Hasil untuk "Economics"

Catherine Hausman, D. Rapson

Recent empirical work in several economic fields, particularly environmental and energy economics, has adapted the regression discontinuity (RD) framework to applications where time is the running variable and treatment begins at a particular threshold in time. In this guide for practitioners, we discuss several features of this regression discontinuity in time framework that differ from the more standard cross-sectional RD framework. First, many applications (particularly in environmental economics) lack cross-sectional variation and are estimated using observations far from the temporal threshold. This common empirical practice is hard to square with the assumptions of a cross-sectional RD, which is conceptualized for an estimation bandwidth shrinking even as the sample size increases. Second, estimates may be biased if the time-series properties of the data are ignored (for instance, in the presence of an autoregressive process), or more generally if short-run and long-run effects differ. Finally, tests for sorting or bunching near the threshold are often irrelevant, making the framework closer to an event study than a regression discontinuity design. Based on these features and motivated by hypothetical examples using air quality data, we offer suggestions for the empirical researcher wishing to use the RD in time framework.

شيماء جاسم خضير

 يحاول البحث تسليط الضوء  على نطاق تأثير ادارة التنوع في تعزيز الانتماء الوظيفي في صفوف موظفي جامعة ذي قار ، وتحليل  العلاقة للمتغيرين (ادارة التنوع ) المتغير المستقل بأبعاده (البعد الداخلي، البعد الخارجي، البعد التنظيمي) (الانتماء الوظيفي) المتغير التابع  بأبعاده (الانتماء المؤثر او العاطفي ،الانتماء المتواصل او الاستمراري، الانتماء المعياري او الادبي)، ولاستكشاف طبيعة هذا التأثير استعمل البحث نموذج ورقة استبيان  وزعت على العينة المبحوثة  المقدر عددهم (50 ) فرداً ضمت الموظفين الجامعيين في جامعة ذي قار ، خضعت البيانات التي تم جمعها للتحليل الاحصائي بواسطة برنامج (SPSS.V.24) .  واسفرت نتائج البحث الى وجود علاقة ارتباط وتأثير بين المتغيّر المستقل ادارة التنوع بأبعاده (البعد الداخلي، البعد الخارجي، البعد التنظيمي) مع المتغير التابع الانتماء الوظيفي بأبعاده (الانتماء المؤثر او العاطفي ،الانتماء المتواصل او الاستمراري، الانتماء المعياري او الادبي) ،  وذلك لما اظهرته النتائج حيث أن 77 % من التغيرات الحاصلة في الانتماء الوظيفي يمكن تفسيرها عبر ادارة التنوع  ، واعتماداً على النتائج التي بينها البحث اقترحت الباحثة ضرورة التقصي في مبررات ترك العاملين للعمل من قبل القيادات الادارية وفهم رغبات العاملين المتعددة لضمان تحقيق الانتماء المنشود في المؤسسة.

Feten Chihi, Gabriella Varga, Katalin Kopecskó

This experimental study examines the effects of landfill leachate contamination on soil hydraulic conductivity over a 12-month period, addressing the current lack of long-term experimental data in this field. Laboratory permeability tests were performed on sandy clayey silt samples contaminated with leachate at concentrations ranging from 5% to 25%. Microstructural and mineralogical analyses were conducted using SEM and XRD to identify the mechanisms behind observed changes. The results identify a critical threshold at 15% contamination, where soil behavior transitions from granular to cohesive characteristics. Hydraulic conductivity increases at low contamination levels (5–10%, up to 1.2 × 10⁻⁷ m/s) but decreases significantly at higher levels (4.172 × 10⁻⁸ m/s at 15%, 8.545 × 10⁻⁹ m/s at 20%). These changes are controlled by contamination level rather than exposure time, with values remaining stable throughout the 12-month period. The study provides essential parameters for landfill design and contamination assessment, demonstrating how leachate concentration affects long-term soil hydraulic properties through mineral formation and structural modification.

Jianwei Sun, Mengchan Chen, Jingrou Xiao et al.

With the development of urbanization and industrialization worldwide, soil heavy metal pollution has become a critical and pressing environmental problem in urban areas. Soil heavy metals exhibit complex and varying spatial aggregation and diffusion processes within diverse urban landscapes, especially in different urban areas with varying urbanization levels. However, many existing experimental methods and conventional models overlook the crucial aspects of spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity between soil heavy metals and influencing factors. This neglect poses significant environmental concerns, as rapid monitoring of soil heavy metals and accurate identification of their determinants become imperative. This study investigated four environmentally sensitive and potentially harmful soil heavy metals, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), in two urban areas in China with varying urbanization levels. Enshi (a prefecture-level city) and Wuhan (a provincial capital city) were selected for comparison of the spatially variable relationships between soil heavy metals and their influencing factors. We employed a global stepwise linear regression (STR) model and a local spatial model-geographically weighted regression (GWR) to map the spatial distribution of soil heavy metals based on 121 auxiliary variables, including terrain, geophysical, socioeconomic factors, and remote sensing data. Our results showed that: (1) soil heavy metals exhibited strong spatial aggregation in the prefecture-level city (Enshi) but, nonetheless, have strong spatial heterogeneity in the provincial capital city (Wuhan) due to elevated anthropogenic disturbances; (2) GWR accurately mapped the spatial distributions of As (<i>r</i> = 0.47 and 0.66), Cd (<i>r</i> = 0.74 and 0.53), Cu (<i>r</i> = 0.60 and 0.54), and Pb (<i>r</i> = 0.44 and 0.50) based on auxiliary variables in different cities and also can clearly reveal the spatially variable relationships with main influence factors; (3) human activities were the primary driving factors influencing As and Pb, while natural environment variables were identified as the main potential sources of Cd and Cu. This study demonstrates a methodology to explore spatially variable characteristics of soil heavy metals and their spatial varying relationships with influence factors. The comparative analysis between two cities provides insights that can greatly enhance quantitative source apportionment and support sustainable management strategies for controlling soil heavy metal pollution across varied urban environments.

Balint Bicski, Adrian Pekar

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the identification and analysis of Service Degradation (SD) events within a university dormitory network, leveraging LAN data to develop a robust methodology applicable to diverse networking environments. Employing statistical techniques, such as Interquartile Range (IQR) and Z-score analyses, we detect significant deviations in network performance&#x2014;specifically, extreme delays and jitter&#x2014;that indicate potential SD. The methodology was rigorously validated in various settings, demonstrating minimal deviations in results and reinforcing the approach&#x2019;s consistency and reliability. Initial tests conducted in a university dormitory environment suggest the model&#x2019;s potential applicability in both residential and enterprise networks, thus broadening its utility. By refining the detection and understanding of SD indicators, this research contributes systematic methodological applications and a valuable annotated dataset to the field. This groundwork enables network administrators to enhance service quality preemptively, offering significant implications for future research and practical applications in network management.

Vitaliy Kovshov, Milyausha Lukyanova, Zariya Zalilova et al.

The study aims to develop a scientific and methodological approach to the formation of a model for managing the international competitiveness of rural areas based on an assessment of the existing export and production potential to form priorities for their socio-economic development. Research methods involve a systematic approach, an integrated approach, an algorithmization using methods of integral assessment of competitiveness, etc. The research allowed the development of a conceptual model for managing the international competitiveness of rural regions. The model includes a variable list of determinants and indicators of the formation of competitive advantages of rural territories depending on the export-production potential and strategic goals of their development. The paper presents a model management algorithm and a set of complementary methodological techniques used to assess international and regional competitiveness. The scientific novelty lies in the developed scientific and methodological approaches and practical recommendations for the formation of international and regional competitiveness in rural areas. Moreover, a system of determinants of the competitiveness formation of rural territories and a system of indicators for its assessment have been developed.

Hui Yang, Xi-Xi Wan, Hui Ma et al.

BackgroundPatients with critical illness often develop low skeletal muscle mass (LSMM) for multiple reasons. Numerous studies have explored the association between LSMM and mortality. The prevalence of LSMM and its association with mortality are unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to examine the prevalence and mortality risk of LSMM among critically ill patients.MethodsThree internet databases (Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science) were searched by two independent investigators to identify relevant studies. A random-effects model was used to pool the prevalence of LSMM and its association with mortality. The GRADE assessment tool was used to assess the overall quality of evidence.ResultsIn total, 1,582 records were initially identified in our search, and 38 studies involving 6,891 patients were included in the final quantitative analysis. The pooled prevalence of LSMM was 51.0% [95% confidence interval (CI), 44.5–57.5%]. The subgroup analysis showed that the prevalence of LSMM in patients with and without mechanical ventilation was 53.4% (95% CI, 43.2–63.6%) and 48.9% (95% CI, 39.7–58.1%), respectively (P-value for difference = 0.44). The pooled results showed that critically ill patients with LSMM had a higher risk of mortality than those without LSMM, with a pooled odds ratio of 2.35 (95% CI, 1.91–2.89). The subgroup analysis based on the muscle mass assessment tool showed that critically ill patients with LSMM had a higher risk of mortality than those with normal skeletal muscle mass regardless of the different assessment tools used. In addition, the association between LSMM and mortality was statistically significant, independent of the different types of mortality.ConclusionOur study revealed that critically ill patients had a high prevalence of LSMM and that critically ill patients with LSMM had a higher risk of mortality than those without LSMM. However, large-scale and high-quality prospective cohort studies, especially those based on muscle ultrasound, are required to validate these findings.Systematic review registrationhttp://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022379200.

Watcharapol Wiboolyasarin, Phornrat Tiranant, Teavakorn Khumsat et al.

Background. The effectiveness of oral corrective feedback (OCF) in language learning is influenced by learners' comprehension and response to various OCF techniques. Therefore, it is essential for teachers to consider learners' preferences for OCF strategies. Purpose. This quantitative study aimed to investigate the preferences of Thai as a foreign language (TFL) learners for ten commonly discussed types of OCF. Specifically, it examined whether these preferences are influenced by four learner variables: proficiency level, first language (L1), foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA), and foreign language enjoyment (FLE). Methods. The study involved 288 university students from Chinese, Japanese, and Korean TFL settings, and the data from questionnaires were analysed using appropriate statistical methods. Results. The findings indicate that, regardless of proficiency level, L1, FLCA, or FLE level, learners prefer more explicit OCF techniques, such as metalinguistics feedback and explicit correction. However, Korean undergraduates scored lower in the majority of OCF strategies (i.e., ignoring, elicitation, recast, explanation, and public feedback) compared to the other participants. The MANOVA analysis revealed significant differences in ignore, peer correction, recast, and private feedback based on proficiency level and L1 background. Although the differences between the FLE and FLCA approaches were not statistically significant, high FLE and FLCA groups tended to prefer more OCF strategies than the low groups. Conclusion. This study has significant implications for instructional practices in TFL settings and for L2 lecturers in the classroom. By understanding learners' preferences for OCF, educators can tailor their instructional approaches to meet the specific needs of their students.

Guojie Xie, Lijuan Huang, Hou Bin et al.

The digital divide between urban and rural communities has substantially narrowed as information and communication technology has evolved, enabling increasingly more interactions between urban and rural areas. Rural areas now have the foundation and conditions to take advantage of e-commerce opportunities, which is no longer exclusively a city-centric economic mode. Taking advantage of the Internet’s vast resources, many villagers jumped at the opportunity to launch rural e-commerce businesses. Rural inhabitants, however, face several challenges when it comes to starting their own e-commerce enterprises. Meanwhile, local governments and rural e-commerce platform providers, find it difficult to provide accurate help to practitioners and entrepreneurs. To this end, a system of indicators based on a model of entrepreneurial events was developed to identify e-commerce entrepreneurs. And the main objective of this paper is to explore the factors influencing the abilities and expectations of rural residents to set up their own e-commerce businesses in order to provide them with tailored support. Survey data from 162 rural e-commerce practitioners were analyzed using a deep neural network in R. The results reveal that the index system developed in this paper has a good level of reliability and validity, and the prediction approach has a high degree of precision (over 90%), indicating that it can successfully identify rural e-commerce entrepreneurs. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend that local governments and e-commerce businesses work together to address the practical issues of perceived feasibility and desirability for rural e-commerce practitioners. Residents in rural areas who want to start their own businesses can take advantage of the development opportunities provided by the information and communication technology, while local governments should keep up with the speed of digitization and informatization to better manage rural economic growth.

Jun Young Do, A. Young Kim, Seok Hui Kang

Introduction: There is limited data on the association between phase angle (PhA) and sarcopenia using both muscle strength and muscle mass in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). We aimed to evaluate the association between PhA and sarcopenia in patients undergoing PD.Methods: We enrolled prevalent patients undergoing PD (n = 200). The patients were divided into tertiles based on their PhA level: low (n = 66; 1.9–4°), middle (n = 68; 4.1–4.9°), and high tertiles (n = 66; 5–8°). PhA was measured by a bioimpedance analysis. Handgrip strength (HGS) was measured in all the patients. Body compositions were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).Results: Handgrip strength (HGS) and/or lean mass indices showed poorer trends in the low tertile than in the other tertiles. PhA was positively associated with HGS and/or muscle mass index. Multivariate analyses showed that the patients in the low tertile had an odds ratio of 9.8 (p = 0.001) and 52.79 (p &lt; 0.001) for developing sarcopenia compared with those in the middle and high tertiles, respectively. Subgroup analyses using these variables yielded results similar to those from the total cohort.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that PhA is independently associated with muscle mass, strength, and sarcopenia in patients undergoing PD. This result suggests that PhA can be used as a valuable and simple predictor for identifying patients undergoing PD who are at risk of sarcopenia.

V.S. Dmytrovska, I.V. Kokhan

Стаття присвячена дослідженню з’ясування структури та виявлення тенденцій формування доходів місцевих бюджетів в умовах пандемії коронавірусу (COVID-19). Розглянуто особливості наповнення дохідної частини місцевих бюджетів, основними джерелами надходжень до яких у процесі проведення бюджетної децентралізації є: податок на доходи фізичних осіб, акцизний податок, плата за землю, єдиний податок та податок на нерухоме майно, відмінне від земельної ділянки. Охарактеризовано ряд бюджетних новацій чинного законодавства спрямованих на протидію пандемії та їх вплив на дохідну частину бюджетів об’єднаних територіальних громад. Проаналізовано надходження бюджетів об’єднаних територіальних громад протягом 9 місяців 2019-2020 рр. та здійснено оцінку впливу пандемії COVID-19 на обсяг доходів місцевих бюджетів. Детальний аналіз формування власних доходів місцевих бюджетів показав, що в розрізі місцевих бюджетів у 2019-2020 рр. найвищим є темп зростання податку з доходів фізичних осіб та місцевих податків та зборів у місцевих бюджетах об’єднаних територіальних громад. Такі результати свідчать про участь та зацікавленість органів місцевої влади у акумулюванні більшої частини доходів бюджетів об’єднаних територіальних громад, здійснення заходів щодо пошуку резервів їх надходжень в умовах пандемії коронавірусу COVID-19 та ефективності фіскальної ролі податків і зборів. Авторами обґрунтовано напрями подолання негативних наслідків пандемії COVID-19 на дохідну частину місцевих бюджетів за допомогою фіскального механізму та врегулювання міжбюджетних відносин. Методологічною основою даного дослідження є такі методи, як емпіричне дослідження (моніторинг, вимірювання порівняння); теоретичне дослідження (дедуктивний та аксіоматичний метод, ідеалізація); загальні методи, що використовуються на емпіричному та теоретичному рівні досліджень (аналіз, анологія, абстракція, конкретизація, синтез, індукція, дедукція).

EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz et al.

Abstract The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Liriomyza bryoniae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) for the EU. L. bryoniae (the tomato leaf miner; EPPO code: LIRIBO) is a polyphagous Palaearctic species which probably originates from southern Europe, where it occurs commonly outdoors and has now spread to many parts of central and northern Europe, where it is only found in greenhouses. The species is also reported in North Africa and in several countries in Asia. L. bryoniae can have multiple overlapping generations per year. Eggs are inserted in the leaves of host plants. Three larval instars feed internally within leaves and stems of field vegetables. Pupation generally takes place in the soil and very occasionally on the upper or lower surfaces of the leaves. L. bryoniae is regulated in the EU by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 (Annex III) in specific protected zones only (the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom). However, L. bryoniae is not specifically mentioned in any of the annexes of Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072 concerning controls regarding certain protected zones. The wide current geographic range of L. bryoniae, both in open fields and greenhouses, suggests that it is able to establish in most areas in the EU, including the protected zones, where its hosts are present and where impact would be possible both in open fields as well as greenhouses. All criteria for consideration as a potential protected zone quarantine pest are met. Besides, being L. bryoniae widely distributed in the EU and being plants for planting the primary pathway it could also qualify as regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP).

Sarbast Moslem, Ahmad Alkharabsheh, Karzan Ismael et al.

Big cities suffer from serious complex problems such as air pollution, congestion, and traffic accidents. Developing public transport quality in such cities is considered an efficient remedy to obviate these critical issues. This paper aims to determine the significant supply quality criteria of public transportation. As a methodology, a hybrid Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with the Best Worst Method (BWM) is applied. The proposed model is basically a hierarchy structure with at least a 5 × 5 pairwise comparison matrix or larger. A real-world complex problem was examined to validate the created model (public transport quality improvement). An urban bus transport system in the Jordanian capital city, Amman, was used as a case study; three stakeholder groups (passengers, nonpassengers, and representatives of the local government) participated in the evaluation process. The conventional Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) leads to weak consistency in the case of existing 5 × 5 pairwise comparison matrices or larger, particularly in estimating complex problems. To avoid this critical issue in AHP, we used Best Worst Method (BWM) comparisons, which make the evaluation process easier for decision makers; moreover, it saves survey time and provides more consistency when compared to AHP pairwise comparisons. The model adopted highlighted the most significant service quality criteria that influence urban bus transport systems. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis conducted detected the stability of the criteria ranking in the three levels of the hierarchical structure. Since the proposed AHP–BWM model (which is the sole example of this sort of combination) is independent from the decision attributes, it can be applied to arbitrary hierarchically structured decision problems with a relatively large number of pairwise comparisons.

R. Lipsey

G. Mathewson, Ralph A. Winter

H. Chenery, T. Srinivasan

My-Linh Nguyen Luong, Kim L. Bennell, Michelle Hall et al.

Abstract Background Most adults fail to meet global physical activity guidelines set out by the World Health Organization. In recent years, behavioural economic principles have been used to design novel interventions that increase physical activity. Immediate financial rewards, for instance, can motivate an individual to change physical activity behaviour by lowering the opportunity costs of exercise. This systematic review will summarise the evidence about the effectiveness of financial incentive interventions for improving physical activity in adults. Methods We will search MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, EconLit, SPORTDiscus, the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database, ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from inception using a comprehensive, electronic search strategy. The search strategy will include terms related to ‘financial incentive’ and ‘physical activity’. Only randomised controlled trials that investigate the effect of financial incentives on physical activity in adult populations and that are written in the English language will be included. Two review authors will independently screen abstracts and titles, complete full text reviews and extract data on objective and self-reported physical activity outcomes. The authors will also assess the study quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and provide a systematic presentation and synthesis of the included studies’ characteristics and results. If more than two studies are sufficiently similar in population, settings and interventions, we will pool the data to conduct a meta-analysis. If we are unable to perform a meta-analysis, we will conduct a narrative synthesis of the results and produce forest plots for individual studies. Our subgroup analyses will examine the differential effects of an intervention in healthy populations compared to populations with disease pathology and compare the effects of interventions using financial rewards to interventions using financial penalties. Discussion This systematic review will determine the effectiveness of positive and negative financial incentives on physical activity in adults. Findings will help inform the development of public health interventions and research in this field. Systematic review registration PROSPERO 2017: CRD42017068263

R.Yu. Pochekaev

Research objectives: Analyzing characteristics of the legal status of Prince Godan, son of Ögedei Khan, who was often mentioned in different imperial, Tibetan, and late medieval Mongolian sources; clarifying the reasons why he was given the title of khan in some sources, though he never possessed this title. The author attempts to define the status, level of power, and real position of Godan among the Chinggisids and in the political structure of the Mongol Empire. Research materials: The basis for research comprises three groups of historical sources – Mongolian imperial historiography (works of Juwayni and Rashid al-Din, “Yuan shih”, etc.), Tibetan historical works (“The Blue Annals”, “Pagsam-jonsan”, “Debter-chjamtso”), and late medieval Mongolian chronicles created under the influence of Tibetan Buddhist historiography (“Golden Tale”, “Crystal Mirror”, “Yellow History”, “White History”, “Jewel beads”, etc.). The author also used the works of specialists on Mongolian and Tibetan historiography (such as Sh. Bira, R.E. Pubaev, Yu.N. Rerikh, A.D. Tsendina) as well as the works of researchers of political and religious history of the Mongol Empire (such as V.L. Uspenskiy, H. Franke, C.P. Atwood, etc.). The novelty of the study: It offers a systematization of historical sources of different origins to clarify some aspects of the political biography of Prince Godan, identifying his legal status as a Chinggisid and the ruler of an ulus. At the same time, the author tries to not refute sources with contradicting statements but to clarify the reasons behind such contradictions and to find information which could clarify and complement the data of other sources. Research results: The author tries to systematize different sources on the status of Prince Godan as one of the key political figures in the history of the Mongol Empire from the 1240s to the beginning of the 1250s and the ruler of a large ulus with substantial level of power, which could be compared with that of rulers of the Golden Horde, the Chaghadaid Ulus, etc. Also, the reasons behind the brief existence of Godan’s ulus and loss of his status already by the time of his direct descendants are analyzed.

Oleg V. Stukach, Arman B. Mirmanov

Modern graduates need to work with electronic devices. On laboratory work, students conduct experiments to solve practical problems of researching real problems that arise in the design and operation of electronic devices. However, the shortage of laboratory equipment and assistants for maintenance and assistance in work, its high cost reduce the quality of laboratory work. On the other hand, modern education is increasingly using a network resource. Virtual laboratories have their advantages, but even when carrying out a physical experiment in them, the sense of the reality of what is happening disappears. Effective solutions to the effectiveness and quality of conducting laboratory exercises can be found using a system of virtual instruments that can be accessed via the Internet or directly at the university.The aim of the research is to show, by the example of one experimental device made on the National Instruments ELVIS platform, the advantages of a combined approach to learning – a successful combination of a virtual resource and a real physical experiment. The laboratory model described in the article is very practical for studying radio-engineering devices, and it can ideologically serve as a basis for other similar developments.The research was based on the prototype board for studying the basics of analog electronics for the NI ELVIS workstation, the cycle of laboratory work on the general technical discipline “Electronics”, the results of their protection, and the results of intermediate student controls. In work the following methods are used: laboratory experiment, modeling, pedagogical testing. The results of the research show that students feel the need for more knowledge about real processes and systems. This need is most evident in the direction of the preparation of bachelors of engineering and technology. They expect from a laboratory work a real physical experiment, but with the convenience of computer-processing results. A new paradigm for studying radio electronic devices, based on physical experiments in a virtual instrument system gives an improvement in the quality of instruction and allows students to study the circuitry of analog devices more effectively. The ideology of virtual instruments leads to more motivation for students; they gain skills to work with modern measuring equipment and at the same time communication skills in a group, as the computer resource is used as a research tool, not the purpose of learning.A physical experiment, using virtual measuring instruments, accessibility and mobility of laboratory facilities, additional motivation of students are the main advantages of using the NI ELVIS hardware and software platform with a specialized breadboard model in the educational process.

Clinton E. Walenciak, Dale R Woerner, Michael J. Colle et al.

Beef Loin, Strip Loins (IMPS #180; n = 20) with marbling scores between Modest00 and Modest30 at the 12th and 13th rib interface of the M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LL) were collected. Each strip loin was fabricated into 6 samples taken perpendicular to the long axis of the LL from the 13th thoracic vertebra to the fifth lumbar vertebra with the cut made on the anterior side of the respective vertebra. A Computer Vision System Cold Camera measured the LL cross-section of each sample location for USDA marbling score, marbling distribution, average marbling fleck size, LL area, LL length (distance medial to lateral), and LL width (distance dorsal to ventral). In the present study, mean LL marbling score decreased (P < 0.05) from the second lumbar vertebrae location to the fifth lumbar vertebrae location. Marbling size and marbling distance were the smallest (P < 0.05) in samples from the 13th thoracic vertebrae location. The LL area and width was largest (P < 0.05) for the samples from the most anterior location and thus decreased (P < 0.05) as the samples became more posterior. Samples from the most posterior end of the strip loin were the longest (P < 0.05) in length. It was observed that marbling score, distribution, and size, as well as, LL area, length, and width vary from anterior to posterior in the strip loin which can have potential marketing implications for food service distributors and retailers.