Segregation is a growing concern around the world. One of its main manifestations is the creation of ghettos, whose inhabitants have difficult access to well-paid jobs, which are often located far from their homes. In order to study this phenomenon, we propose an extension of Schelling's model of segregation to take into account the existence of economic exchanges. To approximate a geographical model of the city, we consider a small-world network with a defined real estate market. The evolution of the system has also been studied, finding that economic exchanges follow exponential laws and relocations are approximated by power laws. In addition to this, we consider the existence of delays in the actions of the agents, which mainly affect the happiness of those with fewer economic resources. Besides, the size of the economic exchange plays a crucial role in overall segregation. Despite its simplicity, we find that our model reproduces real-world situations such as the separation between favoured and handicapped economic areas, the importance of economic contacts between them to improve the distribution of wealth, and the existence of efficient and cheap transport to break the poverty cycles typical of disadvantaged zones.
Cities are some of the most intricate and advanced creations of humanity. Most objects in cities are perfectly synchronised to coordinate activities such as jobs, education, transportation, entertainment, and waste management. Although each city has its own characteristics, some commonalities can be observed across most cities, such as issues related to noise, pollution, segregation, and others. Further, some of these issues might be accentuated in larger or smaller cities. For example, with more people, a city might experience more competition for space, so rents would be higher. The urban scaling theory provides a framework for analysing cities in terms of their size. New data for analysing urban scaling theory allow for an understanding of how urban metrics change with population size, whether they apply across most regions, or whether patterns correspond only to some countries or regions. Yet, reducing a city and all its complexity to a single indicator might simplify urban areas to the extent that their disparities and variations are overlooked. Often, the differences in living conditions across different parts of the same city are greater than the degree of variation observed between cities. For example, in terms of rent or crime, within-city variations might be more significant than between cities. Here, we review some urban scaling principles and explore ways to analyse variations within the same city.
Deploying spatio-temporal forecasting models across many cities is difficult: traffic networks differ in size and topology, data availability can vary by orders of magnitude, and new cities may provide only a short history of logs. Existing deep traffic models are typically trained per city and backbone, creating high maintenance cost and poor transfer to data-scarce cities. We ask whether a single, backbone-agnostic layer can condition on "which city this sequence comes from", improve accuracy in full- and low-data regimes, and support better cross-city adaptation with minimal code changes. We propose CityCond, a light-weight city-conditioned memory layer that augments existing spatio-temporal backbones. CityCond combines a city-ID encoder with an optional shared memory bank (CityMem). Given a city index and backbone hidden states, it produces city-conditioned features fused through gated residual connections. We attach CityCond to five representative backbones (GRU, TCN, Transformer, GNN, STGCN) and evaluate three regimes: full-data, low-data, and cross-city few-shot transfer on METR-LA and PEMS-BAY. We also run auxiliary experiments on SIND, a drone-based multi-agent trajectory dataset from a signalized intersection in Tianjin (we focus on pedestrian tracks). Across more than fourteen model variants and three random seeds, CityCond yields consistent improvements, with the largest gains for high-capacity backbones such as Transformers and STGCNs. CityMem reduces Transformer error by roughly one third in full-data settings and brings substantial gains in low-data and cross-city transfer. On SIND, simple city-ID conditioning modestly improves low-data LSTM performance. CityCond can therefore serve as a reusable design pattern for scalable, multi-city forecasting under realistic data constraints.
Porpuse: The project aims to comprehend City Marketing's role in positioning Bogotá as a brand through strategic implementation, targeting residents, tourists, and investors as key stakeholders in the city's branding process. Theoretical framework: The research aims to analyze City Marketing in Bogotá, requiring explanation of basic concepts for reader comprehension. It distinguishes between city and marketing to explore their application, viewing the city as an organizational brand. Method: The research consisted of five phases: descriptive analysis of secondary sources, analytical investigation with surveys, pilot test, fieldwork, and statistical analysis. A sample of 384 individuals was obtained from a population of 2,751,278, across strata 3, 4, and 5, in 10 out of 21 localities in Bogotá, considering the highest population density. Results and conclusion: Out of 384 surveyed, 74% don't recognize Bogotá's image, 11% have seen it in a tourist site, and 15% are unsure. Additionally, city mayors confuse residents by associating slogans and promotional elements with the city brand. This indicates a divergence between the mayors and the Bogotá city brand. Implications of the research: City Marketing in Bogotá can boost tourism, benefiting residents with economic growth and cultural diversity through visitors. Additionally, it fosters a sense of belonging and promotes a positive image of the city, both among its residents and abroad. Originality/value: The study seeks insights on City Marketing's impact on Bogotá's brand among specific demographics, emphasizing understanding cities as brands to promote self-sufficiency.
