K. R. Amlaev, A. A. Khripunova, D. M. Khubieva
et al.
The purpose of the study is to explore both social economic and demographic characteristics of patients seeking medical care at the Stavropol Kray Consultative Diagnostic Center from other regions and motivation of their satisfaction, contentment and barriers for inner exit tourism. The survey was carried out covering 297 patients arrived to the Center from other regions of the Russian Federation in 2024. The technique of descriptive statistics and the Pearson χ² criterion were applied. It is established that women made up 62% of respondents. Their average age made up to 31–45 years. The main reasons to address from outside of region of residence were absence of specialists of required profile (32.7%), inefficiency of treatment of younger residents (32.3%) and inaccessibility of modern diagnostic resources (25.6%). The high level of satisfaction with provided medical services was reported by 87.2% of patients. The conclusion. The study results permit to conclude that development of inner exit tourism is related to level of accessibility and quality of medical services and information distribution for population. The recommendations concerning development of system of inter-regional medical mobility are proposed.
Background Malaysia uniquely brings together a melting pot of cultures and history from the Malay Archipelago, China and India connected by the South China Sea. Historically, Malaysia’s role as a trade hub attracted diverse migrations, fostering its multi-ethnic identity. Post independence in 1957, Malaysia is governed by constitutional democracy, with a bicameral parliamentary system consisting of the House of Representatives, the Senate and the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) as the head of state. Amidst governance shifts and pandemic challenges, Malaysia aims for high-income status and ranks favourably in the Human Development Index. Primary social problems in the country Educational emphasis, work life balance and environmental challenges prompt scrutiny of the education system’s role in shaping socio-economic landscapes. The emphasis on STEM (Science, Technology Engineering and Mathematics) disciplines in education neglects active social engagement, hindering sufficient practical character development. Poor work-life balance and mental health issues have significantly impacted the productivity levels amongst Malaysians. Additionally, food waste, environmental pollution, and climate change present complex challenges, alongside inadequate concern and unsustainable practices contributing to environmental degradation and climate instability. Use of social marketing Comprehension of social marketing among Malaysians remains incomplete, with a notable focus on public awareness rather than fostering behavioural change. The initiatives addressing the issues in Malaysia should emphasize policy changes and social marketing effectiveness. However, more sustained efforts are required to create more supportive environments to foster collaboration among stakeholders. Inculcating human rights behaviour requires integrating social awareness into education and empowering grassroots movements. Practical efforts on educating, raising awareness and long-term support requires strong public and private partnership for success. These endeavours underscore the importance of comprehensive awareness and action to achieve environmental harmony and societal well-being rooted in the philosophies of the Social Marketing framework and benchmarks. Academic Stakeholders and activities Social marketing is often confused with social media marketing, thereby hindering its broader adoption. Academic endeavours publishing in the area seek to rectify this confusion and stress sustainability practices. Despite efforts from various stakeholders, presently there are no dedicated association nor academic program that functions solely on promoting social marketing concepts and ideals. Discussion and conclusion Challenges and opportunities of social marketing in Malaysia reveals significant misconceptions which hinders effective behaviour change program implementation. Addressing these challenges involves a multi-faceted approach encompassing education reform, policy refinement, social media engagement, strategic partnerships and multicultural strategies. Collaboration between academia, government, and NGOs is essential for impactful societal change, necessitating structured educational courses and corporate involvement in sustainability initiatives.
The paper reveals the role and problems of determining the peculiarities of solving legal problems of state regulation of economic activity in a special period as one of the conditions for the development of a modern democratic society. A detailed study of this issue was conducted, aspects of the regulatory and legal environment and the problems of Ukrainian business work in such difficult conditions were considered. The last few years, the most difficult in the history of the state, have shown that there is a need to move from direct administrative assistance to the formation of a favorable economic and social environment for the improvement of mechanisms and tools for stimulating the development of business entities. It is the priority of state regulation and support of entrepreneurship in such conditions that will provide an opportunity not only to preserve business, but also to expand it with a simultaneous increase in the number of jobs, which is one of the foundations of the functioning of the welfare state. Any difficulties in economic activity quite often give rise to new opportunities for growth, the economy is being restructured, new niches are opening that can be used for growth, and in the future, filling the state and local budgets. The historical experience of the states that have gone through the war shows that the economic system and business development is a key area of further reform and modernization, and the main goal of this process is to create favorable conditions for economic activity, to activate the investment potential of the country and to create comfortable conditions for the functioning of the capital involved. One of the fundamental elements of creating a favorable business environment in Ukraine is the deregulation of economic activity, that is, the maximum simplification of business and government cooperation, the formation of a free market, a transparent permit system, and partnership relations with state regulatory and supervisory bodies. An important aspect of state regulation of economic activity in a special period of state development is, first of all, the conscious formation by state structures of appropriate direct and indirect business support tools, in particular, the creation of incentives, the use of material, financial and other resources that are attracted to its subjects. Special attention was paid to the need to develop and implement specialized legal acts that would regulate the protection of business activities in such emergency situations.
