Hasil untuk "Geography (General)"

Damian Dubis, Jolanta Baran

It is known from various studies that the choice of the drinkware could deeply affect consumer perception during beverage consumption. In our previous study we have demonstrated that there are a lot of differences in the ratings of taste, palatability bitterness and saturation were noted depending on the type of vessel in which beer was served. This study continues our previous research and expands it even further. In this study we test four different types of beer – each one with a different essence content. This is to determine whether glassware type affects customer experience from drinking each type of beer. Four types of beer purchased from different producers were used for the research. Beer samples for evaluation were served in beer mugs with a classic design and solid construction, tall glasses (wheatbeerglasses) with a characteristic elongated shape, and beer goblets (also called tulip glass), distinguished by a short stem and a very large bowl that tapers towards the top. The experimental results showed how the characteristics of a glass could affect beverage bouquet and flavour, and suggest that their rational optimization, based on experimental data, could enhance the consumer enjoyment of it. Taking into account the above studies, certain conclusions can be drawn regarding the research we conducted. Light beer with an essence content 12% served in a tulip glass has been assessed worse in every single tested trait. Odour, taste, saturation, palatability, bitterness and general quality index (GQI) have been perceived worst when the beer was served in tulip glass. It seems that tulip glass is particularly unsuitable for this type of beer. Moreover, sustainability considerations are becoming increasingly relevant in this context. Understanding the interactions between the drink and its container may foster more deliberate and responsible purchasing behavior. The above-mentioned factors also affect the consumer experience that can be created by combining a drink with the right glass.

Aleksandra Szypuła, Beniamin Michalik, Iwona Galasińska et al.

Introduction: Polyphenolic compounds are widespread in nature, contained in large quantities especially in fruits, vegetables, cereals and nuts. In recent years numerous attempts have been made to characterize their biological effects, with particular emphasis on their protective potential against the development of chronic diseases, including cancer. Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to collect and analyze publications on the use of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of cancer, with particular emphasis on breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer - the four most common cancers in the Polish population. Material and methods: A review of the literature available on PubMed was performed using various combinations of keywords: 'polyphenols' + 'cancer', 'polyphenols' + 'oncology', ‘polyphenols’ + ‘chemoprevention’, ‘polyphenols’ + ‘chemotherapy’, 'polyphenols' + 'lung cancer', 'polyphenols' + 'breast cancer', ‘polyphenols’ + ‘colorectal cancer’, 'polyphenols' + 'prostate cancer'/'prostate gland cancer'. Results: The analysis of the collected publications allows to conclude that polyphenols exert multidirectional anticancer effect through antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and prosenescence activity. This effect has been demonstrated, among others, in relation to cellular models of colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and lung cancer. Polyphenols also reduce side effects associated with the use of conventional anticancer therapies and increase their effectiveness. Conclusions: Polyphenols - both as independent compounds and components of complex anticancer treatment regimens - have chemopreventive and potentially chemotherapeutic effects. By influencing various stages of carcinogenesis - initiation, promotion and progression of cancer - they constitute a promising direction for the development of new, more effective forms of therapy and prevention of cancer.

Yuho Shimizu, Yasuyuki Kudo, Shuhei Fukuyama et al.

Assessing whether people are living comfortably and happily is in great demand not only in psychology, but also in such diverse fields as policy making and urban development. In response to this demand, many psychological studies have used a questionnaire method in which participants are presented with several questionnaire items and asked to answer them. In recent years, however, there are so many scales that measure the degree of people’s subjective well-being. To clarify which academic disciplines address these scales and to obtain suggestions for future use of the scales, this study conducted a review of scales measuring people’s subjective well-being and proximity concepts. We conducted a literature review using the Google Scholar and CiNii Research databases. After screening, we found 70 publications that were eligible for the review in this study. The specific constructs addressed by these publications were: 10 reporting on subjective well-being, 12 reporting on happiness, 10 reporting on satisfaction, 10 reporting on quality of life, 7 reporting on purpose in life, 11 reporting on emotions and moods, and 10 reporting on self-esteem. These were examined in a wide range of academic disciplines, not just in psychology. None of the 7 scales measuring purpose in life were translated from English, but rather the items were developed based on research with Japanese participants. Given the varying scales for subjective well-being and proximity concepts, the need for a new scale in this area should be thoroughly considered once again when conducting a survey. If a new scale is not highly needed, it is important to use representative scales that have been frequently used in previous studies. Our findings are significant for the appropriate use of scales on subjective well-being and proximity concepts by psychological researchers and for their proper advice to researchers in other fields.