Valeria Guadalupe López Genovez, Pedro Ramon Hernández , Dulce Maria Pérez Hernández
El turismo comunitario, ha evolucionado de manera vertiginosa, generando expectativas en los turistas quienes han mostrado interés en practicar un turismo diferente, de convivencia con la naturaleza, con residentes e incluso desarrollando intercambios de tipo cultural y social. Esta investigación buscó identificar las formas de organización comunitaria y conocer los procesos de gestión del centro ecoturístico Yaxal Juk-Pik, de la comunidad Santa Cruz en Palenque, Chiapas. Se intentó definir como es que esta comunidad ha podido sobrellevar el reto de recibir a turistas nacionales e internacionales sin contar con la preparación
académica adecuada, carecer de instrumentos organizacionales, falta de infraestructura, factores que generan escenarios adversos para hacer frente al reto de ofrecer servicios turísticos. Los resultados muestran que ante dichas carencias, los integrantes del comité del centro ecoturístico, han sorteado obstáculos que los mantienen en posición de mejora en su
labor turística. Se generaron categorías de estudio como el turismo rural, el aspecto social, el económico y ambiental; se realizó el análisis usando Atlas. Ti, identificándose aspectos como la gestión colectiva y el crecimiento económico, la organización comunitaria y la participación colectiva; significa que las condiciones están dadas para que esta comunidad pueda seguir ofreciendo esta alternativa de turismo rural.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
To create a memorable experience for its customers, the hotel firm must have complete control over the process, down to the smallest detail. This research aims to deepen the experience generation process, from a business perspective, by examining experiential encounters and touchpoints in detail. To identify the objectives to be achieved, both directly and indirectly, in each stage of the experiential process, it was necessary to identify the experiential encounters and touchpoints that generate value for the guest. Additionally, it was important to identify the key elements of a hotel customer's experience, the providers involved, and the managerial areas related to guest experience generation.
After reviewing a large amount of literature, we conducted focus groups with hotel staff who are involved in the guest's experiential journey. We identified the main service encounters that occurred during this journey, which allowed us to identify the principal touchpoints, including products, interactions, messages, and settings. By managing brand-owned, partner-owned, customer-owned, or social/external touchpoints, positive guest experiences can be generated.
Hotels must understand the process of generating guest experiences to improve them. This research provides a guideline that any hotel can use to manage the guest experience.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
Kamiba I. Kabuya, Olasupo O. Ajayi, Anotine B. Bagula
The "Smart City" (SC) concept has been around for decades with deployment scenarios revealed in major cities of developed countries. However, while SC has enhanced the living conditions of city dwellers in the developed world, the concept is still either missing or poorly deployed in the developing world. This paper presents a review of the SC concept from the perspective of its application to cities in developing nations, the opportunities it avails, and challenges related to its applicability to these cities. Building upon a systematic review of literature, this paper shows that there are neither canonical definitions, models or frameworks of references for the SC concept. This paper also aims to bridge the gap between the "smart city" and "smart village" concepts, with the expectation of providing a holistic approach to solving common issues in cities around the world. Drawing inspiration from other authors, we propose a conceptual model for a SC initiative in Africa and demonstrate the need to prioritize research and capacity development. We also discuss the potential opportunities for such SC implementations in sub-Saharan Africa. As a case study, we consider the city of Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo and discuss ways of making it a smart city by building around successful smart city initiatives. It is our belief that for Lubumbashi, as with any other city in Sub-Saharan Africa, the first step to developing a smart city is to build knowledge and create an intellectual capital.
Urban parks are important for public health, but the role of specific spaces, such as playgrounds or lakes, and elements, such as benches or sports equipment, in supporting well-being is not well understood. Based on expert input and a review of the literature, we defined six types of health-related activities: physical, mindfulness, nature appreciation, environmental, social, and cultural. We built a lexicon that links each activity to specific elements and spaces within parks present in OpenStreetMap. Using this data, we scored 23,477 parks across 35 cities worldwide based on their ability to support these activities. We found clear patterns: parks in North America focus more on physical activity, while those in Europe offer more chances to enjoy nature. Parks near city centers support health-promoting activities better than those farther out. Suburban parks in many cities lack the spaces and equipment needed for nature-based, social, and cultural activities. We also found large gaps in park quality between cities. Tokyo and Paris provide more equal access, while Copenhagen and Rio de Janeiro show sharp contrasts. These results can help cities create fairer parks that better support public health.
Matteo Bruno, Hygor Piaget Monteiro Melo, Bruno Campanelli
et al.
Proximity-based cities have attracted much attention in recent years. The 15-minute city, in particular, heralded a new vision for cities where essential services must be easily accessible. Despite its undoubted merit in stimulating discussion on new organisations of cities, the 15-minute city cannot be applicable everywhere, and its very definition raises a few concerns. Here, we tackle the feasibility and practicability of the '15-minute city' model in many cities worldwide. We provide a worldwide quantification of how close cities are to the ideal of the 15-minute city. To this end, we measure the accessibility times to resources and services, and we reveal strong heterogeneity of accessibility within and across cities, with a significant role played by local population densities. We provide an online platform (\href{whatif.sonycsl.it/15mincity}{whatif.sonycsl.it/15mincity}) to access and visualise accessibility scores for virtually all cities worldwide. The heterogeneity of accessibility within cities is one of the sources of inequality. We thus simulate how much a better redistribution of resources and services could heal inequity by keeping the same resources and services or by allowing for virtually infinite resources. We highlight pronounced discrepancies among cities in the minimum number of additional services needed to comply with the 15-minute city concept. We conclude that the proximity-based paradigm must be generalised to work on a wide range of local population densities. Finally, socio-economic and cultural factors should be included to shift from time-based to value-based cities.
