Hasil untuk "Sociology (General)"

Reda Rafei

This article offers a new perspective on children and youth’s coerced displacement in the context of the Ottoman Middle East and highlights their potential as a social group to inform studies of children, kinship, and family vis-a-vis the state. Using iltizām contracts, I argue that the Ottoman state prioritized its stability and economic interests and turned a blind eye to promises it made to ensure the “well-being” of young Ottoman subjects. The contracts recorded around the mid-eighteenth century document an institutionalized practice by the state to remove and incarcerate young and minor males associated with the families of multazims, or tax farmers, who generally hailed from the class of provincial notables, or a‘yān, to persuade the latter to render payment of taxes. Although multazims appeared to be indifferent to the fate of their castaway children, evidence suggests that multazims took advantage of geopolitical changes toward the last quarter of the eighteenth century to avoid the incarceration of their children, as the practice completely disappeared at that time. This article also attempts to approach the question of whether this forced displacement of children represents a form of mobility, in comparison to other forms of children’s mobility, like the devširme, and explores what this meant for the expansion, or retraction, of the state power and its governing policies.

Aykut Sığın, Cansu Çakır

Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği toplumsal yaşamın bütün katmanlarında gözlemlenebilen bir olgudur. Televizyonda yayınlanan medya ürünleri de toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin ve ataerkil ideolojinin yeniden üretilmesi noktasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türk televizyonlarında yüksek reyting oranlarıyla yayınlanan ve geleneksel/muhafazakâr ve seküler/modernist aile dikotomisi üzerinden iki farklı toplumsallaşmayı yansıtan Kızılcık Şerbeti dizisinin toplumsal cinsiyet eşit(siz)liği bağlamında incelenmesidir. Bu doğrultuda yöntem olarak eleştirel söylem analizi seçilmiş ve dizinin dört tema altında toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğini ve ataerkil ideolojiyi yeniden ürettiği anlaşılmıştır. Dizi üzerinden geleneksel/muhafazakâr toplumsallığın kadını ikincil, erkeği ise birincil cins olarak algıladığına; seküler/modernist toplumsallaşmanın ise toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine daha fazla vurgu yaptığına yönelik bir anlatının topluma iletildiği görülmüştür. Çalışma, Türk toplumunun büyük bölümüne hızlı şekilde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğine ve ataerkil ideolojiye yönelik anlatılar sunan Kızılcık Şerbeti’nin bilinen ilk eleştirel söylem analizini gerçekleştirmiştir.

P. A. Nechaeva, G. R. Yusupova

In the modern economy, digitalization has become one of the key components of the Russian Federation regions socio-economic development. Enterprises of various industries are faced with the need to process large amounts of data, which greatly complicates data management, and therefore the relevance of the analysis of artificial intelligence technologies increases. Training employees for industrial processes is a major challenge in any industry. Effective human resource management requires an accurate assessment and presentation of available competencies, as well as an effective mapping of the required competencies for specific positions. Competences enable the company to achieve high production and economic results.   The aim of the study is to develop a structural model of a predictive expert system for managing data on the competencies of a modern manager by combining artificial and human intelligence, which can serve as a decision support tool for managers in real conditions to improve the efficiency of a particular enterprise.   The study of the demand for managers and requirements for candidates in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan was conducted on the data of the largest Russian Internet recruitment company HeadHunter. To develop a structural model of the proposed expert system, information from specialized scientific publications published in the Russian and foreign scientific literature of the Web of science and Scopus databases was used. The expert system will allow the manager to find the best options for using employees, predict the development of the enterprise as a whole and its individual divisions, which will significantly increase the key performance indicators of any company.

Betül Kodaş, Zekeriya Aksoy

Memorable food experiences are an important factor in both the tourism business and destination marketers and managers attracting not only current tourists but also potential tourists. Recently, several studies have been performed to explore or understand memorable food experiences, as food experiences are a crucial indicator of tourist behavioural intentions and satisfaction. Thus, the purpose of the current study is to understand tourists’ memorable local food experiences, food experience satisfaction, and behavioural intentions. Accordingly, data was collected through online reviews (424) posted about tourists’ memorable local food experiences in Gaziantep between 9 April 2021 and 29 May 2021. A phenomenological approach and content analysis technique were used to analyse the data. In the results of the present study, a theoretical model of memorable local food experiences (MLFEs) was developed with six key components: novelty, hospitality and services, taste and food attributes, togetherness and local interactions, ambience and setting, and local culture. In addition, tourists’ food experience satisfaction and behavioural intentions were found to be positive while experiencing regional local food. Based on the results of this study, practical and managerial implications are discussed, and future research recommendations are proposed.

SAID MOUSSAOUI

تقيم موجز عن اهداف العدد الثاني من المجلد الاول الصادر عن المجلة المغربية للبحث في العلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية

Káposzta József

Ali Ghahramani, Ali Ghahramani, Parson Galicia et al.

In buildings, one or a combination of systems (e.g., central HVAC system, ceiling fan, desk fan, personal heater, and foot warmer) are often responsible for providing thermal comfort to the occupants. While thermal comfort has been shown to differ from person to person and vary over time, these systems are often operated based on prefixed setpoints and schedule of operations or at the request/routine of each individual. This leads to occupants’ discomfort and energy wastes. To enable the improvements in both comfort and energy efficiency autonomously, in this paper, we describe the necessity of an integrated system of sensors (e.g., wearable sensors/infrared sensors), infrastructure for enabling system interoperability, learning and control algorithms, and actuators (e.g., HVAC system setpoints, ceiling fans) to work under a governing central intelligent system. To assist readers with little to no exposure to artificial intelligence (AI), we describe the fundamentals of an intelligent entity (rational agent) and components of its problem-solving process (i.e., search algorithms, logic inference, and machine learning) and provide examples from the literature. We then discuss the current application of intelligent personal thermal comfort systems in buildings based on a comprehensive review of the literature. We finally describe future directions for enabling application of fully automated systems to provide comfort in an efficient manner. It is apparent that improvements in all aspects of an intelligent system are be needed to better ascertain the correct combination of systems to activate and for how long to increase the overall efficiency of the system and improve comfort.

E. Fadeev, T. Bogdanova, S. Goncharenko

There was competition between world alliances for many years. In this work we found historical economic aspects of competition of international container shipping lines and possibilities to enter the world container market for new entities.

Simona Zavratnik, Sanja Cukut Krilić

The text studies how digitality and refugee routes intersect by focussing on the concepts of »connected migrants« and the digital footprints of refugee routes in transnational spaces. The smartphone is a key signifier of today’s refugee, and possession of one is questioned by government policies of legitimisation and public opinion perceptions of what constitutes a »genuine refugee«. These overlook the complex question of digital rights and migration’s embeddedness in the fluidity of the postmodern world. The text thus deals with the digital world’s ambivalence, which is not just a one-way relation of empowerment but entails the risk of complete control over a refugee’s body as well. We establish that an important shift has occurred in European policies, one most visible in the process of erasing the electronic traces of refugees on the move and the illegal return of refugees to the previous country on their way, the so-called »pushbacks«.

Elena Alcalde Peñalver

La obra Current Approaches to Business and Institutional Translation, editada por Daniel Gallego-Hernández, supone un compendio novedoso de las principales aportaciones del congreso sobre traducción económica, comercial, financiera e institucional celebrado en la Universidad de Alicante en mayo de 2014. La obra resulta de interés para traductores que estén iniciándose en estos ámbitos de especialidad, traductores con experiencia, docentes e investigadores, pues aporta información práctica sobre cuestiones terminológicas que pueden resultar difíciles de abordar, consejos prácticos para conseguir un mayor nivel de especialización y con distintos tipos de clientes (entidades financieras, instituciones públicas, organismos internacionales), y metodologías de investigación y de trabajo que se pueden adoptar para futuros estudios. 

Christophe Arpaillange, Jean-Pierre Augustin, Daniel Mandouze

Examiner l’usage et la traduction opérationnelle du référentiel de mixité sociale dans les politiques de rénovation urbaine en France, rend plus nettes les tensions entre les logiques d’une politique nationale centralisée et les démarches de développement local. L’étude, portant sur quatre communes de la banlieue de Bordeaux, repose sur des entretiens semi-directifs effectués sur plusieurs années avec les habitants et des entrevues avec les acteurs responsables des politiques publiques. Notre hypothèse se démarque des postulats proches d’une sociologie de la déploration qui insistent sur le rôle structurant et, quasi exclusif, de la politique de rénovation pour mettre l’accent sur l’apport du local. La construction de coalitions de développement en capacité d’articuler plusieurs politiques publiques permet de faire primer un projet territorial sur les prescriptions des politiques nationales. La mixité sociale est intégrée dans la rhétorique des projets et constitue un objectif fort de l’État et de ses agences. Les choix qui prévalent favorisent une déclinaison lente et différée de la mixité. Ce pilotage local, prudent, des transformations socio-urbaines, neutralise en partie la violence sociale induite par le renouvellement urbain. Il n’évite cependant pas les effets de l’hétérogénéité sociale, que la montée en puissance des pouvoirs d’agglomération au détriment de celui des maires peut aggraver.

Sarah Krebs Council, Caitlyn Placek

Research has demonstrated the negative effects of social stigma on overweight and obese individuals. Beyond a burgeoning obesity epidemic, there appears to be a globalization of negative attitudes towards obesity. This study examined anti-fat attitudes among women from the Common wealth of Dominica using a standardized psychometric scale - the Attitudes Towards Obese Persons Scale (ATOP). We examined the impact of education level, body mass index, measures of development, and media usage on perceptions of obesity. Results demonstrated that rural Dominican women have high levels of anti-fat attitudes that are trending with developing and industrialized nations. The presence of a Facebook account was significantly associated with ATOP scores. There were significant interaction effects among Facebook account and age, as well as Facebook account and garden work. These findings suggest that online social networking increases anti-fat attitudes among women who are young and non-traditional.

Ian Law, Jenny Simms, Ala Sirriyeh

Despite increasing understanding of, information about and official commitment to challenge these patterns, racist hostility and violence continue to have an enduring presence in urban and rural life in the UK. This indicates the paradoxical nature of this racial crisis and challenges for antiracism as a political project. This paper charts how these issues play out at the local level through an examination of a five year process from problem identification through to research, response, action and aftermath from 2006 to 2012 in the city of Leeds, UK, with a focus on two predominantly white working class social housing estates in the city. We explore how embedded tensions and antagonisms can begin to be challenged, while examining how the contemporary climate of austerity and cuts in services, together with prevailing post-racial thinking, make the likelihood of such concerted action in the UK increasingly remote.

Jean-Louis Déotte

Nous possédons trois documents importants sur l’exposition Les Immatériaux : le « petit journal » de l’exposition diffusé par le Centre G. Pompidou à des fins pédagogiques, s’adressant à un large public, l’Inventaire constitué de 71 fiches non paginées (recto verso) qui est un véritable catalogue et l’Album qui établit la genèse de l’exposition, comportant de nombreux diagrammes et schémas. Avec ce document, on peut suivre Lyotard au travail. Le gris est la couleur dominante de ces volumes, parce que selon lui, c’est « la couleur de la postmodernité ». L’exposition se déployait sur l’ensemble du dernier étage du Centre et était conçue pour rendre sensible, et déjà du fait du parcours, une idée spéculative, celle des Immatériaux. Lyotard souhaitait un parcours en rollers. Une fois posée la question de la destination humaine, dès le vestibule d’entrée, avec un bas-relief égyptien (la déesse offrant le signe de la vie au roi Nectanébo II, un fragment de paroi du temple de Karnak Nord), le spectateur se retrouvait dans le Théâtre du non-corps où s’ouvraient cinq parcours différents organisant tous les sites de l’exposition. Ces parcours étaient indépendants les uns des autres pour respecter la problématique structurant l’ensemble de l’exposition, mais certains sas de communication étaient prévus, ce qui engageait de fait le spectateur dans un labyrinthe. Comme il est montré plus bas, Lyotard a repris le schéma classique de la communication (destinateur, destinataire, code, référent, signification) afin de caractériser la situation postmoderne à partir de la déclinaison de la racine mat : matériau, matrice, matériel, matière, maternité. Chaque parcours, par exemple « matériau », permet d’enchaîner les sites suivants : nu vain, deuxième peau, l’ange, corps chanté, corps éclaté, Infra-Mince, surface introuvable, indiscernables, matériau dématérialisé, peinture luminescente, peintre sans corps, toutes les copies. Un certain nombre de sites logiquement proches (cf. Nu vain, Deuxième peau, L’ange) étaient regroupés en zones, chaque zone abritait un émetteur sonore à infra-rouge (les spectateurs se déplaçant avec des casques de réception) qui ne couvrait qu’un espace réduit. Ce sont donc ces émetteurs qui structuraient l’espace de cette exposition en archipel, puisque les émetteurs ne se recoupant pas, un vide sonore, un désert, séparait les zones. Le visiteur était donc rapidement à la recherche d’un autre radio-phare, ce qui explique la possibilité d’une déambulation erratique rendant sensible la conception lyotardienne du langage où les phrases sont des événements totalement séparés, qui peuvent se succéder aléatoirement selon des genres de discours hétérogènes, eux-mêmes soumis à des normes de légitimité incomparables, entre lesquelles nul juge ne pourrait trancher. Chaque fiche de l’Inventaire dénote un site. Par exemple, la fiche nu vain, site d’ouverture du parcours matériau comporte : un commentaire de Lyotard (« Le corps dépouillé. La nudité comme limite du sens, comme présence absurde. La chair remplacée par le matériau neutre, mesurable, démultipliable, immatriculable »), quatre photos de Muybridge (« Walking » et « Various Poses » extraites de Animal Locomotion, 1887), une description des autres éléments du site : « Forêt de douze mannequins asexués. À l’intérieur, projection d’un passage du film Monsieur Klein. En alternance, une photo de déporté durant la seconde guerre mondiale ». Le site suivant ce site paradigmatique, intitulé Deuxième peau, illustrant la problématique de la prothèse dans son rapport au corps naturel, peut être considéré aussi à partir de la problématique (et donc du parcours) de la matrice et renverra alors à un site spécifique : toutes les peaux, ou du point de vue matériel au site habitacle, ou pour la maternité au site vite habillé. Chaque fiche est donc en même temps un extrait de tableau à double entrée. Quand une fiche présente des œuvres d’art, outre le crédit photo et les remerciements d’usage, une description de l’œuvre est proposée, ainsi qu’une bibliographie de référence et des citations en commentaire. C’est le cas de la fiche Infra-Mince comportant des œuvres de Duchamp, Klein, Anselmo, Kuntzel.

Antoni M. Badia i Margarit

Antoni M. Badia i Margarit

Peter C. Ordeshook

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cuáles son las condiciones necesarias para diseñar un Estado democrático federal integrado y viable. Una de estas condiciones se refiere al sistema de partidos. Se requiere un sistema de partidos que propicie que los líderes locales o regionales sean parte del gobierno nacional. Para ello, lo más adecuado son partidos nacionales con una fuerte base regional. La segunda condición es una presidencia débil, que no pueda gobernar directamente sin contar con los líderes políticos regionales; tendrá que emplear el potencial integrador de su partido mediante el uso de lo que generalmente se denomina "liderazgo".

Francisco Zapata

Jens O. Zinn

For a long time theorising has underestimated the importance of affect and emotion in decision making and the management of risk and uncertainty. In relatively one-sided interpretations emotions were often interpreted as threats for rational decision making, and could be triggered by uncertainties, which would go along with social change. Recent interdisciplinary research has shown the importance to acknowledge the more complex link between reasoning and emotions. The article outlines different perspectives on emotion in risk research of economics, psychology and sociology and argues for further research. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0601293

Ingela Kolfjord