Hasil untuk "United States local history"

Jeffrey W. Olin, J. Froehlich, Xiaokui Gu et al.

Dane Johnson, Mark Poitras, Daniel McCabe et al.

Introduction: Dichlorvos is an organophosphate compound that is restricted in the United States. Information regarding dichlorvos skin manifestations and pediatric exposures are extremely limited. Case: A nonverbal 15-year-old male with a past medical history of autism spectrum disorder, congenital CMV, and intellectual disability was brought to the emergency department for vomiting. He developed rhinorrhea, blistering skin lesions (on inner thighs), tachypnea, decreasing mental status, and an oxygen requirement. He was started on empiric antibiotics, oxygen, and admitted to the hospital. On hospital day 3, a family member discovered a bottle of “Sniper 1000EC DDVP” insecticide (containing dichlorvos) on a shelf at home with the cap removed and half the product missing. The patient continued to recover and was discharged on hospital day 5. Cholinesterase concentrations sent on hospital day 4 returned with the following values: plasma cholinesterase 0.8 U/mL (ref 2.9 − 7.1) and RBC cholinesterase 2.7 U/mL (ref 7.9 − 17.1). Discussion: Although restricted in the United States, dichlorvos remains a potential source of morbidity. Systemic effects of dichlorvos exposure may be similar to other organophosphate compounds and include vomiting, rhinorrhea, respiratory failure, and decreased mental status. Local effects from dichlorvos or dichlorvos-containing products may lead to chemical burns.

Justin M. Luningham, Idara N. Akpan, Tanjila Taskin et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a global public health concern since early 2020 and has required local and state-level responses in the United States. There were several Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vaccines available for the prevention of COVID-19 as of August 2022, yet not all states have achieved high vaccination coverage. Texas is a particularly unique state with a history of opposing vaccination mandates, as well as a large and ethnically/racially diverse population. This study explored the demographic and psychosocial correlates of COVID-19 vaccinations among a statewide sample in Texas. A quota sample of 1089 individuals was surveyed online from June–July 2022. The primary outcome in this study was COVID-19 vaccination status (fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated, or unvaccinated) and included independent variables related to demographics, COVID-19 infection/vaccine attitudes and beliefs, and challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hispanic/Latinx individuals were more likely than non-Hispanic White individuals to be partially vaccinated as opposed to unvaccinated. Higher education levels and confidence that the FDA would ensure a safe COVID-19 vaccine were strongly associated with a higher likelihood of being fully vaccinated. In addition, some challenges brought on by the pandemic and concerns about becoming infected or infecting others were associated with a higher likelihood of being partially or fully vaccinated. These findings emphasize the need to further investigate the interaction between individual and contextual factors in improving COVID-19 vaccination rates, especially among vulnerable and disadvantaged populations.

Richard Tsai, John Hervey, Kathleen Hoffman et al.

BackgroundIndividuals with comorbid conditions have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19. Since regulatory trials of COVID-19 vaccines excluded those with immunocompromising conditions, few patients with cancer and autoimmune diseases were enrolled. With limited vaccine safety data available, vulnerable populations may have conflicted vaccine attitudes. ObjectiveWe assessed the prevalence and independent predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among individuals with serious comorbidities and assessed self-reported side effects among those who had been vaccinated. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, 55-item, online survey, fielded January 15, 2021 through February 22, 2021, among a random sample of members of Inspire, an online health community of over 2.2 million individuals with comorbid conditions. Multivariable regression analysis was utilized to determine factors independently associated with vaccine hesitancy and acceptance. ResultsOf the 996,500 members of the Inspire health community invited to participate, responses were received from 21,943 individuals (2.2%). Respondents resided in 123 countries (United States: 16,277/21,943, 74.2%), had a median age range of 56-65 years, were highly educated (college or postgraduate degree: 10,198/17,298, 58.9%), and had diverse political leanings. All respondents self-reported at least one comorbidity: cancer, 27.3% (5459/19,980); autoimmune diseases, 23.2% (4946/21,294); chronic lung diseases: 35.4% (7544/21,294). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was identified in 18.6% (3960/21,294), with 10.3% (2190/21,294) declaring that they would not, 3.5% (742/21,294) stating that they probably would not, and 4.8% (1028/21,294) not sure whether they would agree to be vaccinated. Hesitancy was expressed by the following patients: cancer, 13.4% (731/5459); autoimmune diseases, 19.4% (962/4947); chronic lung diseases: 17.8% (1344/7544). Positive predictors of vaccine acceptance included routine influenza vaccination (odds ratio [OR] 1.53), trust in responsible vaccine development (OR 14.04), residing in the United States (OR 1.31), and never smoked (OR 1.06). Hesitancy increased with a history of prior COVID-19 (OR 0.86), conservative political leaning (OR 0.93), younger age (OR 0.83), and lower education level (OR 0.90). One-quarter (5501/21,294, 25.8%) had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine injection, and 6.5% (1390/21,294) completed a 2-dose series. Following the first injection, 69.0% (3796/5501) self-reported local reactions, and 40.0% (2200/5501) self-reported systemic reactions, which increased following the second injection to 77.0% (1070/1390) and 67.0% (931/1390), respectively. ConclusionsIn this survey of individuals with serious comorbid conditions, significant vaccine hesitancy remained. Assumptions that the most vulnerable would automatically accept COVID-19 vaccination are erroneous and thus call for health care team members to initiate discussions focusing on the impact of the vaccine on an individual’s underlying condition. Early self-reported side effect experiences among those who had already been vaccinated, as expressed by our population, should be reassuring and might be utilized to alleviate vaccine fears. Health care–related social media forums that rapidly disseminate accurate information about the COVID-19 vaccine may play an important role.

In this excerpt from <em>Patchwork Freedoms: Law, Slavery, and Race beyond Cuba\'s Plantations</em> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022), Adriana Chira draws on understudied archives to chart a new history of Black rural geography and popular legalism in nineteenth-century Cuba. Long before residents of Cuba protested for national independence and island-wide emancipation in 1868, it was Santiago\'s Afro-descendant peasants who, gradually and invisibly, laid the groundwork for emancipation.

Tracey L. Adams

Abstract Background There is no widespread agreement over what form healthcare professional regulation should take, and the evidence base concerning the effectiveness and fairness of regulatory systems and practices is limited. Those urging policy change argue there is a need to modernize; however, there is much we can learn from reviewing the history of healthcare professional regulation. Main body An overview of the history of regulation in Canada, with consideration of the United States of America and the United Kingdom, is provided. Self-regulating professions emerged in the nineteenth century, influenced by a variety of stakeholders responding to local concerns for healthcare quality, access and professional training. Regulatory practices changed over the course of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in response to changing stakeholders and shifting interests. Conclusions Reviewing the history of healthcare professional regulation reveals lessons to inform policy in a range of settings.

Jaime Harker

In the following excerpt from The Lesbian South, Jaime Harker describes how lesbian feminist authors have reinvented the imagined spaces of the US South through print culture, activism, and intentional communities. Excerpted from The Lesbian South: Southern Feminists, the Women in Print Movement, and the Queer Literary Canon by Jaime Harker. Copyright © 2018 by Jaime Harker. Used by permission of the University of North Carolina Press.

Andrew M. Busch

Andrew M. Busch reviews Eliot M. Tretter's Shadows of a Sunbelt City: The Environment, Racism, and the Knowledge Economy in Austin (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2016).

Stephen Pruett-Jones, James R. Newman, Michael L. Avery et al.

In the United States, monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) are expanding their geographical distribution, and their overall population size is growing exponentially. Monk parakeets are causing widespread economic damage in the United States by nesting on utility structures, which leads to electrical fires and power outages. Although few life history data are available for the species from North America, extensive data are available from the species’ native range in South America. Incorporating data from South America into the population viability analysis program VORTEX, we simulated population growth in United States monk parakeets to determine whether it is likely that the United States population shows life history patterns similar to those in the native range. The answer was, no. The intrinsic rate of growth (r) of monk parakeets in the United States (r = 0.119 during the period 1976–2003) was almost double the rate of population growth (r = 0.064) for the simulated population. Modifying the South American data to allow for reduced mortality, higher fecundity, or a greater proportion of breeding females resulted in population growth rates similar to those in the United States. We extended the simulations to examine the effectiveness of alternative control measures on the monk parakeet population by using the modified life history data. Simulations revealed that it would be necessary to remove 20% of the adult population or to destroy 50% of the nests each year to reduce the population size of monk parakeets. In practical terms, such massive management efforts are unlikely to be sustainable. Instead, control of monk parakeets will likely require an integrated approach including removal of local problem nests on a case-by-case basis and long-term population reduction through trapping or chemical sterilization.

L. Phil Lounibos, Barry W. Alto, Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena et al.

Zika is a mosquito-transmitted virus that has spread broadly in tropical regions and caused epidemics, especially in the past 8 to 9 years. In its native range in West Africa and Uganda, the Zika virus stays in the forest for the most part, and human infections are considered incidental and medically inconsequential. In 2015, however, Zika became a larger concern when a strain of the virus traced to outbreaks in French Polynesia emerged in northeastern Brazil. This strain provoked alarm because of increased incidence of microcephaly in babies born to Zika-infected mothers. Local transmission, mainly by the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, has now been documented in most tropical countries of the Americas but has not yet been detected in the continental United States. This 7-page fact sheet describes the Zika microbe, its mosquito hosts, and the disease it causes. A history of the virus and its migration are included, along with some details about the virus in the state of Florida and preventative measures people can take to avoid infection. The best way to avoid contracting Zika (and other mosquito-borne diseases) is not to get bitten in the first place. Take precautions to avoid mosquito bites. Written by L. P. Lounibos, B. W. Alto, N. D. Burkett-Cadena, C. C. Lord, C. T. Smartt, C. R. Connelly, and J. R. Rey, and published by the Department of Entomology and Nematology, February 2016. ENY-888/IN1120: Zika, a Mosquito-Transmitted Virus (ufl.edu) See also 2/9/2016 press release: UF/IFAS scientists write document explaining Zika virus; urge vigilance - News.  Accessibility Summary: In accordance with Title II regulations this content meets all points of exemption as Archived web content and/or Preexisting conventional electronic documents.

J. D. Priscoli, E. Stakhiv

M. Robyn, A. Newman, M. Amato et al.

R. Hayduk

Clint Fluker

L. Hamilton, B. Stecher, K. Yuan

T. Swetnam, C. Baisan

Castro-Nallar Eduardo, Cortez-San Martín Marcelo, Mascayano Carolina et al.

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>ISAV is a member of the <it>Orthomyxoviridae </it>family that affects salmonids with disastrous results. It was first detected in 1984 in Norway and from then on it has been reported in Canada, United States, Scotland and the Faroe Islands. Recently, an outbreak was recorded in Chile with negative consequences for the local fishing industry. However, few studies have examined available data to test hypotheses associated with the phylogeographic partitioning of the infecting viral population, the population dynamics, or the evolutionary rates and demographic history of ISAV. To explore these issues, we collected relevant sequences of genes coding for both surface proteins from Chile, Canada, and Norway. We addressed questions regarding their phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary rates, and demographic history using modern phylogenetic methods.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A recombination breakpoint was consistently detected in the Hemagglutinin-Esterase (<it>he</it>) gene at either side of the Highly Polymorphic Region (HPR), whereas no recombination breakpoints were detected in Fusion protein (<it>f</it>) gene. Evolutionary relationships of ISAV revealed the 2007 Chilean outbreak group as a monophyletic clade for <it>f </it>that has a sister relationship to the Norwegian isolates. Their tMRCA is consistent with epidemiological data and demographic history was successfully recovered showing a profound bottleneck with further population expansion. Finally, selection analyses detected ongoing diversifying selection in <it>f </it>and <it>he </it>codons associated with protease processing and the HPR region, respectively.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results are consistent with the Norwegian origin hypothesis for the Chilean outbreak clade. In particular, ISAV HPR0 genotype is not the ancestor of all ISAV strains, although SK779/06 (HPR0) shares a common ancestor with the Chilean outbreak clade. Our analyses suggest that ISAV shows hallmarks typical of RNA viruses that can be exploited in epidemiological and surveillance settings. In addition, we hypothesized that genetic diversity of the HPR region is governed by recombination, probably due to template switching and that novel fusion gene proteolytic sites confer a selective advantage for the isolates that carry them. Additionally, protein modeling allowed us to relate the results of phylogenetic studies with the predicted structures. This study demonstrates that phylogenetic methods are important tools to predict future outbreaks of ISAV and other salmon pathogens.</p>

W. Enneking

H. Dozier, J. Gaffney, S. Mcdonald et al.

M. Antoninetti