Hasil untuk "Social insurance. Social security. Pension"

Oscar Espinosa, Zuly Bibiana Suárez-Morales, Valentina Álvarez et al.

Abstract Background Domestic workers have historically faced significant vulnerabilities globally. According to the International Labour Organisation, while their living and working conditions have improved over the years, challenges persist, particularly in guaranteeing their social protection rights worldwide. This research characterises the socio-demographic and labour conditions, as well as the social security coverage, of domestic service workers in Colombia between 2014 and 2023. Methods Using data from the Great Integrated Household Survey, we applied descriptive analytical techniques and statistical visualisation to explore the evolution of living and social security conditions (health, pension and occupational risk) over the last decade of domestic service workers in Colombia. This analysis was conducted by geographic-epidemiological region, sex and age group. Results Over 92% of domestic service workers are women, with child domestic labour persisting in rural areas, particularly in Oriental and Caribbean regions. These regions, along with the Amazon-Orinoquía, exhibit the highest informality rates. Social security coverage, while improving, remains insufficient, with less than 29% of workers affiliated with pension funds and under 25% covered by occupational risk insurance. Health insurance coverage reached 97% in 2023; however, most workers are in the subsidised regime, facing vulnerabilities. Educational attainment has increased, particularly in urban areas such as Bogotá-Cundinamarca and Pacific regions, where workers are more likely to have completed secondary education or higher. Despite these advances, wages remain precarious, often below the legal minimum wage. Conclusions Our analysis in Colombia of living and social security conditions of domestic service workers shows that those living and working in rural areas face worse living conditions, underscoring the need for the State to improve conditions that ensure decent work in the countryside. While progress has been made in improving social protection, and in expanding educational opportunities, further efforts are required. International comparisons reveal similarities with other developing nations, underscoring global challenges in gender, ethnicity, and labour rights.

Masanori Takano, Kenji Yokotani, Takahiro Kato et al.

Online communication via avatars provides a richer online social experience than text communication. This reinforces the importance of online social support. Online social support is effective for people who lack social resources because of the anonymity of online communities. We aimed to understand online social support via avatars and their social relationships to provide better social support to avatar users. Therefore, we administered a questionnaire to three avatar communication service users (Second Life, ZEPETO, and Pigg Party) and three text communication service users (Facebook, X, and Instagram) (N=8,947). There was no duplication of users for each service. By comparing avatar and text communication users, we examined the amount of online social support, stability of online relationships, and the relationships between online social support and offline social resources (e.g., offline social support). We observed that avatar communication service users received more online social support, had more stable relationships, and had fewer offline social resources than text communication service users. However, the positive association between online and offline social support for avatar communication users was more substantial than for text communication users. These findings highlight the significance of realistic online communication experiences through avatars, including nonverbal and real-time interactions with co-presence. The findings also highlighted avatar communication service users' problems in the physical world, such as the lack of offline social resources. This study suggests that enhancing online social support through avatars can address these issues. This could help resolve social resource problems, both online and offline in future metaverse societies.

Ziv Epstein, Farnaz Jahanbakhsh, Tiziano Piccardi et al.

The value alignment of sociotechnical systems has become a central debate, but progress depends on how human values are perceived in the content these systems surface and how such perceptions can be measured at scale. Social media platforms are a prominent class of sociotechnical systems where algorithmic curation shapes exposure to value-laden content at scale. Large-language models offer new opportunities for measuring expressions of human values (e.g., humility or equality) in social media data, but value expressions can be subjective: different people will annotate the same post with different values. In this paper, we draw on the Schwartz value system as a broadly encompassing and theoretically grounded set of basic human values, and introduce a framework to personalize the measurement of expressions of Schwartz values in social media posts at scale. We collect 32,370 ground truth value expression annotations from N=1,079 people on 5,211 social media posts representative of real users' feeds. Due to the subjectivity of the task, we observe low levels of inter-rater agreement between people, and low agreement between human raters and LLM-based methods. In response, we construct a personalization architecture for classifying value expressions by learning from a small number of highly informative calibration annotations per user. In evaluation, we find that modeling these differences successfully yields value expression predictions that people agree with more than they agree with other people. These results contribute new methods and understanding for the measurement of human values in social media data.

Jingruo Chen, TungYen Wang, Marie Williams et al.

AI-generated images are increasingly prevalent on social media, raising concerns about trust and authenticity. This study investigates how different levels of label detail (basic, moderate, maximum) and content stakes (high vs. low) influence user engagement with and perceptions of AI-generated images through a within-subjects experimental study with 105 participants. Our findings reveal that increasing label detail enhances user perceptions of label transparency but does not affect user engagement. However, content stakes significantly impact user engagement and perceptions, with users demonstrating higher engagement and trust in low-stakes images. These results suggest that social media platforms can adopt detailed labels to improve transparency without compromising user engagement, offering insights for effective labeling strategies for AI-generated content.

Oleh Semenenko, Serhii Ostrovskyi, Artur Movchan et al.

Мета роботи: визначити роль, місце, завдання роїв безпілотних систем в операціях (бойових діях) та варіанти їх застосування. Метод дослідження: методи аналізу та синтезу, методи індукції та дедукції, методи експертного опитування, методи дослідження операцій. Практична цінність дослідження: приведено ключові складові роїв безпілотних систем; визначено основні завдання та місце роїв безпілотних систем в операціях (бойових діях); наведено раціональні варіанти застосування роїв безпілотних систем у операціях (бойових діях); розглянуто окремі рекомендації щодо застосування роїв безпілотних систем. Теоретична цінність дослідження: визначено, роль, місце та завдання роїв безпілотних систем, як нових елементів сучасних бойових дій. Приведено раціональні варіанти застосування у операціях (бойових діях) з урахуванням досвіду відбиття широкомасштабної збройної агресії російської федерації.

Viktor Olekhnovych, Vitalii Stasiuk, Hryhoriy Prokopenko et al.

Мета роботи: аналіз технічних можливостей кухні контейнерної КК500 для використання в польових умовах, в тому числі – на полігонах, під час відбиття збройної агресії російської федерації, вироблення пропозицій щодо оптимальних стратегій подальшої еволюції польових технічних засобів, призначених для приготування їжі. Метод дослідження: компаративний. Результати дослідження: виділено основні способи використання контейнерної кухні в польових умовах. Визначено, що, передусім, її оптимально використовувати під час польових навчань, а також на польових продовольчих пунктах у якості зони для приготування з подальшою доставкою гарячої їжі безпосередньо на локації. Розміщення доцільно здійснювати на другій-третій лініях оборони. Наявність альтернативних систем електроживлення, зокрема, автономної системи, незалежної від зовнішніх факторів (дизель-генератори), дозволяє використовувати технічний засіб на територіях з різним рівнем розвитку (пошкодження) інфраструктури. Цінність дослідження: визначення оптимальних стратегій використання новітніх зразків польових технічних засобів для приготування їжі, зокрема, кухні контейнерної КК500, визначення подальших напрямків еволюції польових технічних засобів для приготування їжі.

Iryna Alieksieienko, Liudmyla Kovalyshyn

Purpose: is to analyse the modern process of forming state stability in the conditions of the transformation of the international political security space. Method: The research was conducted using a neo-institutional approach, historical and systemic methods, a comparative approach, and a functional method. Findings: Determination of the conceptual foundations of the formation of state stability in the conditions of a crisis international security environment. Theoretical implications: It consists in forming a holistic view of modern theories of the institution of the state and the factors that ensure its stability against the background of the aggravation of contradictions in the international political and security environment caused by Russia's aggression against Ukraine. Practical implications: The main political, economic and security factors were analysed, and a model was formed based on the neo-institutional approach to ensure the stability of the state institution in the conditions of worsening globalisation threats and the formation of a new architecture of the international security environment. This study can be a valuable resource for professional researchers, analysts in geopolitics and geostrategy, security and defence sector representatives, international organisations, and state and local authorities. Originality: It consists of applying a neo-institutional approach to ensuring the stability of the state institution in the context of the crisis of the international political and security environment triggered by Russiaʼs aggression against Ukraine.

Filiz Baloğlu, Meltem Güngör Delen

The concept of decent work, as outlined in the 1999 ILO Conference, rests on four pillars: employment, social protection, workers’ rights, and social dialogue. Globally, in developed countries, only a fortunate minority benefits from legal regulations that guarantee working conditions and wages. Furthermore, alongside other employment issues, almost all countries struggle with gender discrimination in the workforce. In this study, we delve into the progress of decent work over the past two decades, utilizing selected indicators, and critically assess the current situation through a gender lens. The findings reveal that Turkish labour markets have fallen short in promoting decent work over the past two decades, with significant disparities between genders. The analysis of statistical indicators suggests a positive, but insufficient, improvement in indicators related to employment opportunities, child labour, equal opportunity and treatment in employment and social dialogue. Decent working time, stability and security of work, cases of fatal occupational injury seem to be stable. On the other hand, indicators related to adequate earning and productive work, social security, and non-fatal occupational injury all showed a decline.

Kristina Lerman

The friendship paradox in social networks states that your friends have more friends than you do, on average. Recently, a stronger variant of the paradox was shown to hold for most people within a network: `most of your friends have more friends than you do.' Unlike the original paradox, which arises trivially because a few very popular people appear in the social circles of many others and skew their average friend popularity, the strong friendship paradox depends on features of higher-order network structures. Similar to the original paradox, the strong friendship paradox generalizes beyond popularity. When individuals have traits, many will observe that most of their friends have more of that trait than they do. This can lead to the Majority illusion, in which a rare trait will appear highly prevalent within a network. Understanding how the strong friendship paradox biases local observations within networks can inform better measurements of network structure and our understanding of collective phenomena in networks.

Ihor Levadnyi, Oleh Borovyk, Dmytro Kupriyenko et al.

Мета роботи: розроблення методу стратегічного управління розвитком прикордонного безпекового середовища України. Метод: аналіз; узагальнення; порівняння; абстрагування; SWOT-аналіз. Результати дослідження: є: аналіз теоретичних основ обґрунтування концепції прикордонної безпеки з урахуванням особливостей міждержавних відносин з суміжними державами; постановка задачі розроблення методу стратегічного управління розвитком прикордонного безпекового середовища України; опис методу вирішення досліджуваної задачі; оцінювання теоретичних засад методу вирішення досліджуваної задачі; опис технології вирішення досліджуваної задачі та оцінювання ілюстративного прикладу застосування запропонованого методу. Теоретична цінність дослідження: полягає у розробленні методу стратегічного управління розвитком прикордонного безпекового середовища України Практична цінність: полягає у тому, що запропонований метод стратегічного управління розвитком прикордонного безпекового середовища України є одним із можливих дієвих механізмів у діяльності суб’єктів забезпечення прикордонної безпеки України. Цінність дослідження: метод стратегічного управління розвитком прикордонного безпекового середовища України розроблено вперше. Обмеження дослідження: розроблений метод не призначено для обґрунтування концепції прикордонної безпеки та стратегії розвитку прикордонного безпекового середовища у прикордонному морському та повітряному просторах України. Тип статті: Теоретико-концептуальний.

mehdi nejati, Alireza Shakibaei, Mustafa Gholami

Introduction: Poverty reduction is one of the important macroeconomic goals of any country, but achieving this important issue requires examining the factors affecting it. Changing the age structure of the population is one of the effective factors in reducing poverty in countries. Therefore, governments can make the most of their population, given the capacity of countries and providing the necessary conditions, and as a result, achieve high growth and development among countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the effect of population age structure on poverty in Iran. Method: The method of this research is analytical-descriptive. First, theoretical topics and experimental studies and research data are collected, and the appropriate analysis model is selected. Then, with the Generalized Method of Momen for Iran since 1975 until 2017, the desired research models have been estimated, and finally, using statistical and econometric inferences, the research results have been studied. Findings: In general, according to the results, it can be concluded that the dependent population of the child and years of schooling have a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable, the elderly dependent population has a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable and also the percentage of trade in GDP and Physical capital inventories have a negative relationship with the dependent variable. Discussion: In this study, the years of schooling, the percentage of trade in GDP, as well as capital stock are based on a coefficient that agrees with the theory. The positive effect of the elderly population on poverty reduction indicates the existence of high savings in old age. Paying attention to the growth of highly educated employees as well as employing specialized personnel increases the productivity of the labor force and also creates the possibility of creating new production methods that have significant effects on poverty reduction. JEL classification: I32، O15، T13

Wentao Xu, Kazutoshi Sasahara

Social divide and polarization have become significant societal issues. To understand the mechanisms behind these phenomena, social media analysis offers research opportunities in computational social science, where developing effective user embedding methods is essential for subsequent analysis. Traditionally, researchers have used predefined network-based user features (e.g., network size, degree, and centrality measures). However, because such measures may not capture the complex characteristics of social media users, in our study we developed a method for embedding users based on a URL domain co-occurrence network. This approach effectively represents social media users involved in competing events such as political campaigns and public health crises. We assessed the method's performance using binary classification tasks and datasets that covered topics associated with the COVID-19 infodemic, such as QAnon, Biden, and Ivermectin, among Twitter users. Our results revealed that user embeddings generated directly from the retweet network and/or based on language performed below expectations, whereas our domain-based embeddings outperformed those methods while reducing computation time. Therefore, domain-based embedding offers an accessible and effective method for characterizing social media users in competing events.

Ghazal Kalhor, Hannah Gardner, Ingmar Weber et al.

Online professional social networking platforms provide opportunities to expand networks strategically for job opportunities and career advancement. A large body of research shows that women's offline networks are less advantageous than men's. How online platforms such as LinkedIn may reflect or reproduce gendered networking behaviours, or how online social connectivity may affect outcomes differentially by gender is not well understood. This paper analyses aggregate, anonymised data from almost 10 million LinkedIn users in the UK and US information technology (IT) sector collected from the site's advertising platform to explore how being connected to Big Tech companies ('social connectivity') varies by gender, and how gender, age, seniority and social connectivity shape the propensity to report job promotions or relocations. Consistent with previous studies, we find there are fewer women compared to men on LinkedIn in IT. Furthermore, female users are less likely to be connected to Big Tech companies than men. However, when we further analyse recent promotion or relocation reports, we find women are more likely than men to have reported a recent promotion at work, suggesting high-achieving women may be self-selecting onto LinkedIn. Even among this positively selected group, though, we find men are more likely to report a recent relocation. Social connectivity emerges as a significant predictor of promotion and relocation reports, with an interaction effect between gender and social connectivity indicating the payoffs to social connectivity for promotion and relocation reports are larger for women. This suggests that online networking has the potential for larger impacts for women, who experience greater disadvantage in traditional networking contexts, and calls for further research to understand differential impacts of online networking for socially disadvantaged groups.

Meral Çalış Duman

Societies today are transforming rapidly owing to impacts from sources as diverse as climate change and environmental problems, the COVID-19 pandemic, and Industry 4.0. In particular, the potential benefits created by the fourth industrial revolution in the production and industrial sectors have forced businesses to make dramatic transformations. However, Industry 4.0 focuses on productivity in production and industry but falls short on social issues, such as climate change, various diseases, and ecological balance; the vision of Society 5.0 or Industry 5.0 is to correct this deficiency. Society 5.0 refers to societies’ transformations from information to super-intelligent societies, a more sustainable model, integrating societies with Industry 4.0 to solve problems. This study aimed to contribute to the literature by expanding the understanding of Society 5.0 in terms of its place, importance, efficiency, and potential as a basis for future studies. In this context, some conceptual inferences were made by examining the studies in the related literature. Findings indicate a significant role for the vision of Society 5.0 on societies’ well-being and achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, Society 5.0 is crucial for Turkey’s international economic and social competitiveness. The objective was to raise awareness by drawing a theoretical framework and encouraging future research on Society 5.0 with emphasis on more details in terms of practices and strategies, especially in the domestic literature.

Hanife Candır Şimşek

The aim of the study is to discover which concepts explain the views of women who receive education from a continuing education center and to give meaning to the subject. In line with this, Istanbul University Continuing Education Center has taken place within the scope of the study. The study uses embedded theory design with the aim of examining the participants’ opinions in depth. The study group consists of 26 female participants. The interviews were coded using the program NVivo 10, after which the codes were gathered under categories and made meaningful. The study includes examples the participants’ expressions under the categories within the scope of the descriptive analysis. According to the research findings, the emphasis on vocational education is at the forefront in terms of the participants’ perceptions regarding the role that continuing education centers have in society. Similarly, the purpose of vocational education is understood to have been determinant regarding participating in trainings; however, this was due not to having acquired a new profession but to reasons such as being better in the current profession, relieving deficiencies, following the developments in their profession, and rising in the profession.

Anatolii Loishyn, Kostiantyn Kustrich

Мета роботи: ідентифікація проблем функціонування державного внутрішнього фінансового контролю протягом періоду його трансформації і розвитку для врахування результатів дослідження у ході розроблення сучасної концепції державного внутрішнього фінансового контролю. Дизайн/Метод: проведено декомпозицію та досліджено основні аспекти становлення, розвитку і концептуальної трансформації державного внутрішнього контролю в Україні; сформульовано напрями у проблематиці функціонування державного внутрішнього фінансового контролю на сучасному етапі розвитку та в умовах відсічі збройної агресії російської федерації. Результати дослідження: використані для розроблення сучасної концепції державного внутрішнього фінансового контролю. Теоретична цінність дослідження: проведено ретроспективний аналіз становлення, розвитку і концептуальної трансформації державного внутрішнього контролю в Україні та виокремленні проблемних питань у практиці його реалізації, що є базисом для подальшого формулювання сучасних (актуальних) концептуальних засад функціонування державного внутрішнього контролю в Україні з урахуванням безпекової ситуації. Практична цінність дослідження. Реалізація наданих пропозицій у предметній сфері дослідження дасть змогу підвищити ефективність державного управління в Україні, а також сприятиме економному та результативному використанню обмежених державних ресурсів. Оригінальність / Цінність дослідження. Дослідження є оригінальним результатом проведеної авторським колективом наукової роботи, що сприяє удосконаленню сучасної теорії і практики у предметній сфері дослідження. Обмеження дослідження / Майбутні дослідження. Обмеження дослідження полягає у використанні відкритих джерел і даних. Перспективи подальших досліджень вбачаємо у реалізації комплексу заходів запропонованих за результатами цього дослідження. Тип статті: теоретичний.

Vadym Torichnyi, Oleksandr Torichnyi

Purpose: is to reveal the essence of the substantive aspect of the process of forming professional readiness of future border guard officers by means of project activity. Method: empirical method, method of expert evaluations The results of the study: the analysis of the results shows that the level of readiness for project activities of the cadets, in the preparation of which the described scientific and methodical recommendations were fully used, has noticeably increased. Thus, among graduates of 2021, a high level of readiness was observed at 26.7% compared to 14.2% in 2018, and the number of graduates with a low level of readiness decreased from 33.5 to 14.1%, respectively. In addition, the 2021 graduates have a significantly higher correlation coefficient between the expert assessment and the cadetsʼ self-assessment (0.89 and 0.57, respectively), which indicates a more objective assessment by the cadets of their professionally significant qualities. This result allows us to draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of the developed technology of organizing the training of cadets for project activities. Value: based on the experience of relevant developments, a method of forming the professional readiness of future border guards by means of project activities was developed, which involves the introduction of specific methodological principles into the educational process. Future research: це дослідження відкриває шляхи для майбутніх досліджень щодо розробки спеціальної педагогічної технології, що дозволить організувати неперервну педагогічну практику для розвитку професійної компетентності саме у вихованні особового складу. Papertype: theoretical.

Jooyoung Lee, Sarah Rajtmajer, Eesha Srivatsavaya et al.

We investigate relationships between online self-disclosure and received social feedback during the COVID-19 crisis. We crawl a total of 2,399 posts and 29,851 associated comments from the r/COVID19_support subreddit and manually extract fine-grained personal information categories and types of social support sought from each post. We develop a BERT-based ensemble classifier to automatically identify types of support offered in users' comments. We then analyze the effect of personal information sharing and posts' topical, lexical, and sentiment markers on the acquisition of support and five interaction measures (submission scores, the number of comments, the number of unique commenters, the length and sentiments of comments). Our findings show that: 1) users were more likely to share their age, education, and location information when seeking both informational and emotional support, as opposed to pursuing either one; 2) while personal information sharing was positively correlated with receiving informational support when requested, it did not correlate with emotional support; 3) as the degree of self-disclosure increased, information support seekers obtained higher submission scores and longer comments, whereas emotional support seekers' self-disclosure resulted in lower submission scores, fewer comments, and fewer unique commenters; 4) post characteristics affecting social feedback differed significantly based on types of support sought by post authors. These results provide empirical evidence for the varying effects of self-disclosure on acquiring desired support and user involvement online during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, this work can assist support seekers hoping to enhance and prioritize specific types of social feedback.

Santanu Acharjee, Akhil Thomas Panicker

In this paper, we study trust levels in social networks from the perspective of Dunbar's number.