italy and Ethiopia at the final stage of the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935—1936 and the question of the elimination of anti-Italian sanctions in the League of Nations. It was revealed that the great powers were mainly interested in restoring normal relations with Italy, while the defense of Ethiopia’s independence was only a “moral duty” for them, and in the clash of moral factors and real politics, the real interests of states won undoubtedly. It is argued that, taking ad-vantage of France’s interest in restoring stable Franco-Italian relations, Italy actually destroyed the political agreements of early 1935 and moved on to political rapprochement with Germany, which significantly changed the entire international situation in Europe and actually opened the way for the outbreak of World War II. In addition, for France, a significant political loss was the drop in the authority of the League of Nations, due to the helplessness of this organization in the face of aggression against one of the members of the League. The study is based on publications of Soviet, French, Italian and German diplomatic documents, documents of the League of Nations, memoirs of political figures of that era, as well as un-published documents from the Archives of the German Information Bureau (Germany).
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Tran Xuan Hiep, Tran Dinh Hung, Nguyen Tuan Binh
et al.
The Nguyen Dynasty was the last monarchy in Vietnamese history, established after Nguyen Anh ascended the throne in 1802 and ended when Bao Dai abdicated in 1945, a total of 143 years. Stemming from the sense of protecting the throne of the feudal regime associated with the protection of national security, the Nguyen kings implemented foreign policy in a complicated historical context, especially was in the face of the growing pressure of Western colonialism. As a result , The Nguyen Kings had a “difficult problem” with behavioral culture and foreign policies with Western countries, particularly France, leading to implementing an “unclear” and “inconsistent” foreign pocily. This article presents a different perspective on the Nguyen Dynasty's relations with Western countries during the period of independence and self-control (1802-1858). Accordingly, the author look at the Nguyen Dynasty’s Diplomatic relations to the West in the view of the development, with the approach: From Limited access policy (under reigns of King Gia Long and King Minh Mang) to Anti-access policy (under reigns of King Thieu Tri and King Tu Duc). From there, it shows a different view of the contact process between Eastern and Western civilizations, specifically between Vietnam and other countries, such as France, Britain, and America in the Modern period.
Lucas Sakizloglou, Sona Ghahremani, Matthias Barkowsky
et al.
Runtime models provide a snapshot of a system at runtime at a desired level of abstraction. Via a causal connection to the modeled system and by employing model-driven engineering techniques, runtime models support schemes for (runtime) adaptation where data from previous snapshots facilitates more informed decisions. Nevertheless, although runtime models and model-based adaptation techniques have been the focus of extensive research, schemes that treat the evolution of the model over time as a first-class citizen have only lately received attention. Consequently, there is a lack of sophisticated technology for such runtime models with history. We present a querying scheme where the integration of temporal requirements with incremental model queries enables scalable querying for runtime models with history. Moreover, our scheme provides for a memory-efficient storage of such models. By integrating these two features into an adaptation loop, we enable efficient history-aware self-adaptation via runtime models, of which we present an implementation.