Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

Zeyin Chen, Siying Li, Tao Wu et al.

Abstract In rapidly urbanizing cities, historical neighborhoods often experience drastic spatial transformation, leading to the erosion of urban form, memory, and identity. This study examines the morphological transformation of the Siwenli Lilong neighborhood in central Shanghai, tracing its evolution from 1948 to 2021. Drawing on a 70-year fine-scale GIS dataset at the lane-block level which is a rare longitudinal resolution in related urban research, the study integrates historical cartography, urban morphology, and heritage interpretation to identify three key phases: wartime densification, socialist consolidation, and market-driven redevelopment. Each phase reflects distinct governance rationales, cumulatively producing a shift from spatial continuity to fragmentation. The research introduces the concept of “interface rupture” to capture the disjunction between old and new typologies, particularly in façade logic and public–private transitions. Rather than treating transformation as incidental, it proposes a conceptual model linking governance regimes, development logics, and spatial consequences. While symbolic heritage elements are selectively retained, most morphological memory is weakened or erased. By integrating urban morphology with the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) framework, the study contributes to heritage-led urbanism by moving beyond site-specific diagnosis toward transferable explanatory mechanisms. It calls for adaptive conservation frameworks that recognize spatial memory as a planning asset, promoting continuity during inevitable change. The Siwenli case thus serves as both empirical evidence and a theoretical lens for understanding structural dynamics behind morphological rupture in East Asian cities.

Bin Chen, Fanhua Kong, Michael E. Meadows et al.

Abstract While heat mitigation is crucial to achieving sustainable urban development, an inadequate understanding of the evolution of the urban thermal environment (UTE) and its relationship with socio-ecological systems (SESs) constrains the development of effective mitigation strategies. In this study, we use satellite observations from 2000–2021 to explore the evolving impact of SES interactions on the UTE of 136 Chinese urban areas. The results reveal a nonlinear intensification of the UTE over the period and an indication that an increasing number of urban areas have successfully applied UTE mitigation measures. Spatio-temporal patterns in UTE are shown to be strongly influenced by social and ecological factors and their interactions, whereby the higher the SES status, the stronger the decreasing UTE trend. These findings highlight the need for, and advantages of, developing win-win solutions for urban society and ecology and have important implications in creating integrated strategies for heat mitigation in promoting urban sustainability.

David Pehlke

The steering of the residential development on the regional level is one of the major tasks of regional planning. Nevertheless, no nationwide information is yet available on the implementation of the planning instruments in regional plans. Moreover, for potential steering types, only one approach on the level of the German federal states exists. To reduce this information deficit, a plan content analysis is used to determine which positive planning instruments were implemented in the state development plans and regional plans valid in 2017. The data basis for negative planning instruments is the spatial development plan monitor of the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (BBSR). With these data, a non-linear principal component analysis and a cluster analysis is carried out to identify specific steering types. As a result, six regional planning steering types of pre-use planning, quantitative control, settlement axes, positive planning location control, intra-municipal framework with extensive mono-functional open space protection and extensive location control through multifunctional open space protection can be identified. The different steering types are often spatially clustered, so that a significant influence of state planning requirements can be assumed.

Marilia C.P. Borges, Sérgio B. Abreu, Carlos H.R. Lima et al.

Basic sanitation services are essential for human development, promoting health and inhibiting the spread of waterborne diseases. The availability of information on water and sanitation services at the local level supports the formulation, implementation and improvement of public policies aimed at advancing the provision of basic sanitation services to the population. In Brazil, the National Water and Sanitation Data System (SNIS), administered by the Ministry of Regional Development (MDR), is the largest information system for water and sanitation services in the country. Here we present the significant aspects of SNIS and offer the most recent results of water and sanitation services in the country, which reveals that water supply is the sanitation service closest to achieve the universalization preconized by the United Nations with almost 93% of the population served. The situation of sanitary sewer services reveals that only 61.9% of the Brazilian population have sewer collection systems, while only 78.5% of the collected volume is actually treated. The remaining 22.5% of the raw sewer is directly disposed in the environment. With respect to the generated sewer, only 49.1% of the volume is treated. The solid waste data show that a large part of the urban population is served by home collection services. The major challenge of this component is to ensure that the final destination is environmentally appropriate, since there are still many dumps that receive waste from different municipalities. The urban drainage data show that most Brazilian municipalities still have deficiencies in the planning of drainage services.

