Psychology as it has been taught in Indonesia has largely followed Western frameworks, grounded in Western modes of thought considered modern, namely, the scientific study of individual mental processes. Scientific inquiry in this tradition relies on empirical and objective methods, allowing findings to be tested and replicated. Historically, however, the early development of psychology in Indonesia was more pragmatic, emerging primarily from psychometric training courses rather than from a systematic engagement with psychology as a scientific discipline in line with established epistemological standards. This historical trajectory raises a critical and reflective question: Is there a form of psychology, or ilmu jiwa, rooted in Eastern values within the archipelago? And what distinguishes it from Western psychology? These questions form the foundation of the author’s historical and academic exploration, with a particular focus on Javanese thought. Javanese perspectives were chosen as the primary focus due to the relative accessibility and availability of relevant literature. Accordingly, this study first examines what is termed Nusantara Psychology. Through a careful review and verification of sources, the author focuses on four Javanese thinkers: Soemantri Hardjo Prakoso, Ki Ageng Suryomentaram, Panji Sosrokartono, and Muhammad Subuh. These thinkers share a defining characteristic that sets their conceptualizations of the human psyche apart from Western psychology: the central role of spirituality in understanding human psychological life. The psychological frameworks developed by these Javanese thinkers are expected to contribute to the future development of Indigenous Psychology as well as Indonesian Psychology (Psikologi Indonesia). Further research is encouraged to explore non-Javanese thinkers and to conduct comparative analyses, in order to deepen understanding of the mental processes of Indonesian people.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Asia
Introduction. The mid-to-late nineteenth century was witnessing further integration of Kalmyk Steppe and its society into the Russian state system. During the period under review, it was the Horde [Affairs] Department at Astrakhan Chamber of State Property (1848–1881) that became in charge of the administrative reform, with activities guided by the Kalmyk People’s Governance Regulations of 23 April 1847. The agency’s documents had compiled Collection И-6 (‘Horde [Affairs] Department at Astrakhan Chamber of State Property, 1832–1881’) at the National Archive of Kalmykia. Goals. The study seeks to investigate the reference apparatus to Collection И-6, analyze its structure and types of documents, identify common and distinctive features in record keeping at the newly created government body after the introduction of the 1847 Regulations, and the former’s source potential for historical research of state institutions in prerevolutionary Kalmykia. Results. The Regulations of 1847 established a clear division of powers between the Governor’s Office and Kalmyk elites, and sought to articulate certain division of powers in Kalmyk self-governance too. The Regulations specified directions of activity for structural units of the Horde [Affairs] Department, which had its impacts on workflow management essentials of the Kalmyk people’s governing body. The documents that resulted from the latter’s activities are related to official record keeping and their formatting patterns meet the requirements of that era. The archival documents included in Collection И-6 are a valuable source for further historical insights into how local public institutions in Russia would develop throughout the prerevolutionary period, and how Kalmykia’s administrative structures would evolutionize accordingly.
History (General), Oriental languages and literatures
El presente trabajo explora la evolución en España de las narrativas comunistas sobre el proceso de convergencia europeo. La cronología utilizada recorre buena parte de la historia del PCE, aunque centrándose especialmente en las décadas de los 70 y 80 del s. XX. El texto estudia la evolución de la postura del partido con respecto al proceso de integración, que pasaría del rechazo a la aceptación. El objetivo es analizar la importancia de este fenómeno dentro de la crisis del comunismo español y especialmente, su papel como detonante de las dinámicas disidentes de carácter ortodoxo. Con este fin se estudian diversas fuentes hemerográficas, archivísticas y orales que proporcionan una visión global del fenómeno.
De bmgn – lchr is het wetenschappelijke tijdschrift bij uitstek voor de studie van de Nederlandse Opstand. Dit artikel neemt deze algemene vaststelling als uitgangspunt en brengt door een kwantitatieve analyse een aantal ontwikkelingen scherper in beeld. Het bekijkt de chronologische ontwikkelingen in het aantal bijdragen over de Opstand en neemt daarbij ook de taal van de bijdragen en de nationaliteit van de auteurs mee in de analyse. Tot slot wordt gekeken naar de geografische invalshoek van de bijdragen. Op basis van die analyse kan worden vastgesteld dat rond 1990 het Opstandsonderzoek is gaan verbreden door nieuwe vraagstellingen. Een aantal recente nwo-Vici projecten hebben voor een definitieve omslag gezorgd. De vraag is of het onderzoek over de Opstand, zoals het aan bod komt in de bmgn – lchr, ook internationaler is geworden en vooral, wat dat dan precies mag betekenen.
Tra gli effetti collaterali meno noti della ricezione dei testi politici aristotelici nell’Italia del tardo Medioevo c’è lo sviluppo – a partire dal Trecento – dell’idea di appartenenza naturale a una fazione politica, connesso all’emergere nella dottrina giuridico-politica di posizioni non del tutto contrarie alla liceità della divisione in partiti a fini di governo. I riferimenti alla naturalità dell’appartenenza fazionaria, mai del tutto svincolata dalla volontà individuale, si riscontrano numerosi nella Lombardia viscontea e sforzesca. Attraverso una serie di esempi desunti da cronache, trattati teorici e testi della politica pragmatica, il saggio traccia una parabola di questa concezione, destinata a esaurirsi con il Cinquecento e l’inclusione dello stato regionale in strutture più ampie.
El reformismo borbónico introdujo acciones de resguardo y poblamiento con el fin de “estabilizar” las fronteras. En la zona sur de la intendencia de Córdoba se fundaron fuertes principales y fortines intermedios que acompañaban el curso del río Cuarto y que dieron origen a pueblos que adquirieron la jerarquía de villa real y a las que se dotó de institución capitular. Este trabajo analiza cómo operaban estrategias tradicionales de ejercicio del poder en las comunidades locales que, representadas corporativamente en los cabildos, defendían y sustentaban sus prerrogativas frente a las imposiciones de las autoridades superiores.
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)
У статті проведено джерелознавчий аналіз наукового часопису «Віс-
ник Книжкової палати» за 2014–2018 рр. Уточнено типологію видання як
синтетичного (науково-теоретичного, науково-практичного, методично-
го), визначено авторський склад часопису, який складається з представ-
ників наукової спільноти різних інституцій та різних регіонів України, а
також читацьку аудиторію журналу. Проаналізовано публікації журналу,
присвячені історії та сучасному стану вітчизняної періодики. Обґрунто-
вано висновок про чималий інформаційний потенціал журналу, вагому роль
часопису як засобу наукової комунікації в царині пресознавства.
Este artigo discute a tradição e a circulação dos pasquins, libelos e panfletos no contexto luso-brasileiro, entre os séculos XVII e XVIII , focalizando o papel que desempenharam na cultura política do período. Forma de expressão privilegiada das crenças e valores políticos, esses manuscritos integraram o amplo repertório das ações políticas em curso no mundo ibérico, ocupando um lugar de destaque nas revoltas e sublevações. Originárias de uma tradição medieval, tais manifestações combinavam elementos das culturas popular e erudita, explorando o humor e a paródia como recursos estilísticos mais comuns. Apresentando-se geralmente como portadores da chamada "voz comum", eles são fontes valiosas para o estudo das ideias e práticas políticas da época moderna.
Palavras-chave: manuscrito; cultura; época moderna.
El reino nazarí de Granada muestra entre los rasgos más notables de su caracterización socio-económica una marcada orientación comercial de parte de su economía productiva. A través de la misma se proyecta hacia los mercados internacionales, en particular hacia una plataforma de mercados integrados que se está definiendo en esos momentos en el área del Occidente bajomedieval. Así es como se explica la presencia constante y en ascenso de grupos y comunidades de hombres de negocios extranjeros en tierras nazaríes. En este sentido, cada vez se percibe con más claridad la sensación de que nos encontramos ante una realidad próxima a procesos de convergencia, con sus dificultades, éxitos y fracasos, de un mercado que está naciendo y que se está integrando en un espacio económico nuevo, definido como precapitalista. En todo caso, lo verdaderamente importante en el futuro será calibrar la verdadera dimensión de este viraje que experimenta la estructura económica nazarí de manos de esta orientación especulativo-comercial, y qué grado de distorsión introduce en los principios caracterizadores de lo que se entiende como sociedad islámica clásica.
Die vorliegende Arbeit soll zunächst den Begriff des Symbols oder Zeichens näher betrachten und schließlich einen Einblick in die mittelalterliche Zeichenwelt geben, wobei die wichtigsten Beispiele jeweils genauer beschrieben werden.
In Soviet post-war society many letters / complaints which had little to do with ideology or police were written. People who wrote those complaints did not intend to report or punish anyone. Rather they were concerned only with solving their own everyday life problems and improve it. Purely personal interests of those who wrote letters show that messages like those were simply grievances about everyday life. Often complaints became an officially legal form of blat (connections) and were promoted by those who did not have any strong social connections. Those who used blat resorted to personal connections, while the writers of complaints used official institutions. The authorities in Soviet Lithuania encouraged those who wrote complaints. Soviet citizens who saw some evil in society were urged to address higher institutions of power. The 2 August 1958 resolution passed by the Central Committee of the USSR “On serious shortcomings in dealing with ordinary people’s letters, grievances and reports” was to encourage people to complain about social evil. It attracted attention to the importance of the control dealing with grievances. One of the most important party and government chains, which was to ensure people’s confidence to write letters was the State Control Committee of the Council of Ministers of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist Party.