Michael Bycroft, James Poskett

Historians of science appear to agree on two things. There is a shortage of large-scale histories of science, and positivism is best avoided. In fact, we have many big-picture histories of science. The problem is not the lack of such histories but the lack of agreement between them. They differ with respect to chronology, geography, narrative structure, favoured disciplines, recent revisionism and epistemology. To make the most of these differences, I resurrect an idea from nineteenth-century positivism, namely that science evolves by the migration of methods from one matter to another. This is an old form of materialism that complements more recent materialisms. The neo-positivist approach may be illustrated by matters as varied as stars, crystals and the Pacific Ocean. If we revive positivism as an intellectual project, we might also revive the social goal of positivism, which was to use the history of science to make the world more rational. A present-day version of this project is to use the history of science to defend the humanities as a rational enterprise.

Kamila Biały, Piotr F. Piasek

The narrative biographical interview is a research tool that has been successfully used to study the reproductions of the overall constellations of social life that occur within an individual life. The entire methodological proposal as well as the issue of reproduction are based on a dichotomous epistemology. In the presented article, we analyse this issue of reproduction as it appears in Fritz Schütze’s work. Next, we describe a proposal for an alternative narrative interview – interview about the present based on a non-dichotomous epistemology. In our opinion, this epistemological perspective addresses the issue of reproduction in a completely different way. And, more importantly it introduces in the field of sociology an issue of emergence. To illustrate this non-dichotomous logics, we are using the material from one of the interviews from the research data collection.

Luise Wraase, Victoria M. Reuber, Philipp Kurth et al.

Abstract Subterranean animals act as ecosystem engineers, for example, through soil perturbation and herbivory, shaping their environments worldwide. As the occurrence of animals is often linked to above‐ground features such as plant species composition or landscape textures, satellite‐based remote sensing approaches can be used to predict the distribution of subterranean species. Here, we combine in‐situ collected vegetation composition data with remotely sensed data to improve the prediction of a subterranean species across a large spatial scale. We compared three machine learning‐based modeling strategies, including field and satellite‐based remote sensing data to different extents, in order to predict the distribution of the subterranean giant root‐rat GRR, Tachyoryctes macrocephalus, an endangered rodent species endemic to the Bale Mountains in southeast Ethiopia. We included no, some and extensive fieldwork data in the modeling to test how these data improved prediction quality. We found prediction quality to be particularly dependent on the spatial coverage of the training data. Species distributions were best predicted by using texture metrics and eyeball‐selected data points of landscape marks created by the GRR. Vegetation composition as a predictor showed the lowest contribution to model performance and lacked spatial accuracy. Our results suggest that the time‐consuming collection of vegetation data in the field is not necessarily required for the prediction of subterranean species that leave traceable above‐ground landscape marks like the GRR. Instead, remotely sensed and spatially eyeball‐selected presence data of subterranean species could profoundly enhance predictions. The usage of remote sensing‐derived texture metrics has great potential for improving the distribution modeling of subterranean species, especially in arid ecosystems.