Mahboubeh Bayat, T. Kashkalani, M. Khodadost
et al.
OBJECTIVES The health system reform process is highly political and controversial, and in most cases, it fails to realize its intended goals. This study was conducted to synthesize factors underlying the failure of health system reforms. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-synthesis, we searched 9 international and regional databases to identify qualitative and mixed-methods studies published up to December 2019. Using thematic synthesis, we analyzed the data. We utilized the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist for quality assessment. RESULTS After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 40 of 1837 articles were included in the content analysis. The identified factors were organized into 7 main themes and 32 sub-themes. The main themes included: (1) reforms initiators' attitudes and knowledge; (2) weakness of political support; (3) lack of interest group support; (4) insufficient comprehensiveness of the reform; (5) problems related to the implementation of the reform; (6) harmful consequences of reform implementation; and (7) the political, economic, cultural, and social conditions of the society in which the reform takes place. CONCLUSIONS Health system reform is a deep and extensive process, and shortcomings and weaknesses in each step have overcome health reform attempts in many countries. Awareness of these failure factors and appropriate responses to these issues can help policymakers properly plan and implement future reform programs and achieve the ultimate goals of reform: to improve the quantity and quality of health services and the health of society.
Peiyao Tang, G. Pavlopoulou, Katarzyna Kostyrka-Allchorne
et al.
Background Depression and anxiety are common during adolescence and could have detrimental impacts on young people’s ability to make and implement plans for their future. However, to the best of our knowledge, no other study has adopted a qualitative approach in investigating these effects from the perspective of adolescents with lived experiences of depression and anxiety. We sought to understand how young people perceive and interpret the impact of mental health conditions on their thinking about the future. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 adolescents aged 16–19 years in the UK (median age = 19, IQR = 1.5), who had a history of protracted periods of clinical or subclinical depression and/or anxiety. They were asked to reflect on how their ability to think about the future and the content of the future-related thinking was impacted during periods of poor mental health, compared with periods of feeling well. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and subjected to thematic content analysis. Results Five domains were identified. First, the impact of mood on future thinking capability focuses on reduced ability and motivation to engage in future thinking. Second, the impact of mood on images, thoughts, and feelings about the future includes the emotional valence of future-related thoughts, their vividness, structure, and the extent to which they intimated subjective feelings of control (i.e., agency). Third, social influences focuses on social factors that might ameliorate or exacerbate future thinking. Fourth, reflections on personal worries and expectations about the future captures personal interpretations of past worries and hopes and how future thinking affected mood. Finally, personal coping refers to how young people cope with the negative emotions that come with future thinking. Conclusions This study provided a nuanced and granular account of how depression and anxiety impacted young people’s future thinking based on their lived experiences. By highlighting the different ways that variations in future thinking were experienced as a function of depression and anxiety, our analysis highlighted new factors that should be considered in studies of adolescent mental health risk, which could inform the development of new therapeutic approaches.
This paper discusses economic inequality as a key social determinant of health. It highlights the potentially transformative role of social protection systems in addressing economic inequality and health inequalities. How to finance social protection and how to distribute benefits among people are key questions in the pursuit of a transformative social protection system that can adequately tackle economic inequalities. This paper argues that a human rights approach can provide a normative orientation in the political process that decides the distribution of burdens and benefits in relation to social protection, calling for an assessment of its impact on socioeconomic inequalities and on disadvantaged groups of people. While the right to social security is at the center of a human rights approach to social protection, the rights to health, education, housing, and work also provide important normative elements for social protection. A human rights-based social protection system requires comprehensive protection for major social risks and challenges throughout the life cycle; universal access to quality services such as health, education, child care, and services for older people or people with disabilities; and a progressive financing mechanism. In this regard, the International Labour Organization’s Social Protection Floors Recommendation No. 202 provides strong guidance on the implementation of the right to social security for all.
