Hasil untuk "The family. Marriage. Woman"

Peter J. Cameron

In 1935, Philip Hall published what is often referred to as ``Hall's marriage theorem'' in a short paper (P.~Hall, On Representatives of Subsets, \textit{J. Lond. Math. Soc.} (1) \textbf{10} (1935), no.1, 26--30.) This paper has been very influential. I state the theorem and outline Hall's proof, together with some equivalent (or stronger) earlier results, and proceed to discuss some the many directions in combinatorics and beyond which this theorem has influenced.

Fátima Esther De Lima Pinasco , María Carolina Farías Rodríguez

Perinatal death is framed within a social context where it is not explicitly recognized as «the death of a baby». Perinatal loss is a very frequent reality and has a high impact on the family. However, it is a grief that is experienced in great solitude. Ecosystem theory with its ecological perspective understands that human development is influenced by relationships with its environment. Perinatal Psychology seen from an ecosystem approach allows a broad and flexible view. In this sense, there is a lack of empathy regarding the pain that the male father is going through regarding the death of his/her child, which can lead to helplessness and a feeling of marginalization in the face of their experience. Within a patriarchal culture, the concept of paternity is associated with a man’s ability to get pregnant and his ability to be an economic provider. The identity of men is still linked to the construction of masculinity, which is in contrast to reproduction. Faced with loss, the man plays the role of supporting the woman, generating limitations in being able to express her own discomfort. These learn to identify with reason and make an abrupt cut from the bodily and emotional experience. This way of experiencing grief does not allow them to navigate the loss, avoiding connecting with their own sensitivity, which feeds back into the paradigm.

Hayri Alper Arslan, Brantly Callaway, Tong Li

Motivated by studying the effects of marriage prospects on students' college major choices, this paper develops a new econometric test for analyzing the effects of an unobservable factor in a setting where this factor potentially influences both agents' decisions and a binary outcome variable. Our test is built upon a flexible copula-based estimation procedure and leverages the ordered nature of latent utilities of the polychotomous choice model. Using the proposed method, we demonstrate that marriage prospects significantly influence the college major choices of college graduates participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (97) Survey. Furthermore, we validate the robustness of our findings with alternative tests that use stated marriage expectation measures from our data, thereby demonstrating the applicability and validity of our testing procedure in real-life scenarios.

Susana Ramalho Marques

Cecilia Alejandra Ananías Soto, Karen Denisse Vergara Sánchez, Consuelo Valentina Herrera Monsalve et al.

Esta investigación fue realizada bajo el alero de Amaranta, una ONG activista feminista chilena. Su objetivo fue explorar con perspectiva de género la violencia digital que afectó a mujeres de Chile y el estudio se realizó al inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19. Para ello, se encuestó a 531 mujeres de todas las regiones del país. De esta muestra no probabilística, un 73,8% habían sufrido violencia digital. Los ataques más reportados fueron: violencia verbal, acoso, envío de imágenes sexuales sin consentimiento, difamación, amenazas y pérdida de cuenta o acceso no consentido y tendían a provenir de personas anónimas y de hombres de su entorno. Entre las consecuencias de estas violencias, mencionan: efectos emocionales, en la autoestima o relación con su cuerpo y sentirse vigiladas. Se concluye que la violencia digital afecta de forma desmedida a mujeres, jóvenes y niñas y que, a raíz del poco o nulo acceso a educación sexual integral y alfabetización digital, podría costarles reconocerla, prevenirla y abordarla a tiempo.

Simon Weber

In this paper, I develop an integrated approach to collective models and matching models of the marriage market. In the collective framework, both household formation and the intra-household allocation of bargaining power are taken as given. This is no longer the case in the present contribution, where both are endogenous to the determination of equilibrium on the marriage market. I characterize a class of "proper" collective models which can be embedded into a general matching framework with imperfectly transferable utility. In such models, the bargaining sets are parametrized by an analytical device called distance function, which plays a key role both for writing down the usual stability conditions and for estimation. In general, however, distance functions are not known in closed-form. I provide an efficient method for computing distance functions, that works even with the most complex collective models. Finally, I provide a fully-fledged application using PSID data. I identify the sharing rule and its distribution and study the evolution of the sharing rule and housework time sharing in the United States since 1969. In a counterfactual experiment, I simulate the impact of closing the gender wage gap.

R. G. Seymour, A. Nyarko-Agyei, H. R. McCabe et al.

Forcing someone into marriage against their will is a violation of their human rights. In 2021, the county of Nottinghamshire, UK, launched a strategy to tackle forced marriage and violence against women and girls. However, accessing information about where victims are located in the county could compromise their safety, so it is not possible to develop interventions for different areas of the county. Comparative judgement studies offer a way to map the risk of human rights abuses without collecting data that could compromise victim safety. Current methods require studies to have a large number of participants, so we develop a comparative judgement model that provides a more flexible spatial modelling structure and a mechanism to schedule comparisons more effectively. The methods reduce the data collection burden on participants and make a comparative judgement study feasible with a small number of participants. Underpinning these methods is a latent variable representation that improves on the scalability of previous comparative judgement models. We use these methods to map the risk of forced marriage across Nottinghamshire thereby supporting the county's strategy for tackling violence against women and girls.

Enrico Maria Fenoaltea, Izat B. Baybusinov, Jianyang Zhao et al.

We present a fascinating model that has lately caught attention among physicists working in complexity related fields. Though it originated from mathematics and later from economics, the model is very enlightening in many aspects that we shall highlight in this review. It is called The Stable Marriage Problem (though the marriage metaphor can be generalized to many other contexts), and it consists of matching men and women, considering preference-lists where individuals express their preference over the members of the opposite gender. This problem appeared for the first time in 1962 in the seminal paper of Gale and Shapley and has aroused interest in many fields of science, including economics, game theory, computer science, etc. Recently it has also attracted many physicists who, using the powerful tools of statistical mechanics, have also approached it as an optimization problem. Here we present a complete overview of the Stable Marriage Problem emphasizing its multidisciplinary aspect, and reviewing the key results in the disciplines that it has influenced most. We focus, in particular, in the old and recent results achieved by physicists, finally introducing two new promising models inspired by the philosophy of the Stable Marriage Problem. Moreover, we present an innovative reinterpretation of the problem, useful to highlight the revolutionary role of information in the contemporary economy.

Kota Ogasawara, Erika Igarashi

This study uses the unprecedented changes in the sex ratio due to the losses of men during World War II to identify the impacts of the gender imbalance on marriage market outcomes in Japan. Using newly digitized census-based historical statistics, we find evidence that men have a stronger bargaining position in the marriage market than women do. Under the conditions of relative male scarcity, women are less likely to marry. Although the entry of younger cohorts with a natural gender balance into the marriage market attenuated its magnitude, this tendency persisted until the mid-1950s. Widowed women facing male scarcity are particularly unable to remarry. Our results suggest that reinstating military pensions in the early 1950s further reduced their incentive to remarry.

E. Ermakova

The results of an empirical research revealed women’s motives related to economic orientation, which are manifested both in the motives of cooperation and partnership, and in the receipt of material benefits. Higher satisfaction with women's mar-riage with its duration from three to seven years was revealed, as well as an increase in the maturity of the economic consciousness of working women, associated with the dominance of relations of creative cooperation in the collective. The results of the research sug-gest that a balanced combination of harmony in marriage with the satisfaction of a woman's economic activity both ensures optimal family functioning and contributes to the successful economic life planning of family members.

E. O. Kolokolova

Marriage can be interpreted as an institution of law, a legal fact, a special form of contract, a specific legal structure. In recent years, there has been an active debate about the neutralization of this definition regarding the gender difference between spouses. Many countries have legalized same-sex unions. The Constitutional Court of Russia and the European Court of Human Rights consider cases of discrimination based on sexual orientation. It is impossible to deny the importance of the institution of marriage for the legal field of any state. Marriage as a legal fact significantly affects the property and personal rights of spouses and other family members. In 2020 a number of amendments were made to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, among which was an amendment stating that marriage is a union of a man and a woman. There was a lot of controversy around this amendment. The rationale for introducing this definition into the text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation was the establishment of a final understanding of the institution of marriage. However everything is not clear. Is the consolidation of marriage as a constitutional and legal category a guarantee of preserving the traditional understanding of the marriage union? The article analyzes the category of «marriage» in the framework of the constitutional legislation of Russia. The article analyzes the significance of the amendment on marriage in the text of the Basic Law and the impact of this fact on the development of legislation on marriage and family relations.

Fadhilah Rizky, Afriani Putri

In Indonesia underage marriage is still prevalent in several regions. Underage marriage occurs due to several factors. The factor that often occurs is because a woman's family is not capable, lacks knowledge, and considers women to be only dependent on men. This underage marriage causes a lot of divorce, domestic violence because of the age that is immature to get married so that it cannot solve household problems properly and rationally. The most perpetrators of underage marriage are women. This underage marriage also makes women lose the right to education. Because if women marriage, they have to be a wife and a mother, education must be abandoned. So that girls do not get their rights to education. So from this journal will discuss the protection of minors in young age marriage. Especially in the education rights of married girls.

Dilsah Busra Kartal

According to Article 187 of the Turkish Civil Code, a married woman must change her surname upon marriage. The article only provides a married woman with the right to bear her own surname before the surname of her husband. This rule is not only in conflict with the Turkish Constitution but also with the international agreements to which Turkey became a party. The Turkish courts have changed their application of Article 187 in the last years. Practically, Article 187 is considered void by the courts but there is no amendment to the article so far. Even though the courts do not apply Article 187, administrative authorities adhere to it. Therefore, a woman who does not wish to bear a family name is forced to file a lawsuit to use this right. Unless Article 187 is amended, the problem cannot be fully solved. There are some amendment proposals but none of them are satisfying.

Abdelhamid Hassairi, Raouf Fakhfakh

In this paper, we determine the effect of the free multiplicative convolution on the pseudo-variance function of a Cauchy-Stieltjes kernel family. We then use the machinery of variance functions to establish some limit theorems related to this type of convolution and involving the free additive convolution and the boolean additive convolution.

P. Nugraheni

Marriage is a very strong and very deep bond that functions to connect between a man and a woman in a household or a family. Informing a household or a family, the belief in the same religion requires not only confidence in the same commitment. However, in the life of the Indonesian people, there are currently many marriages that are not based on similarities in religious beliefs. The marriage is only based on genuine love between a man and a woman. These different religious marriages cause problems in the legal field such as the validity of the marriage itself according to the marriage law in force in Indonesia. Because according to Article 2 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 the Year 1974 marriage which is called legitimate is a marriage which is carried out in accordance with the religion and beliefs of the person. Marriage with different religions also causes problems with the legitimacy of the representation. So the problem that will be explained in this journal is about the validity of a marriage that is of different religions in accordance with Law Number 1 of 1974. According to Law Number 1 of 1974 marriages of different faiths is an illegitimate marriage because they are not in accordance with religion and belief in Indonesia. Because according to Article 2 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 1974 it is stated that if a religion allows the marriage of a different religion, then the marriage is permissible. However, if a religion does not allow the marriage that is of a different religion, then the marriage is not allowed. Keywords: Interfaith marriage, Law Number 1 of 1974, and Compilation Islamic Law

Koki Hamada, Shuichi Miyazaki, Hiroki Yanagisawa

In the stable marriage problem (SM), a mechanism that always outputs a stable matching is called a stable mechanism. One of the well-known stable mechanisms is the man-oriented Gale-Shapley algorithm (MGS). MGS has a good property that it is strategy-proof to the men's side, i.e., no man can obtain a better outcome by falsifying a preference list. We call such a mechanism a man-strategy-proof mechanism. Unfortunately, MGS is not a woman-strategy-proof mechanism. Roth has shown that there is no stable mechanism that is simultaneously man-strategy-proof and woman-strategy-proof, which is known as Roth's impossibility theorem. In this paper, we extend these results to the stable marriage problem with ties and incomplete lists (SMTI). Since SMTI is an extension of SM, Roth's impossibility theorem takes over to SMTI. Therefore, we focus on the one-sided-strategy-proofness. In SMTI, one instance can have stable matchings of different sizes, and it is natural to consider the problem of finding a largest stable matching, known as MAX SMTI. Thus we incorporate the notion of approximation ratio used in the theory of approximation algorithms. We say that a stable-mechanism is $c$-approximate-stable mechanism if it always returns a stable matching of size at least $1/c$ of a largest one. We also consider a restricted variant of MAX SMTI, which we call MAX SMTI-1TM, where only men's lists can contain ties. Our results are summarized as follows: (i) MAX SMTI admits both a man-strategy-proof 2-approximate-stable mechanism and a woman-strategy-proof 2-approximate-stable mechanism. (ii) MAX SMTI-1TM admits a woman-strategy-proof 2-approximate-stable mechanism. (iii) MAX SMTI-1TM admits a man-strategy-proof 1.5-approximate-stable mechanism. All these results are tight in terms of approximation ratios. Also, all these strategy-proofness results apply for strategy-proofness against coalitions.