Bellas Hernández, Abel , Pérez Rodríguez, Yhosvanni , Casanovas Cosio, Enrique

El presente trabajo se desarrolló en la finca Punta Las Cuevas del municipio de Cienfuegos, provincia del mismo nombre. En un área de 1914 m2, con la finalidad de evaluar el comportamiento del hongo Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet en los clones INIVIT PB-2012 e INIVIT PV 06 30. Para la evaluación se establecieron dos tratamientos, uno para INIVIT PB-2012 y otro para INIVIT PV 06 30 con quince repeticiones, cada uno sembrado a un marco de plantación de 2 m x 2 m. Las variables evaluadas en este trabajo para ambos clones fueron altura de la planta, grosor del tallo, número de hojas activas y número de hojas enfermas. Todas las variables en función de analizar el comportamiento del hongo M. fijiensis en los clones. Los datos fueron procesados estadísticamente a través del software SPSS versión 21. Posteriormente se desarrolló un manejo para el hongo de una forma viable y ecológica. El mismo está enfocado en medidas preventivas y curativas en las que no se aplican fungicidas químicos y la fertilización se realizó con materia orgánica. El experimento mostró que el clon más tolerante y con más posibilidades de adaptabilidad entre los dos fue el INIVIT PB-2012.

Wenying Du, Chang Ge, Shuang Yao et al.

Volunteered geographic information (VGI) plays an increasingly crucial role in flash floods. However, topic classification and spatiotemporal analysis are complicated by the various expressions and lengths of social media textual data. This paper conducted applicability analysis on bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT) and four traditional methods, TextRank, term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), maximal marginal relevance (MMR), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and the results show that for user type, BERT performs best on the Government Affairs Microblog, whereas LDA-BERT performs best on the We Media Microblog. As for text length, TF-IDF-BERT works better for texts with a length of <70 and length >140 words, and LDA-BERT performs best with a text length of 70–140 words. For the spatiotemporal evolution pattern, the study suggests that in a Henan rainstorm, the textual topics follow the general pattern of “situation-tips-rescue”. Moreover, this paper detected the hotspot of “Metro Line 5” related to a Henan rainstorm and discovered that the topical focus of the Henan rainstorm spatially shifts from Zhengzhou, first to Xinxiang, and then to Hebi, showing a remarkable tendency from south to north, which was the same as the report issued by the authorities. We integrated multi-methods to improve the overall topic classification accuracy of Sina microblogs, facilitating the spatiotemporal analysis of flooding.

Emmanuel Munch

Today an ever-increasing proportion of the French working population has access to working hours that are no longer subject to the explicit diktat of the employer. However, in Île-de-France (Paris region), the problems of congestion in the morning rush-hour continue to intensify. Thus, before trying to solve peak congestion problems, we need to understand the underlying reasons on which an individual’s work schedule choices are based. Why does a worker with flexible work hours commute during rush-hour? Our research adopts a comprehensive approach and focuses on daily scheduling demands. It relies on the results of a survey (3202 respondents) and interviews (29). Respondents and interviewees are executives from the Plaine Saint-Denis area. To describe temporal strategies that explain voluntary commuting during peak hours, we organize our hypotheses along three dimensions:(I) There remain constraints faced by couples (school hours, meeting hours), which force workers with flexible hours to go to work during peak hours. (II) Workers with flexible hours and fewer couple-related constraints prefer to arrive before or during the rush-hour (late afternoon leisure time, activities with family and friends). (III) There are social norms regarding work hours (the ideal of the disciplined worker or the dedicated executive), which limit flexibility by frowning on those who arrive overly late at the office. In conclusion, by revealing the organic intricacy of work synchronisation, our article generates operational recommendations for reducing congestion at peak hours.

Okan Mert Katipoğlu, Reşat Acar

Drought is a natural disaster that adversely affects various sectors such as hydroelectric power generation, health, industry, tourism, economy, agriculture and animal husbandry. For this reason, monitoring, determining the spatio-temporal distribution, and managing drought risks by taking precautions are of great importance. In this study, it is aimed to map the spatio-temporal changes of various meteorological and hydrological droughts in the Euphrates Basin according to drought classes with Kriging, Radial Based Function (RBF) and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation methods and to evaluate the drought risk situation in the basin. For this, Standardized Precipitation Index, Statistical Z-Score Index, Precipitation Anomaly Index, Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, Reconnaissance Drought Index and Standardized Runoff Index values were used for 16 Meteorology Observation Stations and 18 stream-gauging stations in the Euphrates Basin. As a result of the analyses, it has been determined that the Kriging method is the most effective method in predicting meteorological droughts in the basin, and RBF is the most effective method in predicting hydrological droughts. Since the drought risk level of the basin is determined to be high, it is recommended to make a drought management plan in the study area, to reduce negative drought effects, and to take early warnings and drought precautions.

Ingibjörg Karlsdóttir, David Cook, Inga Minelgaite

Small boat fishers are often the lifeblood of remote coastal communities in Iceland, contributing to employment, jobs and economic prosperity. This study conducts exploratory but highly practical research into the productive efficiency of onboard catch handling practices by Icelandic small boat fishers using fish handling tools called automatic jigging machines. Using applied research methods, this study researches whether standardisation of operations could be applied to make catch handling practices on small boats more time and resource efficient, leading to reduced waste, a consistently higher quality product, and potential increases in economic efficiency and sustainability. Thematic analysis, value stream mapping, flow analysis and Kaizen ideology were adopted to identify gaps and continuous improvement opportunities to standardise processes, leading to exemplary performance. Eight core recommendations are identified, seven of which are classed as straight-forward, ‘do now’ measures according to a Kaizen Priority Matrix. These include human and technological interventions in the areas of safety, organisational arrangements, hygiene, fish handling and bleeding, and cooling. Questionnaire responses reveal four main themes of importance to the sub-sector: changes in recent decades; the importance of small boat fishers; education and improvement; and the particularities of the sub-industry. The latter include the perception of a ‘race against time’ to land the catch, an issue that sometimes contributes to sub-optimal catch handling practices. Although this study has decidedly practical connotations for small boat fishers, its outcomes are also likely to be of interest to academics, particularly those focused on the organisational management of natural resources and general applications of the project management methodology and applied research methods as a means of solving practical problems in everyday life.

Tang Weijie

The graded treatment system refers to the gradation of diseases according to their priority and ease of treatment, with medical institutions at different levels undertaking the treatment of different diseases and gradually realizing the medical process from general practice to specialization. Since the “new medical reform”, China has been committed to promoting “primary care”, “two-way referral”, “separation of acute and slow treatment” The “new health care reform” has been implemented in China since the beginning of the reform. However, in the process of implementation, the effectiveness of the system has always been controversial due to the inadequate construction of primary medical institutions and the weak awareness of graded treatment among residents.

A. Caseiro, A. Caseiro, B. Gehrke et al.

<p>Gas flares are a regionally and globally significant source of atmospheric pollutants. They can be detected by satellite remote sensing. We calculate the global flared gas volume and black carbon emissions in 2017 by applying (1) a previously developed hot spot detection and characterisation algorithm to all observations of the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) instrument on board the Copernicus satellite Sentinel-3A and (2) newly developed filters for identifying gas flares and corrections for calculating both flared gas volumes (billion cubic metres, BCM) and black carbon (BC) emissions (g). The filter to discriminate gas flares from other hot spots uses the observed hot spot characteristics in terms of temperature and persistence. A regression function is used to correct for the variability of detection opportunities. A total of 6232 flaring sites are identified worldwide. The best estimates of the annual flared gas volume and the BC emissions are 129&thinsp;BCM with a confidence interval of [35, 419&thinsp;BCM] and 73&thinsp;Gg with a confidence interval of [20, 239&thinsp;Gg], respectively. Comparison of our activity (i.e. BCM) results with those of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Nightfire data set and SWIR-based calculations show general agreement but distinct differences in several details. The calculation of black carbon emissions using our gas flaring data set with a newly developed dynamic assignment of emission factors lie in the range of recently published black carbon inventories, albeit towards the lower end. The data presented here can therefore be used e.g. in atmospheric dispersion simulations. The advantage of using our algorithm with Sentinel-3 data lies in the previously demonstrated ability to detect and quantify small flares, the long-term data availability from the Copernicus programme, and the increased detection opportunity of global gas flare monitoring when used in conjunction with the VIIRS instruments. The flaring activity and related black carbon emissions are available as “GFlaringS3” on the Emissions of atmospheric Compounds and Compilation of Ancillary Data (ECCAD) website (<a href="https://doi.org/10.25326/19">https://doi.org/10.25326/19</a>, <span class="cit" id="xref_altparen.1"><a href="#bib1.bibx11">Caseiro and Kaiser</a>, <a href="#bib1.bibx11">2019</a></span>).</p>