Public aspects of medicine, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Introduction. The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the importance of the Soviet education system in the development of Russian society, despite political, economic and social changes in society. The article analyzes the reasons for the reform of public education in the USSR in the late 1950s – early 1960s, examines the concept of polytechnic training in Soviet secondary schools in the late 1950s, combining schooling with productive labor. The concept of polytechnic training in Soviet secondary schools stimulated the reform of public education. The restructuring of secondary and higher education was designed to play a major role in eliminating the essential difference between physical and mental labor, in creating the conditions necessary for the country's transition to communism.Materials and methods. This study is based on an analysis of documents related to party office work in the 1960s-80s: decrees, resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The methodological basis of the research is a complex of general scientific, special historical methods, as well as the theory of modernization. The retrospective method, evaluating events and phenomena in their historical development, played a big role. A comparative analysis made it possible to compare the documentation of different times in order to establish the qualitative level of the changes taking place in the USSR in the field of education.Results. The article analyzes the problems of the formation of the Soviet polytechnic school. In the conditions of a planned economy, technical schools and vocational schools of the USSR trained specialists primarily for the needs of Soviet industry. The role of public education, the increase in the number of extended-day schools and boarding schools is considered. The inconsistency of the reform of public education in the USSR, which did not bring the expected results, is analyzed. The emphasis on the polytechnic school did not allow the development of the scientific component, interfering with the intellectual development of school students, the education reform led to a deterioration in the quality of the study of basic sciences.Conclusion. The article uses special historical methods: comparative historical, retrospective, chronological. The study was carried out on the basis of a problem-historical analysis taking into account the social conditions of that time.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze and conduct a comparative study of pension system reforms in the international arena in order to obtain experiences and insights from the pension system reforms in various countries. After introducing the basic concepts and current status of pension systems, this paper reviews the history of pension system reform in the international arena and analyzes the reform measures, policy effectiveness, and problems and challenges of different countries. By comparing and summarizing the international experiences and insights, this paper provides references and inspirations for the future pension system reform in China. The study finds that the effectiveness of pension system reform measures and policies varies across countries, but in general can be summarized in four directions: gradually raising the retirement age, increasing personal responsibility, increasing funding sources, and improving administrative efficiency. In addition, there are some common problems and challenges in pension system reforms in different countries, such as political difficulties, social stability, funding gaps, and overly conservative policies. In order to solve these problems, governments need to take into account national conditions and actual situations and adopt reform measures that meet the characteristics and realities of their countries. Comparing the experience and inspiration of international pension system reform, we can find that: firstly, it is necessary to adhere to the people-oriented principle and focus on protecting the basic rights and interests of individuals; secondly, it is necessary to strengthen the institutional guarantee of policies and laws to ensure the continuity and stability of policies; thirdly, it is necessary to play the role of market mechanism to increase the funding source of pensions; fourthly, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision and management of the government to improve the management efficiency. These experiences and inspirations are useful for China's future pension system reform.
The most prominent problem in the process of economic globalization is the shortage of high-quality international talents. As colleges and universities that train talents, they shoulder the important task of international talent training. However, there are still some deficiencies in the training of international talents in domestic universities, such as inconsistent practical teaching, incomplete teaching practice conditions, instable teaching staff, and unsound management system, etc. This paper starts with the problems existing in the practical teaching of international talent training in China, and then puts forward that the practical teaching of international talent training must be based on China's national conditions. By comparing and analyzing 39 journal articles, the author proposes some solutions to improve the ability of colleges and universities to cultivate high-quality international talents. During the process of cultivating high-quality international talents, colleges and universities must change ideas and build a perfect teaching system; Increase investment and provide excellent teaching conditions; Introduce talents to ensure the stability of the teaching staff; Innovate management and improve practical teaching mechanism. Only by this way, colleges and universities could cultivate more and more excellent high-quality international talents with a sense of social responsibility who have an international vision and Chinese feelings, are familiar with international rules, and can directly participate in international cooperation and competition.
Jurema é como se denomina uma religião afro-brasileira, que é bastante praticada na Paraíba e com um bonito culto a Caboclos. Mas a Jurema também é uma medicina tradicional indígena brasileira, reconhecida por nossos povos originários desde muitos séculos atrás.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Anthropology
The article analyzes the problem of the formation of a historical scheme created by the Old Believers, to include the socio-religious movement in global Christian history. It shows that the monks of the Solovetsky Monastery reproduced the stratagem proposed by the scholars of Ancient Russia for incorporating of Russian history into the world history, accompanying it with the perception of events from an eschatological perspective. At the same time, they put an accent on the events that, in their opinion, led to the crisis of the Russian society. The next generations of opponents of the ecclesiastical reforms tried to improve this scheme, adapted it due to the changing conditions. By the end of the 17th century, internal church opposition began to turn into a broad religious and social movement, which divided into two groups – accepting priests and not accepting (“bespopovcy”), and each of them – into independent communities. The process of improving the historical scheme proposed by the Solovetsky monks manifested itself especially clearly in the works written in the center of the Pomor association of the Vyg community. Based on the results of the analysis of the Vyg historical narrative the article concludes that the Old Believers considered Russia failed as a stronghold of the true faith due to the actions of the reformers. They assumed the defeat of the monks from Solovetsky monastery, who advocated the preservation of the traditions of the Russian Church, as sign of the coming of the kingdom of the Antichrist. In this situation, the proclamation of Vyg as the successor of the Solovetsky Monastery meant that the Vyg Old Believers community inherited the function of preserving the true faith. The eschatological perception of reality, typical for the Old Believers, determined their view, that only the existence of the community was a guarantee of the continuation of the history of mankind. Such interpretation of history gave the members of Vyg community confidence in their own significance and a sense of responsibility for the fate to the world.
The article discusses the urgency of pension reform in Georgia. The disadvantage of the existing pension model was its pressure on the state budget. At the same time, the recent demographical changes in Georgia revealed new challenges and put at risk the sustainability of the future state pension system; The previous pension system in Georgia would not have provided the old aged citizens with so called “Decent pension” that’s why there was an emergency of a new reformation. It is worth mentioning, that global aging is the history of world success. Nowadays people live longer. This is the triumph of social health security, shown up by establishing healthy life style, pharmaceutical market, generally citizens’ social-economic conditions and economic promotion as well. Aging process affects economic increase, formal and non-formal supporting system and mobilization of supporting resources for elderly citizens from the Government’s side. Nations should admit the global context of the problem, realize new demographic reality; However making some corrections in pension policy might be painful for elderly groups. Key words: Relevance of reformation, demographic changes, active aging, budget pressure, usefulness of the reform , rate replacement, accumulating pension system, pension indexation.
The article analyzes the features of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan after gaining independence in 1991. It is noted that historically the economy of Kazakhstan for many decades was formed as a raw material base for the unified national economic complex of the USSR. Under the conditions of independence, the raw materials industries, primarily the fuel and energy and mining and metallurgical complexes became the basis for the socio-economic development of Kazakhstan, thanks to which the country made an economic breakthrough and deeply integrated into the world economy. Kazakhstan is the leader among the post-Soviet countries in terms of the volume of attracted foreign direct investment, which contributed to the increase in the extraction of natural resources, the construction of new industrial enterprises and infrastructure facilities. The most important trade and investment partners of Kazakhstan are the European Union, the Russian Federation, China and the United States. At the same time, despite the geographical proximity, common social and ethnocultural features, only 4.9% of Kazakhstan’s foreign trade falls on the neighboring countries of Central Asia. The dependence of Kazakhstan on the sale of raw materials, the low investment attractiveness of the manufacturing industries make the country’s economy vulnerable to changes in the situation in the commodity markets, periodically lead to an aggravation of the socio-economic situation. In the structure of Kazakhstani exports, about 70% are products of the extractive industry. A problem in the development of the energy sector is the limited supply routes for energy carriers to world markets. The issue of changing the model of economic growth through the development of high-tech sectors of industry and support for small and medium-sized businesses is extremely relevant. The system of public administration, which is too bureaucratic and cumbersome, also needs to improve efficiency. Also, a reform of social policy is ripe, which should be aimed at increasing social support for citizens. It is necessary to change the strategy for the development of regions, primarily with regard to the creation of jobs and the reduction of regional imbalances.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie sylwetki naukowej prof. Stefana Morawskiego z okazji jego 100. rocznicy urodzin. Przedstawiam podstawowe etapy rozwoju naukowego prof. Morawskiego. Uzupełniam powyższe o główne rozwiązania i propozycje, które prof. Morawski wniósł do filozofii, filozofii kultury, estetyki i teorii i krytyki sztuki. Czynię również próbę uwzględnienia elementów biograficznych, które miały wpływ na losy i decyzje podejmowane przez Stefana Morawskiego. Dotyczy to szczególnie lat 40., 50. i 60. XX wieku.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Education
Abstract For a number of reasons, businesses affected by minimum wage may have a particularly hard time during the coronavirus pandemic. We have found that minimum wage establishments were more frequently affected by the Corona pandemic than the rest of the economy at the beginning of 2021 due to the industry composition of these establishments rather than to minimum wage itself. The findings also indicate that minimum-wage establishments use short-time work more often and that the volume of work is reduced more frequently than in other establishments by cutting back on overtime. Finally, salary increases and special payments are also reduced or suspended more frequently.
Economic theory. Demography, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Abstract The catastrophic failure of the prison system in the United States has prompted a shift in criminal punishment system rhetoric and policy toward reform. Numerous programs and initiatives facilitate reentry for the hundreds of thousands of individuals coming out of prison every year, but these and other reforms remain problematic. They do little to improve the social and material conditions of those attempting to reintegrate. By failing to question the social, historical, political, and economic conditions of criminal system problems, they reproduce the oppressive social conditions that they are intended to address. This article diagnoses several major issues with conventional reform efforts in rehabilitation and reentry scholarship and praxis and argues that what is needed is not further attempts to improve these reforms but, rather, an approach that considers these problems through an abolitionist lens. An abolitionist frame, I suggest, is particularly useful in articulating suggestions for change. I apply an abolitionist analysis to an examination of reentry, illustrating how abolitionism helps to diagnose problematic reentry reforms and how an abolitionist approach to reentry can address these issues in a more effective, profound, and enduring way.
Desa Warnasari merupakan salah satu Desa yang berada di Kecamatan Pangalengan Kabupaten Bandung.Penduduk Desa Warnasari pada umumnya, dikenal dalam komoditi sayur mayur dan peternak Sapi Perah, juga memproduksi teh hijau/merah merupakan produksi andalan dari daerah ini bahkan sudah terkenal sejak jaman penjajahan belanda.Berdasarkan analisis kondisi eksisting yang terdapat di Desa Warnasari dapat diidentifikasi permasalahan-permasalahan yang dihadapi yang berkaitan dengan minat dalam menumbuhkan kewirausahaan yakni, Adanya permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan wirausaha, Adanya permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan motivasi untuk menumbuhkan minat berwirausaha, berkaitan dengan tidak berkembangnya wirausaha, berkaitan dengan pemanfaatan dan pengembangan potensi diri dan potensi Sumber Daya Alam yang dimiliki (hasil bumi/perkebunan, perikanan, peternakan).Pelaksanaannya, menggunakan Metode Ceramah, dimana dalam metode ini seluruh peserta dikumpulkan dalam satu ruangan, selanjutnya peserta menerima materi, kemudian peserta diberikan kesempatan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan kewirausahaan, motivasi atau menumbuhkan minat berwirausaha serta strategi sukses berwirausaha.Dalam hal motivasi dan strategi sukses berwirausaha, yakni kemampuan untuk berbuat sesuatu, mempunyai semangat, sikap, dan kemampuan dalam menangani usaha dan kegiatan yang mengarah kepada upaya mencari, menciptakan, menerapkan cara kerja, teknologi dan produk baru dengan meningkatkan efesiensi dalam rangka memberikan pelayanan yang lebih baik atau keuntungan yang lebih besar.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Communities. Classes. Races
Pedagodzy resocjalizacyjni podejmujący pracę z uzależnionymi sprawcami czynów karalnych muszą posiadać pogłębioną wiedzę i wybrane umiejętności z zakresu terapii uzależnień. Prezentowany artykuł, ukazując związki między używaniem substancji psychoaktywnych i przestępczością oraz funkcjonowanie osób uzależnionych, podejmuje próbę wskazania niezbędnych kompetencji pracowników instytucji resocjalizacyjnych w zakresie terapii uzależ-nień. Rozważania dotyczą wiedzy na temat psychologicznych mechanizmów uzależnienia i stylów używania substancji psychoaktywnych oraz umiejętności diagnostycznych, projektowania specjalnych strategii pracy resocjalizacyjnej oraz zapobiegania nawrotom.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Education
Raysa Capote Pérez, Carlos César Torres Páez, Luis del Castillo Sánchez
The objective of this article is to identify the potentialities and limitations of the local development financing process in the province of Pinar del Río, using a set of secondary and primary sources of information based on the identified needs. It can be concluded that the management of the process of financing local development in the province of Pinar del Río is characterized by being asystematic and disjointed, limiting the use of local resources and closing the cycle of local strategic planning. In addition, the existence of territorial planning tools that establish the basis for the management of the financing process is not identified.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform