Hasil untuk "Cattle"

J. Dubey, D. Lindsay

L. O'reilly, C. Daborn

W. Ferens, C. Hovde

H. Houe

D. G. Fox, L. O. Tedeschi, T. Tylutki et al.

C. Becker, R. Collier, A. Stone

Animal welfare can be negatively affected when dairy cattle experience heat stress. Managing heat stress has become more of a challenge than ever before, due to the increasing number of production animals with increased milk yield, and therefore greater metabolic activity. Environmental temperatures have increased by 1.0°C since the 1800s and are expected to continue to increase by another 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052. Heat stress affects production, reproduction, nutrition, health, and welfare. Means exist to monitor and evaluate heat stress in dairy cattle, as well as different ways to abate heat, all with varying levels of effectiveness. This paper is a summary and compilation of information on dairy cattle heat stress over the years.

I. Sulaiman, R. Fayer, C. Bern et al.

To address the source of infection in humans and public health importance of Giardia duodenalis parasites from animals, nucleotide sequences of the triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) gene were generated for 37 human isolates, 15 dog isolates, 8 muskrat isolates, 7 isolates each from cattle and beavers, and 1 isolate each from a rat and a rabbit. Distinct genotypes were found in humans, cattle, beavers, dogs, muskrats, and rats. TPI and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences of G. microti from muskrats were also generated and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis on the TPI sequences confirmed the formation of distinct groups. Nevertheless, a major group (assemblage B) contained most of the human and muskrat isolates, all beaver isolates, and the rabbit isolate. These data confirm that G. duodenalis from certain animals can potentially infect humans and should be useful in the detection, differentiation, and taxonomy of Giardia spp.

R. Zaheer, S. Cook, R. Barbieri et al.

For a One-Health investigation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Enterococcus spp., isolates from humans and beef cattle along with abattoirs, manured fields, natural streams, and wastewater from both urban and cattle feedlot sources were collected over two years. Species identification of Enterococcus revealed distinct associations across the continuum. Of the 8430 isolates collected, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis were the main species in urban wastewater (90%) and clinical human isolates (99%); Enterococcus hirae predominated in cattle (92%) and feedlot catch-basins (60%), whereas natural streams harbored environmental Enterococcus spp. Whole-genome sequencing of E. faecalis (n = 366 isolates) and E. faecium (n = 342 isolates), revealed source clustering of isolates, indicative of distinct adaptation to their respective environments. Phenotypic resistance to tetracyclines and macrolides encoded by tet(M) and erm(B) respectively, was prevalent among Enterococcus spp. regardless of source. For E. faecium from cattle, resistance to β-lactams and quinolones was observed among 3% and 8% of isolates respectively, compared to 76% and 70% of human clinical isolates. Clinical vancomycin-resistant E. faecium exhibited high rates of multi-drug resistance, with resistance to all β-lactam, macrolides, and quinolones tested. Differences in the AMR profiles among isolates reflected antimicrobial use practices in each sector of the One-Health continuum.

Thomas Kupper, C. Häni, A. Neftel et al.

Abstract Storage of slurry is an important emission source for ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from livestock production. Therefore, this study collected published emission data from stored cattle and pig slurry to determine baseline emission values and emission changes due to slurry treatment and coverage of stores. Emission data were collected from 120 papers yielding 711 records of measurements conducted at farm-, pilot- and laboratory-scale. The emission data reported in a multitude of units were standardized and compiled in a database. Descriptive statistics of the data from untreated slurry stored uncovered revealed a large variability in emissions for all gases. To determine baseline emissions, average values based on a weighting of the emission data according to the season and the duration of the emission measurements were constructed using the data from farm-scale and pilot-scale studies. Baseline emissions for cattle and pig slurry stored uncovered were calculated. When possible, it was further distinguished between storage in tanks without slurry treatment and storage in lagoons which implies solid-liquid separation and biological treatment. The baseline emissions on an area or volume basis are: for NH3: 0.12 g m−2 h-1 and 0.15 g m−2 h-1 for cattle and pig slurry stored in lagoons, and 0.08 g m−2 h-1 and 0.24 g m−2 h-1 for cattle and pig slurry stored in tanks; for N2O: 0.0003 g m−2 h-1 for cattle slurry stored in lagoons, and 0.002 g m−2 h-1 for both slurry types stored in tanks; for CH4: 0.95 g m-3 h-1 and 3.5 g m-3 h-1 for cattle and pig slurry stored in lagoons, and 0.58 g m-3 h-1 and 0.68 g m-3 h-1 for cattle and pig slurry stored in tanks; for CO2: 6.6 g m−2 h-1 and 0.3 g m−2 h-1 for cattle and pig slurry stored in lagoons, and 8.0 g m−2 h-1 for both slurry types stored in tanks; for H2S: 0.04 g m−2 h-1 and 0.01 g m−2 h-1 for cattle and pig slurry stored in lagoons. Related to total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), baseline emissions for tanks are 16% and 15% of TAN for cattle and pig slurry, respectively. Emissions of N2O and CH4 relative to nitrogen (N) and volatile solids (VS) are 0.13% of N and 0.10% of N and 2.9% of VS and 4.7% of VS for cattle and pig slurry, respectively. Total greenhouse gas emissions from slurry stores are dominated by CH4. The records on slurry treatment using acidification show a reduction of NH3 and CH4 emissions during storage while an increase occurs for N2O and a minor change for CO2 as compared to untreated slurry. Solid-liquid separation causes higher losses for NH3 and a reduction in CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions. Anaerobically digested slurry shows higher emissions during storage for NH3 while losses tend to be lower for CH4 and little changes occur for N2O and CO2 compared to untreated slurry. All cover types are found to be efficient for emission mitigation of NH3 from stores. The N2O emissions increase in many cases due to coverage. Lower CH4 emissions occur for impermeable covers as compared to uncovered slurry storage while for permeable covers the effect is unclear or emissions tend to increase. Limited and inconsistent data regarding emission changes with covering stores are available for CO2 and H2S. The compiled data provide a basis for improving emission inventories and highlight the need for further research to reduce uncertainty and fill data gaps regarding emissions from slurry storage.