Jin-Ze Ma, Jin-Ze Ma, Jin-Ze Ma et al.

QuestionWhat environmental variables and plant–plant interactions affect mire bryophyte distribution and does the surrounding landscape with human disturbance play a role in the mire bryophyte distribution?LocationJinchuan mire, Northeast China.MethodsWe studied the spatial distribution of bryophytes in 100 1 × 1 m quadrats in the mire. Spatial variables were simulated by analysis of the distance-based Moran’s eigenvector maps (dbMEM). Variation partitioning analysis was used to reveal the relative contribution of spatial and environmental variables to bryophytes. The relationship between environmental variables and bryophytes was tested by redundancy analysis (RDA). We used co-occurrence and niche overlap models to detect interactions among bryophytes. We also studied the influence of the surrounding landscape on the distribution of bryophytes in relation to water chemistry.ResultsThe eight bryophytes occupying part of the mire had both a general distribution trend and a local spatial structure. Over 40% of the total variation in cover among bryophytes could be explained by spatial and environmental variables. In this fraction, the environmental variables explained 29.7% of the variation, of which only 4.5% was not spatially structured. RDA showed the contribution of dwarf shrub cover (SC), Na, and P to the bryophyte distribution was relatively large. Concentration of Na and SC decreased gradually from north to south, and contributed most to the variation in species composition along the first axis. The concentrations of P decreased from east to west, and contributed along the second axis. All the bryophyte species were spatially isolated but with large niche overlaps, indicating that the bryophyte community was structured by interspecific competition.ConclusionSodium mainly originating from the volcanic hill and P from the paddy fields were the main environmental factors affecting the bryophyte distribution. Concentrations of Na and P showed spatial structure, and resulted in induced spatial dependence (ISD) playing a major role in the spatial structure of the bryophyte community. Dwarf shrubs affected by nutrient distribution in the mire significantly influenced the bryophyte distribution in the mire. We conclude that the surrounding ecosystems had important influence on bryophyte distribution via nutrient influx. Furthermore, competitive interactions exacerbated the spatial separation of bryophytes.

ADRIANA MIHAELA PORCUŢAN

Le bassin hydrographique asymétrique de Suceava, avec une surface de 2612 km2, est situé dans le nord de la Roumanie, mais il se propage également sur le territoire ukrainien, jusqu'à 47 o 58' N. Ce bassin hydrographique comprend deux grandes unités de secours avec des caractéristiques géographiques distinctes (montagneuse et plateau), séparés par une zone de transition représenté par un secteur de piemont et une succession de dépressions. L'analyse des crues a été faite en utilisant les données de 8 stations hydrologiques qui surveillent les inondations du cours principal (3) et des affluents les plus importants de la rivière (5). Après avoir analysé les facteurs naturels et humains qui ont produit le inondations de Juin - July 2010, on a déterminé l'espace des ondes de crue, l'heure et paramètres hydriques des cours d'eau surveillés, et à la fin il a évalué l'environnement, les risques sociaux et économiques déterminées par ces inondations.