The history of the chapter house of the Dominican Friars in Cracow is not known in greater detail. Only two medieval documents with a mention of it are known. In in capitulo fratrum ordinis Praedicatorum Cracoviae of 1244 an endowment for the Cistercian monastery in Mogiła was confirmed. In Cracovie in capitulo fratrum predicatorum of 1306 the purchase of land in Dąbie, near Cracow, was certified. Marcin Szyma estimated that these notes cannot be ascribed to one building, which means that there were two gathering places for monks, one built after the other. Szyma locates the oldest chapter-house in the site of today’s sacristy and links it with a brick wall with a biforium window and portal remains, found in the western wall of the building. The older record marks terminus ante quern, and comparative chronology and analysis of style point to 1240s as the date of extension of the house. A new chapter house was built in Szyma’s assessment at the end of that century, and certainly before 1306. The building has fairly rich decorative carving, infrequently mentioned in historical records. The portal in the western wall of the chapter house has had three preserved, if tumbledown, consoles carved in yellowish, fine-grained sandstone. The closest analogies to these decorations are to be found in edifices built for the last members of the Premyslids dynasty, especially for king Premyslav Otokar II in the third quarter of the 13th century. In works connected with the “Premyslids building school” compact, block-like shapes of caps, ‘coated’ with tiny leaves and decorative ‘crowns’ at rib base were fairly common. Consoles in a portal of the oldest fragment of Śpilberk in Brno or chapels in the castles in Bezdez, Horsovsky Tyn, Zvikov and Buchlov are of special importance for these considerations. Czech examples most often employ a variety of flora, yet, even here, in the portal caps of the monastery in Hradiśte on Jizerou (ca 1260) we come across a laciniated acanthus with characteristic folds. The connections described testify to the origins of the Cracow’s portal at the end of the third at the earliest or, most probably, the beginning of the fourth quarter of the 13th century. Until 1301 Czech Dominicans belonged to one province with Polish friars. Political expansion of Premyslav Otokar II in Polish territory, and especially in Cracow, led to a number of alliances with princes of the Piast dynasty, including Boleslaus the Chaste. The sandstone capital preserved in the Franciscan monastery can also cast light upon artistic connections between Cracovian and Czech sculptors. The capital, which has gone practically unnoticed in professional literature, is believed to be a fragment of an unfinished portal from the first tierce of the 14th century. The Cracow fragment is closest to the caps found in a Benedictine monastery at Ostrov, near Davie from ca 1260-1280 (Prague, National Museum), and the capital from St. Ludmila’s chapel, which until 1894 adjoined the sacristy of the Virgin Maiy’s church at Tyn in Prague (Prague, National Museum). Vault brick ribs are provided with stone leads at the base and are supported on stone consolas with three curved offsets. In each of the three bays there is a round keystone with an engraved decoration with a spatial, almost perfectly plastic character. Naturalistic character of the keystone with a floral pattern leads back to the French cathedral decorations. These decorations were introduced in the East by big workshops in the Reich, with the workshop of Naumburg Master in the first place. The spatial, openwork form, which consists of leaves rendered in a perfectly plastic way, approximates the Cracow carving to, for example, keystones in the body of the naves in the cathedral in Meissen. Figural reliefs seem to refer to works of the ‘expressive’ trend in sculpture of the second half of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th century, which have unquestionable connections with the alternative Gothic painting or with the formula of the zigzag style (German Zackenstill). Angular breaking of folds was considerably softened here due to exceptionally fleshy treatment of matter. Huge piles of fabric are very plastic, which blurs the outline of the drawing and washes away its expression. The closest similarity links these sculptures with works that came from Saint Erminold Master workshop - one that played a key role in the development of stone sculpture in the territory of the Reich at the close of the 13th century. The style character of sculptures (especially this ‘underlying’ tradition of the zigzag style, readable amongst piles of fleshy matter) points to the times short after the year 1300 as their origin. Hie workshop that was completing the walling up in the Cracow Dominican monastery combined the solutions known in Central Europe, while the dominant role seems to be played by patterns from Austria and the southern parts of the Reich (Regensburg). Basic role in the artist’s choice could have been played by wide contacts of friars within the order, if only through going for general studies.
History (General) and history of Europe, Fine Arts