S. E. Hook, A. Wright, B. McBride

Methanogens are the only known microorganisms capable of methane production, making them of interest when investigating methane abatement strategies. A number of experiments have been conducted to study the methanogen population in the rumen of cattle and sheep, as well as the relationship that methanogens have with other microorganisms. The rumen methanogen species differ depending on diet and geographical location of the host, as does methanogenesis, which can be reduced by modifying dietary composition, or by supplementation of monensin, lipids, organic acids, or plant compounds within the diet. Other methane abatement strategies that have been investigated are defaunation and vaccines. These mitigation methods target the methanogen population of the rumen directly or indirectly, resulting in varying degrees of efficacy. This paper describes the methanogens identified in the rumens of cattle and sheep, as well as a number of methane mitigation strategies that have been effective in vivo.

R. I. Rodríguez-Vivas, N. Jonsson, C. Bhushan

Infestations with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, constitute the most important ectoparasite problem for cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, resulting in major economic losses. The control of R. microplus is mostly based on the use of conventional acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. However, the intensive use of such compounds has resulted in tick populations that exhibit resistance to all major acaricide chemical classes. Consequently, there is a need for the development of alternative approaches, possibly including the use of animal husbandry practices, synergized pesticides, rotation of acaricides, pesticide mixture formulations, manual removal of ticks, selection for host resistance, nutritional management, release of sterile male hybrids, environmental management, plant species that are unfavourable to ticks, pasture management, plant extracts, essential oils and vaccination. Integrated tick management consists of the systematic combination of at least two control technologies aiming to reduce selection pressure in favour of acaricide-resistant individuals, while maintaining adequate levels of animal production. The purpose of this paper is to present a current review on conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance for better understanding and control of resistant ticks with particular emphasis on R. microplus on cattle.

K. Samuelson, M. Hubbert, M. Galyean et al.

Dragana Tomanić, Nebojša Kladar, Zorana Kovačević

Bovine mastitis is a prevalent infectious disease in dairy cattle, causing inflammation, pain, reduced milk yield, and economic losses. Antibiotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment, yet irresponsible use can lead to the presence of antibiotic residues in milk and contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing significant risks to public health and food safety. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on mastitis management, antibiotic use and resulting residues in milk, their public health and environmental impacts, and alternative strategies to reduce antibiotic dependence, framed within a One Health–One Welfare perspective. Antibiotic residues in milk are closely linked to treatment practices, withdrawal period compliance, and regulatory oversight, with prevalence ranging from <1% in some European countries to over 80% in parts of Africa. Residues, particularly from β-lactams, tetracyclines, and quinolones, can disrupt human intestinal microbiota, promote resistant bacterial strains, trigger immunological reactions, and interfere with dairy processing. Environmental contamination through excreted antibiotics further facilitates the spread of resistance. Sustainable alternatives, including probiotics, phytotherapy, vaccines, and improved farm biosecurity, show promise in reducing antibiotic use while maintaining animal welfare and productivity. Antibiotic therapy remains essential for mastitis control, but its consequences on milk safety, public health, and AMR require prudent management. Integrating monitoring, adherence to withdrawal periods, and sustainable alternatives within a One Health–One Welfare framework is critical for ensuring safe, responsible, and environmentally sustainable dairy production.

María Mercedes Mendoza–Peñarrieta, Piedad Francisca Yépez–Macias, Ángel Virgilio Cedeño–Moreira et al.

La relación entre alimentación y salud es un campo dinámico de investigación con implicaciones para la salud humana y animal, centrado en la mejora de la calidad de los alimentos y la promoción de estilos de vida saludables. Este estudio, realizado en la Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias y Biológicas de la UTEQ, Campus La María, tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de un fitobiótico a base de harina de orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) sobre la calidad del huevo de gallinas Hy–Line Brown. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con cuatro tratamientos, ocho repeticiones y cinco unidades experimentales por tratamiento, involucrando un total de 160 gallinas de 22 semanas de edad. Los tratamientos consistieron en dietas con diferentes niveles de inclusión nutracéutica: T0 (0 %), T1 (0,5 %), T2 (1 %) y T3 (1,5 %). En las premezclas de alimento balanceado se analizó la composición bromatológica (humedad, proteína, grasa y fibra), mientras que en las aves se evaluó la producción semanal y el peso del huevo. Además, se determinó la calidad microbiológica externa de los huevos y se realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana con medicamentos comerciales. Los resultados indicaron que el tratamiento T2 (1 %) presentó el mayor peso promedio de huevo (62,63 g) en la quinta semana, así como un mayor porcentaje de producción. En cuanto a la calidad microbiológica, se identificaron coliformes, bacterias mesófilas, mohos y levaduras, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre tratamientos según la prueba de Tukey (P≤0,05). Se recomiendan más estudios para explorar niveles más altos de inclusión nutracéutica y su impacto en la calidad del huevo y la salud de las aves.

Kosovsky Gleb, Glazko Tatiana

Gene and genome editing improves the prognosis by preventing non-target or pleiotropic consequences. Genomic editing targets can be assessed by localizing their structural and functional traits on the most polymorphic genomic elements, e.g., by transposons. This research clarified the distribution of transposons in the most popular gene editing targets and on their flanks in different mammalian species. The study covered the genomic sequences of humans (Homo sapiens), cattle (Bos taurus), domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and house mice (Mus musculus). It involved the protein-coding genes of myostatin (mstn), melanophilin (mlph), leptin receptor (lepr), X-localized chromatin remodeling protein (atrx), and three genes in the evolutionarily conserved chromatin loop (transcrip-tion regulation factor – auts2, N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase – galnt17, calcium binding protein 1 – caln1), as well as at least four genes on their flanks. The distribution of transposons was estimated using RepeatMasker; the statistical processing relied on the Jamovi software. The analysis was conducted for the following gene and genomic traits: 1) the frequency of dispersed repeats that were dominant in ancestral species to be displaced by later varieties; 2) the correlation between the frequency and the localization in autosomes and chromosome X, the functional affiliation of gene groups, their localization in the same and different chromosomes, and gene overlap. The differences in the frequencies of ancient and young transposons between humans, cattle, and rodents were associated with different rates of generational exchange. The research also revealed some links between the protein functions and the conservatism of genetic linkage. The blocks of genetically linked genes across the species differed in ancient transposons, which depended on the species-specific differences in the protection of the corresponding genomic regions from transpositions. The data on species- and gene-specific traits of transposons distribution may help to prevent undesirable pleiotropic effects of genetic modifications.

Rodolpho Almeida Rebouças, David Driemeier, Lisanka Ângelo Maia et al.

The objective of this study was to report clinical, epidemiological, and anatomopathological data in cattle affected by colitis and perforating ulcerative typhlitis with peritonitis; three (n=3) bovines affected by colitis and two (n=2) with ulcerative typhlocolitis. Clinically, apathy stood out, accompanied by difficulty in exploring the abdominal organs through rectal palpation because of low mobility of the organs due to adhesions. The animals died, and, on necroscopic examination, diffuse, fibrinous purulent peritonitis was recorded due to perforating, multifocal ulcerated areas in the colon and cecum wall. Histopathological examination recorded data compatible with acute, necrotizing, and perforating ulcerative enteritis, with thrombus in the blood vessels associated with fibrinoid necrotizing vasculitis. The immunohistochemistry test for Salmonella spp. was positive in four of the five samples analyzed. The etiopathogenesis of perforating ulcerative typhlocolitis in cattle is associated with infection by Salmonella spp., while not ruling out the possibility of participation of other etiologic agents in the occurrence of this disease, due to the complexity of the disease and the scarcity of reports in the literature, further investigations are necessary to provide a better understanding of this disease in cattle.

Chun-Hsuan Chao, Jen-Wen Shiau

This study evaluated the predictive performance of genomically enhanced predicted transmitting abilities for milk (gPTAM) and fat yield (gPTAF) in 986 first-lactation Holstein cows from 25 herds in Taiwan. Ordinary least squares and linear mixed models revealed significant positive associations between genomic predictions and observed yields (milk: β = 1.201, R² = 0.469; fat: β = 1.444, R² = 0.507). Incorporating herd and birth-year effects improved model fit and reduced residual variability. Five-fold cross-validation confirmed the robustness of the full mixed model, with predictive R² increasing to 0.293 for milk and 0.363 for fat, distinct from the OLS R² (0.469 and 0.507) representing phenotypic variation explained, indicating moderate predictive ability of genomic PTA values under subtropical production conditions. Model adequacy checks supported appropriate model specification, with only a mild outlier signal in the milk model. Regional analysis revealed a significant genotype-by-environment interaction for PTAF (<i>p</i> = 0.018) but not for PTAM, indicating reduced prediction accuracy in environmentally variable regions and highlighting trait-specific environmental sensitivity. Quartile stratification by gPTA and Net Merit Score demonstrated clear yield gradients, confirming both the predictive and economic value of genomic evaluations under subtropical dairy production systems.

R.G. Skinner, W.E. Brown

ABSTRACT: Substitution of soybean meal with dried distillers grains in calf starter feeds (SF) suppresses ADG and feed efficiency. Through the use of fractionation technologies, the ethanol industry is able to produce high-protein corn coproducts (HPCC), which are greater in protein and contain less fiber than traditional distillers grains, and more closely resemble the chemical composition of soybean meal. To evaluate the suitability of an HPCC as a substitute for soybean meal in calf grain, 21 male and 21 female Holstein calves were blocked by sex and birthdate, and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 calf grain treatments, which were offered beginning at 14 d of age. Calf grain treatments were formulated for 0% (CTRL), 50% (50HPCC), or 100% (100HPCC) replacement of the soybean meal (16.6% of diet DM) by HPCC. Rumen-protected Met and Lys were supplemented to meet estimated requirements. Calves were individually housed, and during the data collection period, which occurred after weaning (56–84 d of age), assigned grain was the only feed offered. Dry matter intake was recorded daily, and growth and blood samples were obtained every 14 ± 1 d. Fecal samples were collected on the last 4 d of trial to determine apparent total-tract digestibility. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS (v. 9.4) for fixed effects of treatment, sex, and week, when applicable. Preplanned contrasts were used. Treatment, sex, and week interacted on grain intake, whereby 100HPCC males increased DMI more rapidly than males on other treatments but within females only CTRL and 50HPCC increased DMI. Increasing HPCC inclusion linearly increased BW and ADG. Treatment and sex interacted on feed efficiency, whereby 100HPCC males were more efficient than 100HPCC females. Wither height was affected quadratically, as 50HPCC calves were shorter than 100HPCC calves. Inclusion of HPCC increased calf plasma insulin concentration both linearly and compared with CTRL, but contrasts were not detected for blood BHB, BUN, glucose, free fatty acid, or triglyceride concentrations. Apparent total-tract digestibility of DM and CP in diets containing HPCC tended to be greater than CTRL. Overall results indicate the HPCC can replace soybean meal in SF when balanced for the limiting AA Met and Lys.

N. De Briyne, J. Atkinson, L. Pokludová et al.

The Heads of Medicines Agencies and the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe undertook a survey to gain an insight into European prescribing of antibiotics for animals, in particular to highlight the diseases for which antibiotics are most commonly said to be prescribed and which different classes, including human critically important antibiotics (CIAs). The survey was completed by 3004 practitioners from 25 European countries. Many older antibiotics (eg, penicillins, tetracyclines) are cited most frequently as the prescribed classes to treat the main food producing species. The frequency of citation of non-CIAs predominates. CIAs are mostly frequently cited to be prescribed for: urinary diseases in cats (62 per cent), respiratory diseases in cattle (45 per cent), diarrhoea in cattle and pigs (respectively 29 per cent and 34 per cent), locomotion disorders in cattle (31 per cent), postpartum dysgalactia syndrome complex in pigs (31 per cent) and dental disease in dogs (36 per cent). Clear ‘preferences’ between countries can be observed between antibiotic classes. The use of national formularies and guidance helps to drive responsible use of antibiotics and can significantly reduce the extent of use of CIAs. A more widespread introduction of veterinary practice antibiotic prescribing policies and monitoring obedience to these should ensure more widespread compliance with responsible use guidelines.

Dong-Dong Wu, Xiangdong Ding, Sheng Wang et al.