Gizem Mahmuriye Çiftçi

The Americans who came to Turkey, particularly during the 1950, as part of efforts to develop Turkish-American relations during the Cold War period, led to an increase in mutual cultural exchange and understanding between the two countries. One of these Americans was Elizabeth McNeill Leicester, who wrote a book entitled ‘Memories of 1950 in Ankara, Turkey' during the time she spent in Ankara on an official mission during this period when the cultural influence of America was felt most keenly. Another example of written memoirs is ‘Assignment in Ankara', which was written by Lucile Saunders McDonald and Zola Helen Ross. These books, which represent the written observations of the two women, contain profound insights into the social and cultural life of Ankara in the 1950s, and thus represent important first-hand historical sources. This study uses the books of Elizabeth McNeill Leicester and Lucile Saunders McDonald to help reveal the socio-cultural structure of Ankara in the 1950s while analyzing the authors' perspectives on Turkish women in Ankara and discussing the activities of Americans in Turkey. The insights provided in the books demonstrate that traditional structures were strongly maintained in Ankara, especially for women, despite the modernization of the 1950s.

V Sruthi Krishnan, C Mohammed Firoz

Rapid urbanization has resulted in sudden degradation of the environmental quality of urban settlements, which are difficult to measure and quantify. The present study attempts to provide an assessment of the environmental quality by developing environmental quality index (EQI) for the Ernakulam district in Kerala, India. The index values are spatially mapped to develop an environmental quality index map for the study area under five different classes namely, very poor, poor, moderate, good, very good. The EQI values are calculated for nineteen composite variables classified under three domains namely, ecological, meteorological, and socio-economic domains. A preliminary statistical analysis and detailed principal component analysis (PCA) were performed to construct the environmental quality index for the study region. This was followed by a spatial mapping and analysis to provide a better understanding of the status of the environmental quality to the local residents, environmental planners, regional scientists and policy makers. The results obtained from the analysis show that the study area has a low overall environmental quality. The region considered in this paper has highlighting features of various settlement patterns, population distributions, and land use distributions, which indicates a clear transition in the environmental quality index of different settlement units. Hence, by selecting this region and observing various number of indicators, the real effect of urbanization on the quality of the environment was projected. The systematic methodological procedure explained in this paper can be used elsewhere also, where the study area has similar characteristics as that of the area considered in this study. The outcome of the study is applicable for present and future urban planning, building construction, land and resource management for a sustainable environment.

Mario R. Delos Reyes, Keith Gerard L. Daguio, Mark Anthony M. Gamboa

Cities have always been the predominant centres of political power, economic growth, educational and cultural advancement and technological innovation. However, rapid urbanization and growth of metropolitan cities, especially in developing countries, have resulted to various challenges that national and local governments and institutions fail to address completely. Against this background, small- and medium-sized cities are becoming the new growth nodes of the country. Batangas City in the Philippines is a medium-sized city located in the proximity of the Metro Manila region. This article provides an overview of the urbanization of Batangas City with special reference to its social, economic and urban characteristics along with its pressing challenges. The study highlights the current state of Batangas City with an emphasis on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on health, education and urban sustainability. Finally, the article attempts to conclude on whether the city is gearing towards a learning, healthy and sustainable Batangas City.

María Alejandra Saus

<p>Durante el siglo XX Bahía Blanca fue un caso peculiar en la reestructuración ferroviaria argentina. Si bien la ciudad había sido un importante núcleo ferroportuario, la racionalización de infraestructuras —a cargo del Ministerio de Transporte e iniciada en 1948— estuvo concentrada en otras ciudades del país. Por ello, en la historia urbana y urbanística de Bahía Blanca la sensación de un desarrollo incompleto contrasta con grandes aspiraciones inalcanzadas. El objetivo del artículo es comparar imaginarios y realidades en torno a los predios ferroviarios desafectados, analizando documentos de la prensa y de los planes urbanos. Dicha tarea ha sido concebida en referencia a la historia del urbanismo en la Argentina y a sus paradigmas disciplinares.</p>

Aníbal Moliné

Con el propósito de reconsiderar la influencia de Le Corbusier en la formación arquitectónica y académica de quien escribe este ensayo, se confronta su proyecto final como alumno con nueve obras de maestros y arquitectos destacados del siglo pasado que operaron como sus referentes. Este escrito se sustenta principalmente en las instancias de aprendizaje proyectual desplegadas en la Escuela de Arquitectura de Rosario desde 1956 hasta 1959. La interpretación crítica y analítica de la confrontación permite reconocer la diversidad de las influencias —visibles y ocultas— de esas obras sobre el proyecto final, y al mismo tiempo, contribuye a revelar la amplitud, hondura y participación de Le Corbusier en el devenir del pensamiento y la producción arquitectónica de ese momento.

Dr. saeid maleki, ali shojaeyan, ghasem farahmand

Urban expansion, the extent of urbanization or land use, has now become a global issue, especially in Third World cities. In spite of the development and increase of the population of large cities, the emergence of various and complex socioeconomic issues within cities and the arrival of the major cities of the Third World into the world economic system, urban planning has become new dimensions and has led to an accurate analysis of the socio-political conditions in the urban geography area. Over the past decades, wide-ranging social, economic, and environmental changes have been observed in the country, largely leading to spatial changes. Understanding the pattern of urban development in order to guide the sustainable development of the city is essential. Understanding the pattern of physical development of the city is essential in order to steer the sustainable development of the city. To understand the development and non-development of the regions, it is necessary to study the pattern of regional inequalities, the difference between the regions and the level of the superiority of a location relative to the structure of similar places in the city. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine the extent of development of urban areas of Urmia from the studied indices. To achieve this goal, 19 of the main variables in the physical index (residential, commercial, educational, religious, cultural, tourism, health, etc.) have been used. To analyze the research data, the Gama Fuzzy Operator has been used in the GIS environment as well as through the use of selected criteria by Fuzzy Hierarchy Process Analysis (FAHP).

Jeb Brugmann

This paper presents a strategy for scaling climate change adaptation within urban areas. The strategy specifically focuses on the requirements for mobilizing large amounts of capital for adaptation and other urban risk reduction above and beyond the amounts that will likely be mobilized through new international adaptation funds. The paper, based on a report published by ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability,( 1 ) proposes a re-framing of the urban adaptation and disaster reduction challenge. The approach shifts the adaptation focus from risk reduction as a primary end in itself to a broader development focus on financing the performance of urban assets, areas and/or systems. This emphasis is elaborated through the concept of “resilience”, an urban design and investment metric that measures the ability of urban areas and their individual assets to perform for users and their investors under a wide range of conditions. The paper argues that such a performance-oriented approach provides a business logic that can attract conventional, private investment flows to climate and disaster risk reduction measures and thereby “mainstream” them.

Juan Carlos Etulain, Alejandra González Biffis

El tema abordado surge de la línea de investigación en desarrollo vinculada con las Intervenciones Urbanas en la Ciudad Contemporánea, y pone énfasis en la escala intermedia o proyecto urbano (en adelante PU) como instrumento de intervención y transformación de la ciudad. En este sentido, es objetivo de este artículo presentar los cambios sufridos en su conceptualización e implementación identificando distintas familias o generaciones (ejemplificadas con casos), tributarias de cambios contextuales y epistemológicos significativos, que en el marco de la crisis estructural del capitalismo avanzado y otros procesos de cambio e incertidumbre característicos de la inflexión entre los siglos XX y XXI, condujeron a la sociedad a interpelar saberes y prácticas urbanísticas. La estrategia metodológica utilizada para la identificación de la evolución del PU como instrumento de intervención es de naturaleza exploratoria, de alcance explicativo, basada en la identificación de casos y referentes nacionales e internacionales en la temática.

Çiler Buket Tosun, Arda Can Özsu

This study presents the works of Selahattin Refik who played an active role in the Republican Era Architecture through his modern practices in interior architecture and furniture design. Practicing the most recent and popular art of his time, Art Deco, Refik also received the appreciation of Atatürk, and was influential in the first twenty years of the Republic. This study focuses on his interior and furniture designs for the ‘Study Room’ designed for Ataturk at the ‘Ataturk Museum House which is the first Official Residence of the President of the Republic of Turkey. Pioneering original Art Deco practices of our country, the ‘Study Room’ has been an implementation that illustrates not only the originality and competency of Selahattin Refik in practicing the modern art of the era but also the reflection of the modern identity of the Republic on interior designs.

Andrea De Montis, Maria Antonietta Bardi, Amedeo Ganciu et al.

Urban-rural landscape planning research is nowadays focusing on strategies and tools that support practitioners in designing integrated spaces starting from the analysis of local areas, where human and natural pressures interfere. A prominent framework is provided by the ecological networks, whose design regards the combination of a set of green areas or patches (the nodes) interconnected through environmental corridors (the edges). Ecological networks are useful for biodiversity protection and enhancement, as they are able to counteract fragmentation, and to create or strengthen relations and exchanges among otherwise isolated elements. Biodiversity evolution, indeed, depends on the quantity and quality of spatial cohesion of natural areas.  In this paper, we aim at designing an ecological network for the periurban area on the town of Nuoro in central Sardinia. The narrative unfolds in two parts. Part A is presented in this paper and includes its methodological premises, i.e. biodiversity conservation and ecological network analysis and design, and the introductory elements of a spatial analysis on a pilot ecological network of one hundred patches. We locate patches by focusing on the ecosystems supported by the target vegetal species holm oak (<em>Quercus ilex</em>) and cultivated or wild olive (<em>Olea europaea</em> var. <em>sativa</em>, <em>O. europaea</em> var. <em>sylverstis</em>). These are very common plants species in the municipality and some animal species are active as seed dispersal. The reminder, i.e. Part B, of the essay is presented in an homonymous paper that focuses on the illustration of the network analysis conceived as a monitoring system and, in future perspective, as a planning support system.

Antonio Laurino, Raffaele Grimaldi

<p class="AbstractCxSpFirst"><span lang="EN-GB">Carsharing (CS) is increasing its role worldwide as an alternative transport mode, often more sustainable than private transport with self-owned vehicles. </span></p> <p class="AbstractCxSpMiddle"><span lang="EN-GB">We first focus on the main characteristics of those services and on the impacts they generated, starting from the analysis of  the literature on this topic. CS initiatives are growing everywhere, however numbers are still minor and impacts are still far from a level that can deliver significant aggregate benefits.</span></p> <p class="AbstractCxSpMiddle"><span lang="EN-GB">This paper studies the existing Italian carsharing experiences, trying to understand its strengths, that have allowed its development, but also possible limits and weaknesses. The presence of a national coordination structure (Iniziativa Carsharing - ICS), unique in Europe and created to boost local initiatives providing standardisation and interoperability, surely helped the development of the system. Some initiatives have been successful in terms of membership (in particular Milan, Venice and Turin), but others have been discontinued. Italian users’ characteristics are similar to the ones of users abroad: </span><span lang="EN-GB">the majority of users are well educated male, living in small households having one or no cars and using public transport every day. </span><span lang="EN-GB">At present, Italian drivers generally still show a scarce propensity to share their cars, considered more as “goods” than as “services”.</span></p> <p class="AbstractCxSpMiddle"><span lang="EN-GB">A case study in Milan, the first and most successful initiative in Italy, shows a significant increase in CS membership after the implementation of a city charging scheme (“Ecopass” at first, then “Area C”). Moving shared cars from garages to “on the street parking” has proved successful too. The usage of the service has changed in time: users have increased (+151%) more than runs (+137%) – 2006 to 2009, while average length and duration of each run have decreased (-30% and -43% respectively, 2006 to 2010). Milan’s initiative also put s into practice many incentives for users that likely contributed to its success, i.e. free access to limited traffic zones, use of public transport reserved lanes, free parking in tolled spaces and discounts on the annual fee for public transport season ticket holders.</span></p> <p class="AbstractCxSpLast"><span lang="EN-GB">The result of CS initiatives in the future will likely depend largely on mobility policies that both the national government and municipalities will introduce in the future. A legislation concerning CS is needed in order to promote the involvement of private initiatives, while mobility policies should evidence the advantages, both in economical and practical terms, offered by CS with respect to a private car, also considering the social role that CS might have for low-income households (and students), that could have access to a car on a “pay as you use” principle. CS benefits from broader transport policies and can improve their social acceptability, by integrating existing public transport systems – in terms of flexibility, land coverage and availability in time.</span></p>

Pietro D'Amico, Ferdinando Di Martino, Salvatore Sessa

<p>Mobility is a major component in ensuring freedom of movement and good quality of life. It is strictly associated to the concept of sustainability, considering that more than 70% of European citizens live in urban areas.</p><p>Traffic volumes and congestion, air quality, noise pollution, consumption of non renewable resources, greenhouse gas emissions, social exclusion and urban sprawl are significant challenges to achieve sustainable urban mobility. This is one of the most important goals of the Coordination Plan of the District of Naples (PTCP). In this paper, we show the process of research, selection, valuation, weighting and synthesis of a set of indicators to monitor sustainable mobility during the realization process of the PTCP.</p><p>Two urban areas lacking infrastructure connections are considered: North Naples and Giuglianese. According to the Planning Code, the GIS Office and the Planning Office are responsible for choosing the set of indicators and its application, and for evaluating if the goals of the PTCP are achievable and if corrective actions should be undertaken as well.</p><p>The Environmental Report attached to the Plan sets down to link each topic of the plan to a unique index resulting from a set of specific indicators. One of the results of this study was the selection of 22 indicators for sustainable mobility.</p><p>They were the outcome of the intersection between the lists available in scientific literature and the databases available for the District of Naples. As set down by the PTCP Planning Code, a top down approach was adopted Therefore indicators were selected by technicians. However, a bottom up approach, i.e. citizenship and stakeholders select indicators, would have resulted in a more transparent process. This study applied a rating method named allocation of budget to weight indicators. Weights determined the importance of each indicator compared to the others.</p><p>After the weighting procedure, the aggregation of indicators into a single complex index could take place. The main result of this research was the design and implementation of a database via a GIS. Not only could this GIS be updated, but it could also convert information within each indicator into a single complex index. It could immediately give the trend towards sustainable mobility.</p><p>The database was useful to compare either a zone of the district in different times or different areas of the district at the same time. In addition, the process of building indices could help transparency in planning procedures and social learning through the appraisal process, if citizenship and stakeholders had been involved. The combined use of participatory techniques and multiple criteria analysis takes conflicting interest into account and is the only way to solve them in a common vision.</p><p>The method implemented in this research should be applied to planning process as well and should involve most of the society.</p>

Theo Kötter

Elisabetta Vitale Brovarone

L&rsquo;influenza dei caratteri urbani sulla domanda di mobilit&agrave; &egrave; un tema ampiamente dibattuto e studiato. Al di l&agrave; delle assunzioni teoriche a riguardo, molti studiosi hanno tentato di individuare empiricamente nessi attestanti questo fenomeno. Gran parte della letteratura scientifica sul tema pu&ograve; essere ricondotta al dibattito sulla citt&agrave; compatta e sullo sprawl. Due principali obiettivi contraddistinguono questo dibattito: la comprensione delle complesse dinamiche che legano la domanda di mobilit&agrave; ai caratteri urbani e l&rsquo;individuazione di configurazioni sostenibili degli usi del suolo. Il fenomeno &egrave; dunque studiato al fine dello sviluppo di strategie fondate sull&rsquo;integrazione tra i trasporti e gli usi del suolo, finalizzate a limitare l&rsquo;uso dell&rsquo;auto e ad ottenere una distribuzione modale degli spostamenti pi&ugrave; equilibrata. Buona parte della ricerca scientifica, specialmente nell&rsquo;ultimo decennio, &egrave; dunque focalizzata sull&rsquo;identificazione di nessi causali tra gli usi del suolo e i trasporti, per supportare, o in alcuni casi mettere in discussione, esperienze e politiche integrate. Nonostante la quantit&agrave; e variet&agrave; di studi dedicati al tema, il fenomeno &egrave; ancora lungi dall&rsquo;essere compreso e dimostrato empiricamente. Il dibattito in proposito &egrave; ampio e l&rsquo;impressione &egrave; che con l&rsquo;aumentare degli studi in proposito e del livello di approfondimento delle analisi diminuisca la sensazione di chiarezza. Attraverso un&rsquo;analisi della letteratura, l&rsquo;articolo mette in evidenza i principali problemi emergenti dal dibattito. Senza negare l&rsquo;importanza del riconoscimento di nessi causali tra i caratteri degli insediamenti e la domanda di mobilit&agrave;, opinione di chi scrive &egrave; che l&rsquo;individuazione di questi nessi non debba necessariamente costituire una condizione imprescindibile per la definizione e l&rsquo;adozione di un approccio integrato.

Emilia Giovanna Trifiletti