Francesco Marzolla, Matteo Bruno, Hygor Piaget Monteiro Melo
et al.
The 15-minute city concept, which advocates for cities where essential services are accessible within a 15-minute walk or bike ride, has gained significant attention in recent years. However, despite being celebrated for promoting sustainability, large-scale empirical evaluations of the effectiveness of the 15-minute concept in reducing emissions are lacking. To address this gap, we investigate whether cities with better walking accessibility, like 15-minute cities, are associated with lower transportation emissions. Comparing 664 cities worldwide, we find that cities with better walking accessibility to services emit less CO$_2$ per capita for transport. Moreover, we observe that among cities with similar average accessibility, those that span larger areas tend to emit more. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of decentralised urban planning, especially the proximity-based 15-minute city, in promoting sustainable mobility. However, they also emphasise the need to integrate local accessibility with urban compactness and efficient public transit, which are vital in large cities.
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in numerous effects on mental health and family-related issues. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between domestic violence and marital instability, with the mediation of ineffective attitudes, on the commitment of women in Karaj during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research employed a descriptive-correlational method and utilized a structural equation model. The statistical population comprised all married women living in Karaj from 1400 to 1401. A sample of 200 individuals was selected through the available sampling method, and they responded to questionnaires on marital commitment, domestic violence, standard marital instability, and ineffective attitudes. The proposed model was analyzed using the structural equation modeling method and SPSS version 26, along with AMOS software. The findings indicated significant direct relationships at the 0.05 level, including the impact of domestic violence and marital instability on women's commitment, as well as the influence of ineffective attitudes on women's commitment and the connection between domestic violence and marital instability. Furthermore, indirect effects of marital instability and domestic violence through ineffective attitudes on marital commitment demonstrated a significant correlation. The modified structural model exhibited a good and desirable fit with the research data. Consequently, the confirmed relationship between domestic violence and marital instability, with the mediation of ineffective attitudes, on women's commitment in Karaj during the COVID-19 pandemic was discussed in light of Johnson's power theory and Stanley and Markman's commitment theory.Keywords Marital Commitment, Domestic Violence, Dysfunctional Attitude, Marriage Instability IntroductionThe world encountered the sudden and surprising phenomenon of the COVID-19 pandemic, imposing limitations on social life, fostering isolation and uncertainty, and leading to increased tension and conflict among couples. This situation has negatively impacted mental health, particularly due to the rise in domestic violence. According to a report by the United Nations Population Fund, one consequence of this pandemic was the surge in domestic violence (1). Undoubtedly, none of the social damages are separate from their impact on the family. Among the consequences of family dysfunction are marital incompatibilities and violence among members (2). Domestic violence stands out as the most common form of violence against women, often associated with women being deprived of individual and social freedoms (Danesh Nari & Khebri Noghani, 2022).Marital instability and stability are significantly affected by domestic violence. Statistics indicate that the phenomenon of domestic violence is not limited to the COVID-19 pandemic; various factors, including ineffective attitudes, exert a substantial impact on it. Ineffective attitudes, both directly and indirectly through unadapted primary mental structures, exhibit a positive and meaningful relationship with domestic violence in women on the verge of divorce (3). According to Dong et al. (2022), among the structures closely related to marital life stability is marital commitment. Despite the limited focus on the role of marital stability and its relationship with women's commitment in marital life, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of ineffective attitudes has often been examined simplistically, not as a mediator. The present study aims to determine the relationship between domestic violence and marital instability, with the mediation of ineffective attitudes on women's commitment during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodologyThe current research is a descriptive study conducted using a correlational method and employing the structural equation type with a statistical path analysis method. The statistical population for this study comprised all married women residing in the city of Karaj during the years 1400-1401. A sample of 200 individuals was selected using the available sampling method. In this study, self-report tools, including questionnaires on marital commitment, domestic violence, marital instability, and ineffective attitudes, were utilized for data collection. FindingsThe findings indicated that the direct paths, encompassing the influence of domestic violence on women's commitment, marital instability on women's commitment, and ineffective attitudes on women's commitment, as well as the connection between domestic violence and marital instability among the sampled individuals, were correlated, and the relationships were significant at the 0.05 level. Additionally, the indirect effects of marital instability and domestic violence through ineffective attitudes on marital commitment were correlated, and the relationships were significant. The modified structural model of the research exhibited a desirable and good fit with the research data. ResultThis research aimed to determine the relationship between domestic violence and marital instability with the mediation of ineffective attitudes on the commitment of women in Karaj during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the research results, a relationship exists between domestic violence and marital instability with the mediation of ineffective attitudes on the commitment of women in Karaj during the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding aligns with the results of other studies. According to Johnson's (2007) power theory, violence in the family usually arises from the need to control and dominate women. This theory can provide an explanation for the increase in domestic violence during the corona period. Social limitations and economic stresses can cause some men to attempt to exert more power at home, leading to violence. It seems that increased violence negatively affects women's commitment to marriage, reinforcing this instability. On the other hand, according to the commitment theory of Stanley and Markman (1992), commitment is a key factor for marital stability. Based on the findings, ineffective attitudes play a significant role in reducing commitment. These attitudes can act as a mediator in the relationship between violence and instability. In other words, violence can strengthen ineffective attitudes, ultimately leading to a reduction in commitment. According to Bandura's (1977) social learning theory, behaviors are learned from models and social experiences. Accordingly, it is possible that women exposed to domestic violence learn ineffective attitudes and behaviors, weakening their commitment to marriage. ReferencesAlizadeh Mosavi, A., Jajarmi, M. & Mehrpouya, F. (2021). The structural relationship of communication beliefs and marital commitment: The mediating role of communication patterns. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 23(2), 109-121.Amirarjmandi, Z., Jahangir, P. & Niknam, M. (2021). Explaining marital commitment in married women based on early maladaptive schemas and locus of control: Investigating the mediating role of spirituality. Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 12(3), 395-409. (In Persian)Ansaripour, S. & Shiri, M. (1400). How are misconceptions corrected? Behvarz, 32(109), 2-7. (In Persian)Bagrezaei, P., Zanjani, H. & Seifullahi, S. (2019). Investigation of relation between social capital and violence against women in families in Ilam during 2017. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 27(2), 111-122. (In Persian)Bakhtiari, E., Hosseini, S., Arefi, M. & Afsharinia, K. (2019). Causal model of extramarital affairs based on attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas: mediating role of marital intimacy and love styles. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion, 7(2), 245-258. (In Persian)Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191.Beauvoir, S. D. (1972). The coming of age. First Published.Behnia, L., Ghorban Shirodi, S. & Khalatbari, J. (2019). Relationship between insecure attachment and dysfunctional parenting with women's domestic violence on the verge of divorce through mediation of early maladaptive schemas. Journal of Psychological Science. 18(75), 275-286. (In Persian)Berggren, K. & Gottzén, L. (2022). Rethinking male peer support theory: Social network responses to young men’s violence against women. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 30(2), 291-307.Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York & London: Jason Aronson.Cabılar, B. Ö. & Yılmaz, A. E. (2022). Divorce and post-divorce adjustment: Definitions, models and assessment of adjustment. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 14(1), 1-11.Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M. & Smith, P. H. (2002). Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(4), 260-268.Danesh Nari, H. & Khabiri Noghani, A. (2022). Legal-criminological analysis of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on domestic violence a case study of Mashhad women. Biannual Journal of Family Law And Jurisprudence, 27(77), 282-253. (In Persian)Davis, H. & Turner, M. J. (2020). The use of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) to increase the self-determined motivation and psychological well-being of triathletes. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 9(4), 489-505.Debowska, A., Boduszek, D., Jones, A. D., Willmott, D. & Sherretts, N. (2021). Gender-based violence-supportive cognitions in adolescent girls and boys: The function of violence exposure and victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(3-4), 1233-1255.Dew, J., Trujillo, S. & Saxey, M. (2022). Predicting marital financial deception in a national sample: A person‐centered approach. Family Relations, 71(4), 1497-1514.Dobson, K. S. & Breiter, H. J. (1983). 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Personality and Individual Differences, 184, 111230.Ghanbarian, E., Keshavarz, H., Eskandari, N. & Saeedi, M. (2020). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the life quality and the desire for divorce in newly married couples. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 9(2), 31-52. (In Persian)Gharai, B. (1993). Investigating some of the cognitive patterns in patients suffering from comorbid anxiety and depression. Master's thesis in clinical psychology, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry. (In Persian)Gulati, G. & Kelly, B. D. (2020). Domestic violence against women and the COVID-19 pandemic: What is the role of psychiatry?. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 71, 101594.Hatami Varzaneh, A., Esmaeily, M. & Borjali, A. (2016). Long term satisfied marriage model: A grounded theory study. Address: Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 61(21), 120-149. (In Persian)He, Q., Zhong, M., Tong, W., Lan, J., Li, X., Ju, X. & Fang, X. (2018). Forgiveness, marital quality, and marital stability in the early years of Chinese marriage: An actor–partner interdependence mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1520.Heidari Jaghargh, K., Salarifar, M. H. & Khorshidzade, M. (2022). Designing and validation of premarital counseling package based on schema therapy approach. Qualitative Research in Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 1-13. (In Persian)https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/iran/Imanifard, E. & Hafezi, F. (2010). Comparison of family violence and dysfunctional attitudes in runaway and normal girls. New Findings in Psychology (Social Psychology), 5(14), 53-68. (In Persian)Jahandar Lashki, S., Sadat Hosseini, S. & Kakabaraei, K. (2020). Thee causal model of the relationship between tendency to marital infidelity and media use mediated by dysfunctional attitudes and emotional divorce. The Women and Families Cultural-Educational, 15(51), 71-90. (In Persian)Jhangiani, R. & Tarry, H. (2022). 