Briggs Depew, Joseph Price

Rudyanti Dorotea Tobing

One of the rights guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is the right to marry and have children. Marriage is the beginning of the process of embodiment of the formation of a family in human life. Therefore, marriage is not merely the fulfillment of biological needs, but more than that. Marriage is a part of Human Rights stipulated in Article 10 of the Human Rights Law that everyone shall have the right to start a family and to continue the offspring through legitimate marriage and it may only take place at the free will of the prospective husband and future wife. Marriage is the inner bond between a man and a woman as a husband and wife with the aim of forming a happy and eternal family (household) based on the One Supreme God (Article 1 of the Marriage Law). Based on the article, it can be seen that the purpose of marriage is to establish a happiness and an eternal household based on the One God. Marriage is permissible for those who have met the age limit for marriage as set forth in Article 7(1) of the Marriage Law, for man nineteeen years old and for woman sixteen years old, but in fact under age marriages still happen. According to human rights perspective, under age marriage is the action of grabbing children freedom, namely the right to grow and develop optimally. Prevention of under age marriage, should be done so the children still get their basic rights.

Alauddin

Sokhikhatul Mawadah

The labor supply curve is a curve that states the relationship of wages and hours of work. The higher a person's wages the fewer hours they work. The curve should not be appropriate if it is associated with women's working hours, because there are still many women who work a lot but pay little. Especially for women who work on households, how many hours work to work at home and work in the office. The purpose of this paper is to find out the relationship of wages and working hours of women, Analyzing the labor supply curve based on Central Java Provincial BPS data on women's working hours and knowing the relevance of the labor supply curve to the current (working women) society condition. From the discussion in this writing is known that many factors that affect the labor supply curve, one of which is the factor of women who take care of the household. So there is a relationship between the labor supply curve with female work hours but is less relevant. The labor supply curve does address wages and hours of work but does not deal specifically with wages, working hours and women. There should be a distinction or an exception to women. especially working hours of working women (as professions) with women who only work as housewives. let alone strengthened from the data of BPS statistics center agency which shows the number of working hours of women more than the number of man hours worked. _________________________________________________________ Kurva penawaran tenaga kerja adalah kurva yang menyatakan hubungan upah dan jam kerja. Semakin tinggi upah seseorang maka semakin sedikit jam kerjanya. Kurva tersebut tidak sepatut­nya tepat jika dikaitkan dengan jam kerja perempuan, karena masih banyak perempuan yang jam kerjanya banyak tetapi upahnya sedikit. Apalagi untuk perempuan yang bekerja mengurusi rumah tangga, berapa banyak jumlah jam kerja untuk di bekerja di rumah dan bekerja di kantor. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan upah dan jam kerja perempuan, Meng­analisa kurva penawaran tenaga kerja berdasarkan data BPS Pro­vinsi Jateng tentang jam kerja perempuan dan Mengetahui relevansi kurva penawaran tenaga kerja dengan keadaan masyarakat (perempuan bekerja) dewasa ini. Dari pembahasan dalam penulisan ini diketahui bahwa banyak faktor yang mem­pengaruhi kurva penawaran tenaga kerja, salah satunya adalah faktor wanita yang mengurus rumah tangga. Jadi ada hubungan antara kurva penawaran tenaga kerja dengan jam kerja per­empuan tetapi kurang relevan. Kurva penawaran tenaga kerja me­mang membahas tentang upah dan jam kerja tetapi tidak mem­bahas spesifik tentang upah, jam kerja dan perempuan. Seharus­nya ada pembeda/pengecualian terhadap perempuan, khususnya jam kerja perempuan yang bekerja (sebagai profesi) dengan perempuan yang hanya bekerja sebagai ibu rumah tangga. Apalagi dikuatkan dari data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) yang menunjukkan jumlah jam kerja wanita lebih banyak dibanding jumlah jam kerja laki-laki.