José Airlys Garcia de Menezes, Vagner Sales Santos, Adriana Rejane Vitorino de Menezes et al.

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; mso-outline-level: 1;">A grande quantidade de cinzas gerada pelos engenhos, proveniente da queima do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar, ou seja, a necessidade de redução de emissões advindas dessa queima, fazem com que se busquem alternativas para diminuir essas emissões, assim como para a utilização racional dessas cinzas em diversas culturas, como na produção do feijão caupi.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">os efeitos das cinzas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com efluente tratados, no desenvolvimento inicial da cultura do Feijão caupi </span>(<em><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Vigna unguiculata </span></em>L.Walp). O estudo foi desenvolvido na estação de tratamento de esgoto da Faculdade de Tecnologia CENTEC <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">– FATEC Cariri</span>, utilizando-se de tratamentos T1- Efluente tratado do filtro anaeróbio juntamente com as cinzas do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar; T2- Água proveniente de poço juntamente com as cinzas do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar; T3- Água proveniente de poço sem aplicação de cinzas; com três épocas de coletas, compondo um modelo de experimento inteiramente casualizado. 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Lucas Maia

Este texto visa discutir o conceito de meio técnico-científico-informacional em Milton Santos. A tese que defendemos é que no processo de construção do conceito, Milton Santos não considerou ou só considerou de modo secundário a luta de classes. Isto tem implicações metodológicas e políticas de certa importância. Após discutir como o autor elaborou o conceito em pelo menos duas décadas considerando a questão, apresentamos em seguida nossa apreciação crítica, demonstrando como ele desconsiderou as lutas de classes na constituição do meio técnico-científico-informacional. Para a realização deste estudo, analisamos fundamentalmente a obra A Natureza do Espaço, texto no qual ele desenvolve de modo mais acabado o conceito de meio técnico-científico. Consideramos também, de modo mais secundário, um conjunto de outros textos nos quais ele aborda direta ou indiretamente a questão. Nossa intenção não foi desconsiderar a contribuição deste autor para as pesquisas em Geografia. Pelo contrário, queremos, a partir do que ele nos legou, aprofundar as discussões relativas a este conceito, que muito tem ainda de elementos explicativos da realidade.

Angélica Juliana Guerra Rudas

El presente artículo describe un proceso en el que la memoria se vuelve colectiva (desde la persona individual hasta el grupo barrial), por medio del relato de eventos pasados que contienen significados particulares para los narradores. Con base en esto, se sustenta la urgencia de desarrollar una reflexión sobre el carácter, la existencia y los usos de la memoria en la actualidad, una propuesta que se enmarca en la discusión política sobre la manera en que es visto el barrio desde la academia. A lo largo del artículo se desarrollan tres temas fundamentales, que están interrelacionados: la memoria, el barrio y las lecturas (internas y externas) que de este se hacen. El escrito es un ejercicio que conjuga relatos (propios y otros consignados en textos y entrevistas), los cuales forman un cuerpo narrativo continuo y dan cuenta de los hechos relatados, de la discusión académica de fondo y, en general, del proceso de investigación.

Luiz Fagundes Duarte

Carla Maria Salgado Vidal Silva, Marlúcia Freitas Santiago, Mickaelon Belchior Vasconcelos et al.

Medidas de oxigênio-18 e condutividade elétrica, em amostras de águas do açude São Gabriel e de dois poços a 15 e a 80 m do açude, coletadas durante o período de quatro anos e sete meses, foram utilizadas para identificar a existência de conexão hidráulica entre o açude e os poços. A área de estudo localiza-se no distrito de Juá, município de Irauçuba, no Ceará, no domínio de rochas cristalinas. Estas medidas evidenciam a diferença de recarga dos sistemas aqüíferos explorados pelos dois poços. Os resultados mostram que o poço P3 recebe recarga do açude durante o período seco, quando o bombeamento é mais intenso. As águas dos poços sofreram processo de evaporação.