11.2 Ingroup Favoritism and Prejudice. Principles of Social Psychology-1st International H5P Edition.Johnson, M. P. (2007). Domestic violence: The intersection of gender and control. Gender Violence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 257-268.Jyothi, T. A., Devi, M. S., Sreedevi, P., Rani, R. N. & Supraja, T. (2020). Effect of family life education on marital satisfaction of married couple. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 8(9), 10-14.Khayyam Nekouei, N. & Rezaei, F. (2019). The effect of defense mechanisms training on anger expression, personal unadjustment and attributional styles in university students. Journal of Psychological Studies, 15(3), 123-140. (In Persian)Khodayarifard, M. & Asayesh, M. H. (2020). Psychological coping strategies and techniques to deal with stress & anxiety around Coronavirus (COVID-19). Journal of Rooyesh of Psychology, 9(8), 1-18. (In Persian)Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.Kolbe, A. R. & Hutson, R. A. (2006). Human rights abuse and other criminal violations in Port-au-Prince, Haiti: A random survey of households. The Lancet, 368(9538), 864-873.Kumar, D. P. (2021). What impact have SARS-CoV-2/Covid-19 pandemic on domestic violence against women in India across different states and union territories from the beginning of lockdown due to covid-19 pandemic in March 2020 till 20th September 2020? How Covid-19 pandemic induced lockdown influence mental health of women in India?. How Covid-19 pandemic induced lockdown influence mental health of women in India.Laratta, S., Giannotti, L., Tonin, P., Calabrò, R. S. & Cerasa, A. (2021). Marital stability and quality of couple relationships after acquired brain injury: A two-year follow-up clinical study. In Healthcare, 9(3), 283.Lee, J., Cho, I. K., Kim, K., Kim, C., Park, C. H. K., Yi, K. & Chung, S. (2022). Discrepancy between desired time in bed and desired total sleep time, insomnia, depression, and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep among the general population. Psychiatry Investigation, 19(4), 281-288.Maji, S., Bansod, S. & Singh, T. (2022). Domestic violence during COVID‐19 pandemic: The case for Indian women. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 374-381.Mas’udah, S. (2023). Power relations of husbands and wives experiencing domestic violence in dual-career families in Indonesia. Millennial Asia, 14(1), 5-27.Michau, L. & Namy, S. (2021). SASA! Together: An evolution of the SASA! approach to prevent violence against women. Evaluation and Program Planning, 86, 101918.Mohseni Tabrizi, A. R., Kaldi, A. R. & Javadianzadeh, M. (2013). The study of domestic violence in marrid women addmitted to Yazd legal medicine organization and welfare organization. Tolooebehdasht, 11(3), 11-24. (In Persian)Nasir, M., Farzad, V., Sepah Mansour, M., Hasani F. & Salehi, M. (2017). An examination of the rusbult investment model (Marital satisfaction, quality of alternative relationships, investment size, marital commitment and marital relationship persistence), on women on the verge of divorce. Journal of Social Work Research, 4(12), 81-106. (In Persian)Pirabbas, M. H. & Manesh, N. E. (2022). Effectiveness of positive cognitive-behavioral therapy on sexual dysfunctional beliefs and quality of life in people with a substance abuse tendency. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, 1-6.Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Sampogna, G., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., ... & Fiorillo, A. (2022). The impact of Covid-19 on unemployment across Italy: Consequences for those affected by psychiatric conditions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 296, 59-66.Rahimi, F., Atashpuor, H. & Golparvar, M. (2019). Divorce prediction based on individual beliefs of personality, basic needs and traps of life. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 20(2), 13-23. (In Persian)Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A. & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338.Shahsiah, M. (2009). On the relationship between sexual satisfaction and marital commitment among couples in Shahreza City, Central part of Iran. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 11(43), 233-238. (In Persian)Sifat, R. I. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 102393.Soliemanian, A., Reyhani, R. & Nazifee, M. (2016). Predicting marital instability based on emotion regulation skills and identity styles. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling, 6(1), 60-76. (In Persian)Stanley, S. M. & Markman, H. J. (1992). Assessing commitment in personal relationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(3), 595-608.Stith, S. M., Rosen, K. H., Middleton, K. A., Busch, A. L., Lundeberg, K. & Carlton, R. P. (2000). The intergenerational transmission of spouse abuse: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(3), 640-654.Straus, M. (1980). Victims and aggressors in marital violence. American Behavioral Scientist, 23(5), 681-704.Tullio, V., Lanzarone, A., Scalici, E., Vella, M., Argo, A. & Zerbo, S. (2021). Violence against women in heterosexual couples: A review of psychological and medico-legal considerations. Medicine, Science and the Law, 61(1), 113-124.Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N. & Jackson, D. (2020). Family violence and COVID‐19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(4), 549-552.Vanderbleek. L., Robinson. E. H., Casado-Kehoe, M. & Young, M. E. (2011). The relationship between play and couple satisfaction and stability. The Family Journal, 19(2), 9-21.Viero, A., Barbara, G., Montisci, M., Kustermann, K. & Cattaneo, C. (2021). 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Elena Puiggròs, Joan-Francesc Fondevila-Gascón, Marta Bosch-Vilarrubias
et al.
Los indicadores de calidad en empresas y organizaciones turísticas alcanzan aspectos diversos. Uno de los que está creciendo con fuerza es el uso del lenguaje inclusivo, que denota buenas prácticas. Esta investigación presenta como objetivo principal analizar el lenguaje inclusivo en la información turística de Barcelona a través de los diferentes apartados de web de Turisme de Barcelona, organismo público que proyecta la imagen de la ciudad condal como destino turístico. Asimismo, se pretende informar sobre qué tipos de elementos del lenguaje inclusivo se aplican en la web mencionada y manifestar que es conveniente el empleo de este tipo de lenguaje. La metodología empleada en este estudio de caso es de carácter cualitativo, basándose en la creación de una checklist y el análisis de contenido. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan que en la información turística en la web de Turisme de Barcelona el lenguaje inclusivo es prácticamente nulo, casi inexistente. Se concluye la necesidad de intensificar el esfuerzo de la web en inclusividad.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
Georgina del Socorro Medina Argueta, Ángel Aarón Rosado Varela
El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar las comunidades cercanas a destinos turísticos de Quintana Roo a partir de una propuesta de modelo metateórico de planteamiento crítico y orientado hacia alternativas para el desarrollo del turismo. El modelo se aplicó en 17 comunidades a través de entrevistas semi estructuradas a trabajadores de turismo como actores claves. Los resultados permitieron una visión diferente a la contemplada en los diagnósticos y análisis de los modelos turísticos tradicionales y vigentes, pues muestra la sensible percepción directa de las comunidades y más aún de los actores que intervienen directamente en actividades turísticas. Los retos más fundamentales de las comunidades, deberán centrarse en dos aspectos: a) desarrollar de manera sostenible el turismo y b) rescatar y diversificar sus actividades tradicionales. La utilización del modelo, funciona como eje de análisis sobre el desarrollo de la actividad y la incidencia en las condiciones de vida de la comunidad receptora de los destinos turísticos, lo cual establece un buen inicio en pro al bienestar.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
AbstractAttention to the historical context of cities, which is a strong thread connecting any society with the past and reviving the identity of the cities, has been continuously increased and the protection of this valuable heritage has been the focus of the leaders of the communities. The purpose of this study is to identify the components’ capabilities that damage the historical fabric of Shooshtar and determine the degree of severity of each factor. The method of analysis is exploratory and descriptive-analytical. The required data were gathered through documentary sources and a survey. The sample was 11 experts who were selected among the experienced managers of the municipality of Shooshtar and the Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism. The analysis was done using the Pastakia model, in which changes have been made according to this research. The findings showed the performance of 33 traumatic components in the historical context of Shooshtar, which, in total, revealed the capability and potential of high-level damage. Out of the three investigated dimensions, the components of the physical-environmental dimension have a greater role in damaging the city. Most of the components of this dimension showed the severity of the damage at the ‘very high’ level, while in each of the two social-cultural and institutional dimensions, in addition to a much smaller number of vulnerability components, half of the components showed the severity of damage at a ‘medium’ level and below. Preservation of the historical context, while requiring sufficient funds and benefiting from modern knowledge, techniques, and tools, also requires raising the awareness of citizens and reforming the management system and laws.Keywords: Historical Context, Cultural Heritage, Environmental Threat, Analysis, Shooshtar. IntroductionSome cities in the world have some unique local characteristics that are a gift of their cultural heritage. This special feature includes a combination of tangible and intangible components such as arts, rituals, and especially the artificial environment. These historical urban centers are considered meaningful places for the host communities because they form a sense of belonging due to their sense of pride. Such urban centers point out the necessity of protecting the heritage of the past, a heritage that acts as a bridge between the past and the present of nations and plays a role as the pillars on which the future is based. Although all over the world, governments and institutions have realized the value of heritage, in many cases, they do not behave and act in favor of this direction. Some cities, especially those with poor management and insufficient intervention strategies, are inevitably involved in unplanned transformations, and their precious heritage is exposed to severe pressures and numerous threatening factors for various reasons. In Shooshtar, as one of the historical cities of Iran, 170.6 hectares of the total area of 2436 hectares of the city area is covered by the historical fabric. The city has 13 world heritage sites registered in the UNESCO list. More than 260 historical monuments have been recorded in the Shooshtar’s historical fabric including water structures, historical houses, mosques, and tombs. Despite the formulation and implementation of plans such as the Strategic Plan of the Historical Context and action plans and numerous operational projects, many visible and hidden damages have exposed the historical context of this city to threats and risks. In this regard, the purpose of the present study is to analyze and evaluate the factors that have the potential to cause damage to the historical fabric of Shooshtar and lose its heritage values. Materials and Methods The data were gathered through library and documentary sources as well as from a survey carried out with a sample of experts. The data were also collected from the urban development plans of Shooshtar, the shape file of the statistical blocks of the 2015 Iranian census. The sample consists of 11 people, including 7 managers and experts of Shooshtar Municipality with education in civil engineering (4 people), urban planning, architecture, and sociology and 4 managers and experts of Shooshtar Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Department with education in the field of restoration of historical works, history, sociology, and geography. The survey of experts has been done in two stages. The first stage was to identify the factors of damage. In this regard, the Delphi model is implemented to identify all the factors of damage to urban fabric (34 indicators). In the second stage, the experts evaluated the indicators in Pastakia's model. Finally, the closest number to the mean value of the expert’s evaluation was set as the score of each parameter. Pastakia's model was originally developed in 1998 for environmental impact assessment and is used here with modifications for the intended purpose. Research Findings Generally, the vulnerability components in the physical dimension indicate the high vulnerability of the historical fabric. In this dimension, 6 components are in the medium range, 5 are in the very high vulnerability range, and the rest, i.e. 7 components, indicate a high vulnerability condition. Meanwhile, the components of ‘high level of underground water’, ‘deterioration caused by aging of the buildings’, and ‘building materials and structures’ have the highest absolute score. In other words, these three can cause more damage to the fabric. ‘The status of the network of roads and streets’ is another component with a very high level of vulnerability. The last component at a very high level is ‘the quality of the water and sewage transmission network’. According to experts, the breakdown and deterioration of Shooshtar's urban water and sewage system is a serious risk for the destruction of historical houses.In the social-cultural dimension, totally, the components that can take the historical fabric at risk, indicate a high level of vulnerability, but the gap between the scores of this dimension and the scores of the physical-environmental dimension is high. The scores indicate medium and lower levels of vulnerability. The components of ‘weak sense of place and lack of sense of responsibility of citizens’ and ‘ignorance of users of the context regarding the value of cultural heritage’ show a very high level of vulnerability as well.In the institutional dimension, 4 components have been evaluated as having a very high damage capability. ‘Carrying out construction and renovation activities without paying attention to the damage to historical buildings, such as shaking and vibration caused by digging hives near historical buildings’ and ‘the insufficient equipment and facilities to contain incidents such as fire, flood’ were at the top of the components. After these two, the ‘absence of an institution or organization that is directly responsible for the preservation and maintenance of the historical context or their negligence’ and ‘the influence or lack of attention of the executives in implementing the established laws and regulations’ play a greater role. Half of the components revealed medium and lower risk capability. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsConsidering the results of the study, most of the vulnerability components (18 cases) play a role in the form of physical-environmental factors. On the other hand, the average score of vulnerability intensity in this dimension also shows a higher gap with the average score of the components of the other two dimensions. Therefore, in the preservation and protection of the historical fabric, the components of physical and environmental aspects should be taken much attention. Wear and tear caused by aging and building materials are part of the nature and essence of historical structures, but with today's knowledge and engineering methods, they can be protected undoubtedly. The results of the research also show risks caused by the water and sewage networks embedded in the fabric, which require serious attention to fix the existing defects. References- Afilizadeh, S., & Molavi, M. (2021). 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Daniela Melisa Gambarota, María Amalia Lorda, Silvia London
El turismo se encuentra en constante cambio al igual que las preferencias de los viajeros, por lo tanto, las localidades deben ser creativas e innovadoras en los productos turísticos diseñados, desarrollados y comercializados. El territorio que desee impulsar la utilización sustentable de sus recursos para el desarrollo del turismo, debe evaluar su potencialidad para tal fin e implementar una adecuada planificación. Bahía Blanca constituye una ciudad intermedia, donde se desarrolla el turismo de Congresos y Convenciones y posee atractivos promocionados desde el municipio, así como potenciales recursos, factibles de ser incorporados a la oferta turística contribuyendo como alternativa de desarrollo local. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste evaluar la potencialidad turística de Bahía Blanca, mediante el análisis de la existencia de recursos, equipamiento turístico, instalaciones turísticas, infraestructura y mercado. Metodológicamente se realizó trabajo de campo, exploración bibliográfica y de internet, y se aplicó el método propuesto por la Secretaría de Turismo de México (2010) para evaluar la potencialidad turística. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan que, Bahía Blanca cuenta con desarrollo de actividad turística pues, se sitúa en cuadrante IV. Sin embargo, sería importante impulsar iniciativas turísticas involucrando a todos los actores locales para propiciar su fomento y desarrollo.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
In response to challenges posed by urbanization, David Bollier from the University of Southern California raised a new idea for city planning: a comprehensive network and applications of information technologies. IBM later echoed the idea and initiated its Smart Planet vision in 2008. After that, the smart city concept was quickly adopted by major cities throughout the world, and it has gradually evolved into a strategic choice by ambitious cities. This paper looks into the smart city trend by reviewing how the concept of smart city was proposed and what the essence of a smart city is. More specifically, the driving forces of the smart city development in China are investigated, and the key differences of smart cities between China and other countries are summarized. Finally, four big challenges to build future smart cities are discussed.
Nicos Makris, Gholamreza Moghimi, Eric Godat
et al.
Motivated from the increasing need to develop a quantitative, science-based, predictive understanding of the dynamics and response of cities when subjected to hazards, in this paper we apply concepts from statistical mechanics and microrheology to develop mechanical analogs for cities with predictive capabilities. We envision a city to be a matrix where people (cell-phone users) are driven by the economy of the city and other associated incentives while using the collection of its infrastructure networks in a similar way that thermally driven Brownian probe particles are moving within a complex viscoelastic material. Mean-square displacements (ensemble averages) of thousands of cell-phone users are computed from GPS location data to establish the creep compliance and the resulting impulse response function of a city. The derivation of these time-response functions allows the synthesis of simple mechanical analogs that model satisfactorily the behavior of the city under normal conditions. Our study concentrates on predicting the response of cities to acute shocks (natural hazards that stress the entire urban area) that are approximated with a rectangular pulse with finite duration; and we show that the solid-like mechanical analogs for cities that we derived predict that cities revert immediately to their pre-event response suggesting that they are inherently resilient. Our findings are in remarkable good agreement with the recorded response of the Dallas metroplex following the February 2021 North American winter storm which happened at a time for which we have dependable GPS location data.
The purpose of the research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of approaches to the organization of events for the implementation of Moscow’s development programs, from the point of view of strengthening public health. Materials and methods. The methods of the study are: the integrated assessment of data of industry statistical reporting, the method of descriptive statistics, the method of content analysis. Approaches to the organization of events of the state programs of the city of Moscow, from the point of view of strengthening public health, are defined. It is shown that the state programs include areas related to strengthening public health, their implementation is carried out jointly by various departments and is of an interdepartmental nature. Urban planning policy and development of the territories of the city of Moscow is carried out in accordance with the analysis of the environmental situation, demography, and social needs of citizens. Correlation between the state of public health in Moscow according to the results of clinical examination and ongoing activities of state programs of Moscow, shows the relevance of interagency measures to enhance public health and promote a healthy lifestyle. Results. The results of medical examinations in 2017−2019 show that it is necessary to strengthen interdepartmental measures aimed at strengthening public health in the city of Moscow.
It has been found that human mobility exhibits random patterns following the Levy flight, where human movement contains many short flights and some long flights, and these flights follow a power-law distribution. In this paper, we study the social-economical development trajectories of urban cities. We observe that social-economical movement of cities also exhibit the Levy flight characteristics. We collect the social and economical data such as the population, the number of students, GDP and personal income, etc. from several cities. Then we map these urban data into the social and economical factors through a deep-learning embedding method Auto-Encoder. We find that the social-economical factors of these cities can be fitted approximately as a movement pattern of a power-law distribution. We use the Stochastic Multiplicative Processes (SMP) to explain such movement, where in the presence of a boundary constraint, the SMP leads to a power law distribution. It means that the social-economical trajectories of cities also follow a Levy flight pattern, where some years have large changes in terms of social-economical development, and many years have little changes.
Ehsan Aslani, Mohammadhossein Dehghan Pour Farashah, Somayeh Fadaei Nezhad Bahramjerdi
The purpose of this study is to estimate the physical, real, and effective tourism carrying capacity of one of the three pathways defined for walking tourists based on the Historic City of Yazd document in the UNESCO World Heritage List. In recent years, this pathway has been renovated. Mass arrival of tourists select it because of its older and larger number of historical buildings, boutique hotels and handicraft stores. In this research, a library-documentary approach, together with an analytical method, has been implemented. The data was collected from official sources and field studies as well as the data was consolidated by convening a panel of professionals. The total area of the main tourism pathway was first calculated using AutoCAD software based on urban map and, along with other information required in carrying capacity formulas, was embedded. Then, the number of allowed visitors was estimated based on existing limitations. The research findings show that the number of visitors in this area, based on official statistics, is far from its carrying capacity. Thereby, it is suggested that for high seasons, Nowruz Holidays in particular, measures should be taken to control the crowd of this area such as developing alternative tourism attractions, leading the crowding population towards other pathways, planning distribution of tours, specifying time limit for tours, increasing the time spent visiting the site in the first half of the year, enhancing qualities of urban spaces, as well as organizing tour guides and local trained people to manage tourists.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion