Hasil untuk "Technical hydraulics"

Avinash Laddha, Danil Mikhailov, Uyi Stewart

We present a technical case study on the Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs) for Public Health Challenge, a collaborative effort to safely leverage sensitive private sector data for social impact, specifically pandemic management. The project utilized Differential Privacy (DP) to create realistic, privacy-preserved synthetic financial transaction data, which was then combined with public health and mobility datasets. This approach successfully addressed the critical hurdle of sharing sensitive financial information for research and policy. The analysis demonstrated that this synthetic, DP-protected data possesses significant spatial-temporal and predictive power for public health. Key outcomes include the development of six reusable tools and frameworks supporting diagnostic nowcasting (e.g., Hotspot Detection, Pandemic Adherence Monitoring) and predictive forecasting (e.g., Mobility Analysis, Contact Matrix Estimation) for epidemiological decision-making. The study provides best practices for advancing data sharing in a privacy-compliant manner.

Bilal Cemek, Yunus Kültürel, Emirhan Cemek et al.

Soil temperature is a critical environmental factor that affects plant development, physiological processes, and overall productivity. This study compares two modeling approaches for predicting soil temperature at various depths: (i) fuzzy logic-based systems, including the Mamdani fuzzy inference system (MFIS) and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS); (ii) supervised machine learning algorithms, such as multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN), along with multiple Linear regression (MLR) as a statistical benchmark. Soil temperature data were collected from Tokat, Türkiye, between 2016 and 2024 at depths of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cm. The dataset was split into training (2016–2021) and testing (2022–2024) periods. Performance was evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the coefficient of determination (R²). The ANFIS achieved the best prediction accuracy (MAE = 1.46 °C, RMSE = 1.89 °C, R² = 0.95), followed by RF, XGB, MLP, KNN, SVR, MLR, and MFIS. This study underscores the potential of integrating machine learning and fuzzy logic techniques for more accurate soil temperature modeling, contributing to precision agriculture and better resource management.

Asaad M. Armanuos, Martina Zeleňáková, Ahmed Shalby et al.

Abstract Groundwater is being utilized as a major freshwater resource in numerous nations across the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid countries like Egypt. The main objective of this study is to simulate the impact of groundwater abstraction and saltwater intrusion in the Moghra aquifer using MODFLOW and SEAWAT. Various abstraction rate scenarios from wells were modeled for a 100-year cultivation project period to study the impact of abstraction on aquifer drawdown. For 1000 wells, the maximum simulated drawdown equals 54, 66, 85, and 100 m for the abstraction rates of 1000, 1250, 1500, and 1750 m3/day/well, which represents about 18%, 22%, 28%, and 30% of the saturated Moghra aquifer thickness, respectively. The consequence of increasing the abstraction rate is substantial on seawater intrusion in the Moghra aquifer. The concentration line of 3500 mg/L intruded inland into the Moghra aquifer to a distance of 30.7, 52.7, and 57.1 km in the eastern, central, and western parts, respectively. Increasing the rate of abstraction from 1000 to 1750 m3/day/well led to the advance of the seawater (3500 mg/L) inland to the Moghra aquifer by a distance of 0.6, 5.6, and 4.4 km in the eastern, central, and western parts, respectively. Between the proposed controlling methods, artificial recharge, in conjunction with saline water abstraction, has a significant impact on attenuating the seawater back to the seaside compared with each method alone. The outcomes of this study can be used for developing groundwater resources in both arid and semi-arid areas in a sustainable manner.

SHI Xiaoyan, ZHANG Hong, TAO Chunhua et al.

Lateral discharge serves as the primary pathway through which rivers receive sewage, and the permitted pollutant loadings, determined based on the pollutant mixing zone, represent critical parameters in discharge management. The adjoint equation method demonstrates substantial benefits in solving inverse problems in hydraulics. However, optimization objectives that rely on discrepancies between predicted and observed concentrations cannot be directly applied to determine the permissible loadings, limiting the application of the adjoint equation method to this issue. This study applies the adjoint equation method to derive both the control equation and boundary conditions specifically suited to lateral effluents utilizing the depth-averaged pollution transport equations for lateral discharges. Considering the narrow and elongated characteristics of the pollutant mixing zone in lateral discharges, a new formula for the error source term is introduced, with the length of the pollutant mixing zone defined as the primary objective. The adjustment value for lateral effluents is calculated by solving the adjoint equations and employing the BFGS optimization algorithm, which iteratively determines the permitted pollutant loadings from lateral discharges. The simulation of the forward problem establishes the foundation for solving the inverse problem. This research focuses on an outlet from a sewage treatment facility located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to evaluate the hydrodynamic and water quality model. The findings indicated that the water quality model accurately simulates the pollutant mixing zone, with the prediction error for the permanganate index (COD_Mn) maintained at 16.7%, meeting the precision requirements of water quality simulations in practical engineering. Following the accuracy verification in the forward problem, an experiment is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed inversion method. The inversion outcomes revealed that, after 18 iterations, the computational precision for the length of the pollutant mixing zone remains below 0.01 m despite two fluctuations during the convergence process due to inherent limitations of the BFGS method. In practical engineering applications, the required precision for controlling the mixing zone length is comparatively modest and is achieved within six iterations, reducing the error to 1 m. These results highlight the method's high computational accuracy and rapid convergence rate, providing valuable technical support for managing effluents in natural rivers.

Neda Poustizadeh, Davoud Horri, Ramin Rameshi

Access to drinking water is one of the most important human needs and citizenship rights. For this reason, the supply, transmission, treatment, and distribution of sanitary drinking water in order to meet the water needs of urban and rural subscribers is one of the primary tasks and priorities of every government. The Ghadir Water Project in Khuzestan, aimed at supplying water to the central, western, and southwestern cities of Khuzestan Province, is of great significance as the largest water transfer project in Iran. Accordingly, the current study focuses on the operation of the Ghadir Khuzestan water transmission system under defensive conditions using WaterGEMS software modeling. First, the hydraulic model of the studied transportation system is prepared and calibrated using hydraulic software. In the second stage, the quality of delivered water, as well as the strategy to ensure the sustainability of water transfer in emergency and defense conditions, were examined. A comparison of the quality results indicates that the establishment of the Northern Ghadir pump station and the replacement of the Dez Dam with the Karkheh Dam as the new water supply source for the Ghadir water transmission system will have a significant effect on improving the quality of the water being transferred in compliance with the water quality standards of Iran, as it reduces the EC amount of the water being sent by about 68%. According to the proposed solution in this research, in the emergency and temporary shutdown conditions of the main pumping station, which is responsible for pumping 90% of the total water volume required for the target cities, 60% of this water volume can be supplied through the Northern Ghadir pump station to ensure the continuity of water supply.

Xavier Landreau, Guillaume Piton, Guillaume Morin et al.

The Step Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara, Egypt, is considered the oldest of the seven monumental pyramids built about 4,500 years ago. From transdisciplinary analysis, it was discovered that a hydraulic lift may have been used to build the pyramid. Based on our mapping of the nearby watersheds, we show that one of the unexplained massive Saqqara structures, the Gisr el-Mudir enclosure, has the features of a check dam with the intent to trap sediment and water. The topography beyond the dam suggests a possible ephemeral lake west of the Djoser complex and water flow inside the 'Dry Moat' surrounding it. In the southern section of the moat, we show that the monumental linear rock-cut structure consisting of successive, deep compartments combines the technical requirements of a water treatment facility: a settling basin, a retention basin, and a purification system. Together, the Gisr el-Mudir and the Dry Moat's inner south section work as a unified hydraulic system that improves water quality and regulates flow for practical purposes and human needs. Finally, we identified that the Step Pyramid's internal architecture is consistent with a hydraulic elevation mechanism never reported before. The ancient architects may have raised the stones from the pyramid centre in a volcano fashion using the sediment-free water from the Dry Moat's south section. Ancient Egyptians are famous for their pioneering and mastery of hydraulics through canals for irrigation purposes and barges to transport huge stones. This work opens a new line of research: the use of hydraulic force to erect the massive structures built by Pharaohs.

Carlo Peruzzo, Andreas Möri, Brice Lecampion

We detail the energy balance of a propagating hydraulic fracture. Using the linear hydraulic fracture model which combines lubrication flow and linear elastic fracture mechanics, we demonstrate how different propagation regimes are related to the dominance of a given term of the power balance of a growing hydraulic fracture. Taking an energy point of view allows us to offer a physical explanation of hydraulic fracture growth behaviours, such as, for example, the transition from viscosity to toughness dominated growth for a radial geometry, fracture propagation after the end of the injection or transition to self-buoyant elongated growth. We quantify the evolution of the different power terms for a series of numerical examples. We also discuss the order of magnitudes of the different terms for a industrial-like hydraulic fracturing treatment accounting for the additional dissipation in the injection line.

Xiaoshuai Hao, Yifan Yang, Hui Zhang et al.

In this report, we describe the technical details of our submission to the 2024 RoboDrive Challenge Robust Map Segmentation Track. The Robust Map Segmentation track focuses on the segmentation of complex driving scene elements in BEV maps under varied driving conditions. Semantic map segmentation provides abundant and precise static environmental information crucial for autonomous driving systems' planning and navigation. While current methods excel in ideal circumstances, e.g., clear daytime conditions and fully functional sensors, their resilience to real-world challenges like adverse weather and sensor failures remains unclear, raising concerns about system safety. In this paper, we explored several methods to improve the robustness of the map segmentation task. The details are as follows: 1) Robustness analysis of utilizing temporal information; 2) Robustness analysis of utilizing different backbones; and 3) Data Augmentation to boost corruption robustness. Based on the evaluation results, we draw several important findings including 1) The temporal fusion module is effective in improving the robustness of the map segmentation model; 2) A strong backbone is effective for improving the corruption robustness; and 3) Some data augmentation methods are effective in improving the robustness of map segmentation models. These novel findings allowed us to achieve promising results in the 2024 RoboDrive Challenge-Robust Map Segmentation Track.

Ioannis Y. Georgiou, Francesca Messina, Md Mohiuddin Sakib et al.

Tidal-inlet systems are dynamic features that respond to short-term (e.g., storms) and longer-term processes (e.g., sea-level rise, changes in tidal prism). The Chincoteague Inlet system, located along the northern Eastern Shore of Virginia (USA), is a dynamic coastal complex that experiences rapid change associated with sediment redistribution and a shifting inlet throat due to the southern elongation of adjacent Assateague Island. In this study, a numerical model based on Delft3D with coupled flow–waves, multiclass sediment transport, and morphologic feedback was developed to quantify the hydrodynamic and geomorphic controls within this rapidly evolving inlet–spit system and to develop a more comprehensive understanding of regional to local controls on sediment-transport pathways. Model results show that most of the sand transport along southern Assateague Island is sequestered nearshore and proximally in deeper sinks within Fishing Point, and, of that, only finer sand sizes are transported around the spit, confirming previous analysis and hypothesis. The model also showed that sand transport toward the south increases along Wallops Island and quantified spatially explicit transport trends for selected sediment classes, revealing that coarser sediment bypassing is a punctuated process that is proportional to storms.

Vasileios Leon

The computing industry is forced to find alternative design approaches and computing platforms to sustain increased power efficiency, while providing sufficient performance. Among the examined solutions, Approximate Computing, Hardware Acceleration, and Heterogeneous Computing have gained great momentum. In this Dissertation, we introduce design solutions and methodologies, built on top of the preceding computing paradigms, for the development of energy-efficient DSP and AI accelerators. In particular, we adopt the promising paradigm of Approximate Computing and apply new approximation techniques in the design of arithmetic circuits. The proposed arithmetic approximation techniques involve bit-level optimizations, inexact operand encodings, and skipping of computations, while they are applied in both fixed- and floating-point arithmetic. We also conduct an extensive exploration on combinations among the approximation techniques and propose a low-overhead scheme for seamlessly adjusting the approximation degree of our circuits at runtime. Based on our methodology, these arithmetic approximation techniques are then combined with hardware design techniques to implement approximate ASIC- and FPGA-based DSP and AI accelerators. Moreover, we propose methodologies for the efficient mapping of DSP/AI kernels on distinctive embedded devices, i.e., the space-grade FPGAs and the heterogeneous VPUs. On the one hand, we cope with the decreased flexibility of space-grade technology and the technical challenges that arise in new FPGA tools. On the other hand, we unlock the full potential of heterogeneity by exploiting all the diverse processors and memories. Based on our methodology, we efficiently map computer vision algorithms onto the radiation-hardened NanoXplore's FPGAs and accelerate DSP & CNN kernels on Intel's Myriad VPUs.

William Kochtitzky, Luke Copland, Wesley Van Wychen et al.

Knowledge of frontal ablation from marine-terminating glaciers (i.e., mass lost at the calving face) is critical for constraining glacier mass balance, improving projections of mass change, and identifying the processes that govern frontal mass loss. Here, we discuss the challenges involved in computing frontal ablation and the unique issues pertaining to both glaciers and ice sheets. Frontal ablation estimates require numerous datasets, including glacier terminus area change, thickness, surface velocity, density, and climatic mass balance. Observations and models of these variables have improved over the past decade, but significant gaps and regional discrepancies remain, and better quantification of temporal variability in frontal ablation is needed. Despite major advances in satellite-derived large-scale datasets, large uncertainties remain with respect to ice thickness, depth-averaged velocities, and the bulk density of glacier ice close to calving termini or grounding lines. We suggest ways in which we can move toward globally complete frontal ablation estimates, highlighting areas where we need improved datasets and increased collaboration.

Clara María Recinos Arenas

Este artículo presenta 8 curvas de generación de caudal de aguas residuales, dos de establecimientos comerciales, dos de oficinas, dos de condominios residenciales, una de industria alimenticia y una de universidad. Las curvas son presentadas en porcentajes del caudal total generado en un día. Fueron estimadas en base a mediciones de caudal instantáneo cada 5 minutos, durante 24 horas, con la finalidad de establecer las diferencias en el comportamiento del caudal que ingresa a los sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales de cada tipo de ente generador. Los valores obtenidos de las mediciones se procesaron para producir gráficas en rangos de tiempo de 30 minutos. En todos los casos, el caudal medio es equivalente al 2.1% del total del caudal descargado en un día. Las descargas comerciales tienen picos de caudal máximo entre 2.4 y 3.6 veces el caudal medio, mientras que la descarga de edificios de oficinas tienen picos de 2 y 2.1 veces el caudal medio, y para las descargas domésticas se encontraron picos de 1.9 a 2.2 veces el caudal medio.

Çayan Alkan

Climate change is the main parameter affecting water resources. This parameter will exacerbate hydrologic extreme events like drought and flood. Determination of possible peak flow in the agricultural watershed is important in terms of preventing crop losses. The materials and the methods suitable for agricultural watersheds (hydrology) were used in this study. The general aim of this study is to determine the success of estimation power of the Windows Technical Release-55 (WinTR-55) Model. In this study, the peak flows estimated by the WinTR-55 model using the data of the Kirklareli Vize and Samsun Minoz Stream watersheds were compared with the observed peak flows. The most successful estimation was for the 100-year return period with error 25% in the Vize stream watershed and was for the 10-year return period with error 2% in the Minoz Stream watershed. With the aid of the WinTR-55, which tends to predict larger peak flow rates, greater peak flow rates were estimated compared with observed peak flow for each return period. So, it was understood that WinTR-55 can be used for the prevention of flood damage in the Vize and Minoz Stream watersheds confidently. As a result, it is recommended that calculated peak flow in public institutions such as State Hydraulics Works (SHW) should made with the help of the WinTR-55 model.

Erikson Alexander Nuñez Cerrato

Este artículo presenta parte de los resultados de un trabajo más amplio encontrado en las referencias, cuyo objetivo fue evaluar si hay presencia de trihalometanos totales (TTHM´S) en concentraciones mayores a 80 µg/L, en aguas subterráneas utilizadas para el consumo de la población de la ciudad de Guatemala, donde se da a conocer que en dos de los cuatro puntos de muestreo hay presencia de TTHM´s que sobrepasan los límites máximos permisibles - LMP- de 80 µg/L, según la National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (EPA, 2009). Se demostró que el aumento de TTHM´s está relacionado con variaciones en el pH, el cloro residual, el tiempo de contacto, la conductividad eléctrica y los sólidos disueltos; a mayores concentraciones de estos parámetros se incrementan los niveles de TTHM’s. Este análisis se realizó en cuatro puntos de la red de distribución zona sur de la ciudad, efectuando siete repeticiones por cada punto de muestreo con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. De las siete repeticiones en cada una de los puntos de muestreo se obtuvieron los siguientes datos: punto de muestreo No. 1, promedio de trihalometanos totales = 63 µg/L, desviación estándar = 5,22 µg/L, punto de muestreo No. 2, promedio de trihalometanos totales = 110 µg/L, desviación estándar = 50 µg/L, punto de muestreo No. 3, promedio de trihalometanos totales = 80 µg/L, desviación estándar = 13,34 µg/L, y punto de muestreo No. 4, promedio de trihalometanos totales = 212 µg/L, desviación estándar = 60 µg/L, los puntos de muestreo 1 y 3 no superan los -LMP-, mientras que los puntos de muestreo 2 y 4 no cumplen con los -LMP- según National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.

José Ramón López López

El presente artículo recoge la caracterización y eficiencia de un filtro intermitente, empleando como medio filtrante arena pómez. El modelo es un tratamiento secundario el cual se diseñó, construyo y evaluó, el sistema está ubicado en la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales “Ing. Arturo Pazos Sosa”. La unidad de tratamiento es una alternativa para comunidades de escasos recursos económicos, alcanzando una remoción promedio de materia orgánica, DBO5 de 19,92 mg/l, demanda química de oxígeno, DQO de 39,17 mg/l, fósforo total de 8,38 mg/l, nitrógeno total de 29,40 mg/l y sólidos suspendidos de 34,92 mg/l, cumpliendo con los parámetros establecidos en el Acuerdo Gubernativo 236-2006 en su etapa dos.

Jose A. Solorio, Jose M. Garcia, Sudip Vhaduri

Nowadays, the applications of hydraulic systems are present in a wide variety of devices in both industrial and everyday environments. The implementation and usage of hydraulic systems have been well documented; however, today, this still faces a challenge, the integration of tools that allow more accurate information about the functioning and operation of these systems for proactive decision-making. In industrial applications, many sensors and methods exist to measure and determine the status of process variables (e.g., flow, pressure, force). Nevertheless, little has been done to have systems that can provide users with device-health information related to hydraulic devices integrated into the machinery. Implementing artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and machine learning (ML) models in hydraulic system components has been identified as a solution to the challenge many industries currently face: optimizing processes and carrying them out more safely and efficiently. This paper presents a solution for the characterization and estimation of anomalies in one of the most versatile and used devices in hydraulic systems, cylinders. AI and ML models were implemented to determine the current operating status of these hydraulic components and whether they are working correctly or if a failure mode or abnormal condition is present.

Dean Wang

In this paper, we present a formal Fourier analysis (FA) of Picard iteration for the coupled neutronics/thermal hydraulics (N/TH) problem and derive theoretical predictions for the spectral radius of Picard iteration for such coupled calculations as a function of the temperature difference between the fuel and coolant, temperature coefficients of cross sections (i.e., Doppler feedback), scattering ratio, and core height. An optimal underrelaxation factor is also derived based on the Fourier analysis.

V. V. Slabunov, A. A. Kirilenko, O. V. Voyevodin

Purpose: to assess the potential for the functional implementation of a micro-hydropower station in the design of a sprinkler machine to meet the in-system needs for electrical energy. Materials and methods: the study was carried out on the basis of an example of calculating the installation of a micro-hydropower station by A. G. Chernykh and the formulas presented in the handbook on hydraulics. To construct the multiple regression equation, the inverse matrix solution method was used. The calculation of the economic efficiency of the micro-hydropower station was carried out using the method of technical and economic analysis of possible options for electrification by S. G. Obukhov. Results and discussion: based on the results of the verification energy calculations, the effective power on the hydraulic turbine shaft with average technical parameters of low-pressure sprinkler machines was 1.202–15.648 kW. At the same time, linking the operation of the micro-hydropower plant to the irrigation systems of the North Caucasus territory has the potential to get 2596.32–33799.68 kW of generated electricity per year at a cost of 1 kW·h of 0.6204 rubles. Conclusions: the introduction of a micro-hydropower station in the design of sprinkler equipment will provide the ability to generate electricity within the available hydraulic characteristics. With this in mind, for the operation of hydropower equipment, it is necessary to have or create an additional water pressure. The multiple regression equation obtained on the basis of verification calculations of the parameters of the energy block of a microhydroelectric power plant showed that an increase in the water pressure per 1 m Н2О leads to an increase in effective power by an average of 0.611 kW.

Quynh M. Nguyen, Dean Huang, Evan Zauderer et al.

Reasoning by analogy is powerful in physics for students and researchers alike, a case in point being electronics and hydraulics as analogous studies of electric currents and fluid flows. Around 100 years ago, Nikola Tesla proposed a flow control device intended to operate similarly to an electronic diode, allowing fluid to pass easily in one direction but providing high resistance in reverse. Here we use experimental tests of Tesla's diode to illustrate principles of the electronic-hydraulic analogy. We design and construct a differential pressure chamber (akin to a battery) that is used to measure flow rate (current) and thus resistance of a given pipe or channel (circuit element). Our results prove the validity of Tesla's device, whose anisotropic resistance derives from its asymmetric internal geometry interacting with high-inertia flows, as quantified by the Reynolds number (here, Re ~ 1e3). Through the design and testing of new fluidic diodes, we explore the limitations of the analogy and the challenges of shape optimization in fluid mechanics. We also provide materials that may be incorporated into lesson plans for fluid dynamics courses, laboratory modules and further research projects.

Jeffrey Burghardt, Hunter Knox, Chris Strickland et al.

In a uniform stress field, a tensile hydraulic fracture will favor propagation in the plane formed by the maximum (most compressive) and intermediate principal stresses. For the propagation of hydraulic fractures in non-uniform stress fields, especially those where the principal stress directions change spatially, things become much more complex, are less well understood, and therefore are more difficult to predict. Such is often the case when a hydraulic fracture is initiated from a borehole drilled in the direction of the minimum principal stress. This is a well-known problem that has been the subject of several numerical and experimental studies. The purpose of this paper is to offer new insights from a series of hydraulic fracture tests conducted in sub-horizontal boreholes drilled in the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This project, called the Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Collab project, has developed a test bed at a depth of approximately 1478 meters underground consisting of sub-horizontal injection, production, and monitoring wells. This paper presents stimulation test data, and supporting geologic/geophysical characterization data. The test data are compared to previous numerical and experimental studies to determine how well this new experimental data compares with previous modeling, laboratory, and field tests.