Napjainkra nyilvánvalóvá vált, hogy a területi különbségek kezelése sem uniós sem tagállami szinten, de különösen a vidéki térségek számára nem kínál az elvárásoknak megfelelő megoldásokat. A vidéki térségeket kiemelten érintik az olyan kérdések, mint a klímaváltozás negatív hatásainak kezelése és a reziliencia kérdése, a mesterséges intelligencia és a robotizáció térnyerésének veszélyei, a gazdasági növekedés egyik alapfeltételét jelentő innovációs ökoszisztéma hiánya vagy gyengesége. Az is nyilvánvaló, hogy e jövőt érintő kihívásokra eredményes válasz kizárólag komplex megközelítés mellett adható, amelyre – kormányzási oldalról – a rural proofing kínálhat egyfajta eszközt. A rural proofing egy olyan, egyelőre kevéssé kutatott eszköz, amelynek tudományági gyökerei és azok mélyebb összefüggései, továbbá a gyakorlati alkalmazás sikerességének feltételei nem teljesen tisztázottak. A tanulmány megvizsgálja azokat a jellemzőket, amelyek segítségével nem csupán a tudományági besorolás válhat világossá, de – ebből következően – a gyakorlati alkalmazás irányai is jóval egyértelműbbé válhatnak. Ezentúl sor kerül azon feltételek számbavételére is, amelyek nélkül e sajátos és újszerű kormányzási eszköz sikeressége elképzelhetetlennek tűnik. A megállapítások között szerepel az is, hogy a sikerhez elengedhetetlen tűnnek az olyan alapelvek érvényesülése (pl. partnerség, többszintű kormányzás), amelyek kifejezetten a fejlesztéspolitika és nem pedig a klasszikus közigazgatás világában honosak. A tanulmány rámutat arra is, hogy a rural proofing nem csupán a vidéki térségek esetén lehet sikeres, mivel lényegi elemi közé tartozik a területi sajátosságok figyelembevétele és a helyi igényekhez igazodó, differenciált beavatkozások kialakításának lehetősége. A megállapítások természetesen nem kérdésköröket kívánnak lezárni, hanem sokkal inkább olyan új megvilágításba szeretnék helyezni a rural proofing működési feltételeit, amelyek hozzájárulnak további tudományos vitákhoz, valamint egy sokkal eredményesebb központi és területi beavatkozási mechanizmus kialakításához.
History (General) and history of Europe, Economic history and conditions
Mark A. Kramer, Aanchal Mathur, Caroline E. Adams
et al.
This paper explores the use of large language models (LLMs) to assist in the development of new disease modules for Synthea, an open-source synthetic health data generator. Incorporating LLMs into the module development process has the potential to reduce development time, reduce required expertise, expand model diversity, and improve the overall quality of synthetic patient data. We demonstrate four ways that LLMs can support Synthea module creation: generating a disease profile, generating a disease module from a disease profile, evaluating an existing Synthea module, and refining an existing module. We introduce the concept of progressive refinement, which involves iteratively evaluating the LLM-generated module by checking its syntactic correctness and clinical accuracy, and then using that information to modify the module. While the use of LLMs in this context shows promise, we also acknowledge the challenges and limitations, such as the need for human oversight, the importance of rigorous testing and validation, and the potential for inaccuracies in LLM-generated content. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and development to fully realize the potential of LLM-aided synthetic data creation.
Accurate forecasting of downside risks to economic growth is critically important for policymakers and financial institutions, particularly in the wake of recent economic crises. This paper extends the Growth-at-Risk (GaR) approach by introducing a novel daily sentiment indicator derived from textual analysis of mandatory corporate disclosures (SEC 10-K and 10-Q reports) to forecast downside risks to economic growth. Using the Loughran--McDonald dictionary and a word-count methodology, I compute firm-level tone growth as the year-over-year difference between positive and negative sentiment expressed in corporate filings. These firm-specific sentiment metrics are aggregated into a weekly tone index, weighted by firms' market capitalizations to capture broader, economy-wide sentiment dynamics. Integrated into a mixed-data sampling (MIDAS) quantile regression framework, this sentiment-based indicator enhances the prediction of GDP growth downturns, outperforming traditional financial market indicators such as the National Financial Conditions Index (NFCI). The findings underscore corporate textual data as a powerful and timely resource for macroeconomic risk assessment and informed policymaking.
This paper proposes a framework for categorizing economic policies in a form of a tree taxonomy. The purpose of this approach is to construct an exhaustive and standardized list of actions that a governing authority has access to and can change to control an economy. This is advantageous from two perspectives: by having an exhaustive list of tools, it becomes easier to construct "complete" models (i.e., models that take in all empirical data and aim to simulate economic dynamics) of an economy and understand what the assumptions of these models are; and by knowing all available actions, economic strategies can be devised that target specific economic performance metrics with an exhaustive list of policies.
This article explores the concept of digitalisation and its impact on marketing management in the tourism industry. The study examines the evolution of digitalisation from its origins in the 1960s and 1970s to its current role in the economy, with a particular focus on the tourism sector. Objective of the research. The aim is to explain the multifaceted nature of digitalisation and highlight its importance as a transformative force in the tourism industry. The study aims to demonstrate how digitalisation fosters innovation, increases operational efficiency and creates personalised and interactive experiences for consumers. It seeks to provide a clear understanding of how digital tools and technologies can be strategically integrated into marketing practices to improve business results and customer satisfaction. Research methodology. The study employs a comprehensive literature review, in which the various definitions and interpretations of digitalisation proposed by renowned scholars are subjected to analysis. Furthermore, case studies and practical applications of digital technologies, including Big Data, blockchain, artificial intelligence, mobile applications, virtualisation technologies, and the Internet of Things (IoT) in the tourism industry, are also considered. A comparative analysis is applied to identify the most informative and widely recognised definitions of digitalisation, with particular emphasis on the definition proposed by Laudon and Laudon (2019) due to its clarity and comprehensiveness. Research results. The findings indicate that digitalisation is a critical catalyst for rewriting the travel narrative for consumers, transforming destinations into dynamic, interactive, and responsive ecosystems. The incorporation of digital technologies within the tourism sector not only optimises operational efficiency but also markedly enhances the customer experience. The implementation of personalised marketing, the utilisation of AI-based customer service tools and the application of predictive analytics have been identified as key benefits. However, the study also identifies challenges associated with data privacy, integration with existing systems, and the necessity for continuous adaptation and improvement of CRM strategies to align with evolving customer expectations. Practical implications. Digitalisation opens up significant opportunities for the tourism industry to innovate and maintain competitive advantage in a rapidly changing market environment.
This study investigated the impact of financial development on the total fertility rate in Indonesia, hypothesizing that financial development significantly influences fertility rates. The objective was to ascertain the effects of financial development on Indonesia's total fertility rate, utilizing annual time series data from 1980 to 2021 obtained from the official websites of Bank Indonesia, the Central Bureau of Statistics, and the World Bank. The analysis employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method to examine the influence of the money supply in circulation (M2), Gross Domestic Product, and household consumption on the total fertility rate, with these variables serving as proxies for financial development. The study utilized a comprehensive data analysis approach, including stationary tests, cointegration bound tests, ARDL Model analysis for long-term and short-term effects, and classical assumption tests. The findings revealed that the money supply (M2) has a negative and significant impact on the total fertility rate, the Gross Domestic Product also negatively and significantly affects the total fertility rate, while household consumption positively and significantly influences the total fertility rate. These results underscore the multifaceted relationship between financial development and fertility trends in Indonesia.
Tomasz Wachowicz, Ewa Roszkowska, Marzena Filipowicz-Chomko
The study aims to identify relationships among selected behavioral characteristics of decision-makers (DMs), i.e., experience in making complex decisions, decision-making style, and ability to use various multiple criteria decision-aiding (MCDA) methods coherently, and their impact on the evaluation of the latter functionality and recommendations for future use. The relationships were verified using experimental data through a structural equation model (SEM) and cluster analysis for three MCDA methods, i.e., AHP, SMART, and TOPSIS. One of the strongest effects identified by SEM was observed between coherence in methods' use and the DM's opinion on their functionality. DM's satisfaction and future willingness to use MCDA tools are related to the positive experience gained from using these tools in advance. Decision-making styles shape method selection, with TOPSIS favored by highly experienced DMs, SMART by highly rational, and AHP by those with low experience and a rational approach. (original abstract)
Anja Janischewski, Katharina Bohnenberger, Matthias Kranke
et al.
Many socio-economic systems require positive economic growth rates to function properly. Given uncertainty about future growth rates and increasing evidence that economic growth is a driver of social and environmental crises, these growth dependencies pose serious societal challenges. In recent years, more and more researchers have thus tried to identify growth-dependent systems and develop policies to reduce their growth dependence. However, the concept of 'growth dependence' still lacks a consistent definition and operationalization, which impedes more systematic empirical and theoretical research. This article proposes a simple but powerful framework for defining and operationalizing the concept of 'growth dependence' across socio-economic systems. We provide a general definition consisting of four components that can be specified for different empirical cases: (1) the system under investigation, (2) the unit of measurement of growth, (3) the level of growth and (4) the relevant functions or properties of the system under investigation. According to our general definition, a socio-economic system is growth-dependent if it requires a long-term positive growth rate in terms of a unit of economic measurement to maintain all its functions or properties that are relevant within the chosen normative framework. To illustrate the usefulness of our scheme, we apply it to three areas at the heart of the existing literature on growth dependence: employment, social insurance systems and public finance. These case studies demonstrate that whether or not a system is growth-dependent hinges not only on the empirical properties of the system itself but also on the specification of the concept of growth dependence. Our framework enables coherent, robust and effective definitions and research questions, fostering comparability of findings across different cases and disciplines.
Human existence is complemented by environmental sounds as by-products of people’s activities as well as intentionally generated sounds that allow human society to function, including transport and traffic sounds and notification sounds. The resulting soundscapes surround and permeate people’s daily existence. Technological, as well as behavioural change causes some of these sounds to become extinct at the local or universal level. While expressions of human communication through spoken words (language) and song are deemed to be heritage and thus formally collected and documented, there is a general lack of consideration of the heritage potential of anthropogenic environmental sounds. Focussing on examples from the state of NSW (Australia), this paper discusses sound loss in the urban heritage environment and advances two variations of a conceptual framework to assist heritage practitioners in decision-making to assess heritage potential in order to safeguard some of these sounds for the future.
Budi Trianto, Habriyanto, Nik Hadiyan Nik Azman
et al.
This study aims to determine what factors influence MSMEs in the creative economy sector in deciding to Islamic Banking financing in Indonesia. We investigated the role of Islamic financial awareness, Islamic financial knowledge and Islamic financial skills. We also examine whether the decision to Islamic Banking financing has an impact on business performance. By using a path analysis approach, the results of this study show that Islamic financial awareness and Islamic financial skills has a positive relationship on decision to financing in Islamic banking. Meanwhile, the decision to financing in Islamic banking has a positive effect on the business performance, but insignificant. Other results show that Islamic financial skills have a positive and significant impact on MSME business performance. The results of this study imply that business actors in the creative economy sector must be given an understanding of Islamic financial skill and Islamic financial awareness. On the other hand, Islamic banking must expand financing in the creative economy sector through a more competitive financing scheme so that it can be easily accessed by MSMEs. The expansion of access to Islamic financing for MSMEs is expected to accelerate the inclusion of Islamic finance in Indonesia.
A concern has been raised that "covidization" of research would cause an overemphasizes on covid-19 and pandemics at the expense of other research. The rapid growth of publications related to the Covid-19 pandemic renders a vast amount of citations from this literature. This growth may affect bibliometric indicators. In this paper I explored how the growth of covid-19 publications influences bibliometric indicators commonly used in university rankings, research evaluation and research allocation, namely the field normalized citation score and the journal impact factor. I found that the burst of publications in the early stage of the covid-19 pandemic affects field-normalized citation scores and will affect the journal impact factor. Publications unrelated to covid-19 are also heavily affected. I conclude that there is a considerable risk to draw misleading conclusions from citation indicators spanning over the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic, in particular when time series are used and when the biomedical literature is assessed.
Saudi Arabia has modified from a predominantly free, public, and comprehensive system under a welfare model to more of a mixed-economy model of healthcare. The welfare state slowly moved to a liberal model, emphasizing market forces to dominate in the provision of healthcare and the private sector was trusted to provide a better provision of healthcare. The country has to confront enormous problems in the health sector due to population growth, lifestyle changes, the shift of disease patterns, elevated expectations, escalated healthcare costs, limited infrastructure and resources, and poor management practice in the provision of healthcare. Moreover, the government has been emphasizing the need to bring in private sector investment to improve quality and efficiency, development of manpower, and standardization of services. As the current pattern of healthcare is unsustainable, the country is planning to restructure the present healthcare system toward institutionalizing it to meet future challenges. The governments must make an appropriate amount of effort to build their healthcare systems by transforming and modifying the challenges faced by society and its political-economic systems. The government should encourage equity, and fairness in the provision of healthcare.
نیروی انسانی به عنوان با ارزشترین سرمایه یک سازمان و جامعه محسوب میشود؛ لذا از دیرباز کشورها بر روی این نیروی با ارزش سرمایهگذاری کرده و سعی در بارور نمودن آن دارند. بنابراین، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی رابطۀ بین اینرسی سازمانی و نوآوری با توجه به نقش میانجی اشتیاق شغلی کارکنان تأمین اجتماعی زاهدان میباشد. روش پژوهش توصیفی پیمایشی مبتنی بر مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کلیۀ کارکنان اداره کل سازمان تأمین اجتماعی زاهدان به تعداد 500 نفر است. با استفاده از جدول مورگان، حجم نمونه آماری 217 نفر تعیین شد و نمونهگیری با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی انجام شد. ابزار گردآوری دادهها، پرسشنامه اینرسی سازمانی هاگ (2014)، پرسشنامه نوآوری جیمنز و همکاران (2011) و پرسشنامه اشتیاق شغلی سالوناوا و شوفلی(2002) میباشد. روایی صوری و محتوایی از طریق تحلیل عاملی تأییدی مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. پایایی پرسشنامهها با استفاده از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ به ترتیب برابر با 81/0، 85/0، 87/0 محاسبه شد که حاکی از پایایی مناسب ابزار پژوهش است. دادههای به دست آمده، با استفاده از نرم افزارهای SPSS 20 و Smart PLS به روش مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد متغیر میانجی اشتیاق شغلی در رابطۀ بین اینرسی سازمانی بر نوآوری معنادار است.
Economic growth, development, planning, Economic history and conditions
Kevin Osanlou, Christophe Guettier, Andrei Bursuc
et al.
Learning-based methods are increasingly popular for search algorithms in single-criterion optimization problems. In contrast, for multiple-criteria optimization there are significantly fewer approaches despite the existence of numerous applications. Constrained path-planning for Autonomous Ground Vehicles (AGV) is one such application, where an AGV is typically deployed in disaster relief or search and rescue applications in off-road environments. The agent can be faced with the following dilemma : optimize a source-destination path according to a known criterion and an uncertain criterion under operational constraints. The known criterion is associated to the cost of the path, representing the distance. The uncertain criterion represents the feasibility of driving through the path without requiring human intervention. It depends on various external parameters such as the physics of the vehicle, the state of the explored terrains or weather conditions. In this work, we leverage knowledge acquired through offline simulations by training a neural network model to predict the uncertain criterion. We integrate this model inside a path-planner which can solve problems online. Finally, we conduct experiments on realistic AGV scenarios which illustrate that the proposed framework requires human intervention less frequently, trading for a limited increase in the path distance.
S Sidhartha Narayan, Malavika Ranjan, Madhumitha Raghuraman
This paper attempts to analyse policymaking in the field of Intellectual Property (IP) as an instrument of economic growth across the Global North and South. It begins by studying the links between economic growth and IP, followed by an understanding of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) development in the US, a leading proponent of robust IPR protection internationally. The next section compares the IPR in the Global North and South and undertakes an analysis of the diverse factors that result in these differences. The paper uses the case study of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry to understand how IPR may differentially affect economies and conclude that there may not yet be a one size fits all policy for the adoption of Intellectual Property Rights.
The accelerated electrification of transport systems with EVs has brought new challenges for charging scheduling, fleet management, and charging infrastructure location and configuration planning. In this review, we have provided a systematic review of the recent development in strategic, tactical, and operational decisions for demand responsive transport system planning using electric vehicles (EV-DRT). We have summarized recent developments in mathematical modeling approaches and identified future research directions. A list of existing open-access datasets, numerical test instances, and software are provided for future research in EV-DRT and related problems.
In designing user interface that are intuitive or easy to understand, users have their own challenges where they must continue to develop so that users can easily use existing applications. There are many user interface designs that are less intuitive not only on the display design, but also on the text and the colors used. This paper aims to create an intuitive user interface design by interviewing potential users from the place where the application will be implemented. The method used is intuitive by means of a literature study approach, and interviews. The results of this research are user interface design and system flow design. With an intuitive display, it makes easier for users to use the application.
Pulsed laser deposition from a Nd:YAG laser was employed in production of hundreds of nanometer thick quasicrystalline Ti-Zr-Ni films on glass substrate. The influence of deposition temperature Ts on the structure, morphology and microstructure of the films across their thickness was investigated. The morphology and microstructure features were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The low deposition temperatures were found to produce films with nanometer sized grains embedded in an amorphous matrix. The grains exhibit quasicrystalline order. The higher deposition temperatures lead to films whose structure is not uniform all along the growth direction. The layer in contact with the substrate is a very thin amorphous layer. The main part of the film consists of crystallized columns. The columns have grown from a nano-crystallized layer where the size of crystallites increases with increasing thickness.