Hasil untuk "Sewage collection and disposal systems. Sewerage"

Hannah Michalska, Miguel Torres-Torriti

The paper presents an approach to the construction of stabilizing feedback for strongly nonlinear systems. The class of systems of interest includes systems with drift which are affine in control and which cannot be stabilized by continuous state feedback. The approach is independent of the selection of a Lyapunov type function, but requires the solution of a nonlinear programming 'satisficing problem' stated in terms of the logarithmic coordinates of flows. As opposed to other approaches, point-to-point steering is not required to achieve asymptotic stability. Instead, the flow of the controlled system is required to intersect periodically a certain reachable set in the space of the logarithmic coordinates.

Nader Motee, Qiyu Sun

This paper presents Carleman-Fourier linearization for analyzing nonlinear real dynamical systems with periodic vector fields. Using Fourier basis functions, this novel framework transforms such dynamical systems into equivalent infinite-dimensional linear dynamical systems. In this paper, we establish the exponential convergence of the primary block in the finite-section approximation of this linearized system to the state vector of the original nonlinear system. To showcase the efficacy of our approach, we apply it to the Kuramoto model, a prominent model for coupled oscillators. The results demonstrate promising accuracy in approximating the original system's behavior.

Alexander K. Strelkov, P. Gorshkalev, M. Chernosvitov

An analysis of changes in the standards of water consumption (water disposal) used in the design of water supply and water disposal systems and calculation with consumers on the example of Samara is given. The impact of changes in water consumption on water supply and sewerage systems is described. An assessment of the change in the speed of water movement in gravity pipelines with a decrease in wastewater consumption is given. Disadvantages of the procedure for calculation of gravity pipelines made of polymer materials are shown. The values of the main parameters of the water flow in the free-flow sewage system at the minimum design speed and with an additional decrease in flow are calculated. A comparison of the results of calculating the speeds and filling of pipes made according to the tables and according to the calculated relationships is given.

Somayeh Moharami

Municipal waste is a cost-effective and valuable source of organic matter for agricultural soils. In recent years, MSW compost has been widely used in agriculture as a soil conditioner and fertilizer. However, the excessive use of organic and mineral fertilizers in the production of greenhouse crops leads to the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil and health risks for humans. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of the municipal waste and manure application on heavy metals in the soil. Also, the health risks for humans were evaluated through the consumption of cucumber cultivated in these soil. In this study, the concentration of heavy metals Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil, mobility of metals, bioavailability, fractionation of metals, effects of pollution in the greenhouse soil and uptake of these metals by cucumber plant following 3 cultivation years of application of municipal waste compost and manure were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in a greenhouse located in the south of Theran province. Also, environmental pollution risks were evaluated. The results showed that the application of municipal waste compost and manure increased both the total and available concentration of heavy metals in the soil. However, the concentration of the measured metals was at the permissible limit of the concentrations of heavy metals in Iranian soils. Copper and Zn were detected as the most mobile metals in control and treated soils with municipal waste compost and manure, respectively. The amount of Pb (2.26 mg kg-1) and Cd (0.06 mg kg-1) in cucumber in treated soil with municipal waste exceeded the limit value for edible vegetables. Based on the results obtained from the health risk index, Pb and Cu represented a high potential risk for the health of adults and children by consuming cucumbers in compost-treated soils. The results of this study showed that despite the three-year application of municipal waste compost and manure, the concentration of heavy metals measured was not higher than the allowed guideline level. However, considering the high bioavailability of heavy metals, repeated application of municipal waste compost would carry a risk of gradual accumulation in the soil over time. Therefore, measuring the total and extractable concentration of heavy metals and metal mobility when assessing likely effects on plant yields and metal uptakes and setting soil quality criteria is important.

Tianle Jiang, Yuhao Zhang

Online matching is a fundamental problem in the study of online algorithms. We study the problem under a very general arrival model: the edge arrival model. Free disposal is an important notion in the online matching literature, which allows the algorithm to dispose of the previously matched edges. Without free disposal, we cannot achieve any bounded ratio, even with randomized algorithms, when edges are weighted. Our paper focuses on clarifying the power of free disposal in both the unweighted and the weighted setting. As far as we know, it's still uncertain if free disposal can give us extra leverage to enhance the competitive ratio in the unweighted scenario, even in specific instances such as Growing Trees, where every new edge adds a new leaf to the graph. Our study serves as a valuable initial exploration of this open question. The results are listed as follows: 1. With free disposal, we improve the competitive ratio for unweighted online matching on Growing Trees from $5/9$ to $2/3 \approx 0.66$, and show that the ratio is tight. For Forests, a more general setting where the underlying graph is a forest and edges may arrive in arbitrary order, we improve the competitive ratio from $5/9$ to $5/8 = 0.625$. 2. Both the ratios of $2/3$ and $0.625$ show a separation to the upper bound of the competitive ratio without free disposal on Growing Trees ($0.5914$). Therefore, we demonstrate the additional power of free disposal for the unweighted setting for the first time, at least in the special setting of Growing Trees and Forests. 3. We improve the competitive ratio for weighted online matching on Growing Trees from $1/3$ to $1/2$ using a very simple ordinal algorithm, and show that it is optimal among ordinal algorithms.

Justin H. Porter, Matthew R. W. Brake

Many modern engineering structures exhibit nonlinear vibration. Characterizing such vibrations efficiently is critical to optimizing designs for reliability and performance. For linear systems, steady-state vibration occurs only at the forcing frequencies. However, nonlinearities (e.g., contact, friction, large deformation, etc.) can result in nonlinear vibration behavior including superharmonics - responses at integer multiples of the forcing frequency. When the forcing frequency is near an integer fraction of the natural frequency, superharmonic resonance occurs, and the magnitude of the superharmonics can exceed that of the fundamental harmonic that is externally forced. Characterizing such superharmonic resonances is critical to improving engineering designs. The present work extends the concept of phase resonance nonlinear modes (PRNM) to be applicable to general nonlinearities, and is demonstrated for eight different nonlinear forces. The considered forces include stiffening, softening, contact, damping, and frictional nonlinearities that have not been previously considered with PRNM. The proposed variable phase resonance nonlinear modes (VPRNM) method can accurately track superharmonic resonances for hysteretic nonlinearities that exhibit amplitude dependent phase resonance conditions that cannot be captured by PRNM. The proposed method allows for characterization of superharmonic resonances without constructing a full frequency response curve at every force level with the harmonic balance method. Thus, the present method allows for analysis of potential failures due to large amplitudes near the superharmonic resonance with reduced computational cost. The consideration of single degree of freedom systems in the present paper provides insights into superharmonic resonances and a basis for understanding internal resonances for multiple degree of freedom systems.

U. Oduah, Emmanuel B. Ogunye

An innovative remote sensing device for the detection and monitoring of sewage levels in underground onsite septic tank is developed. The overflow of underground onsite sewage septic tanks located around buildings for the collection and disposal of wastewater is hazardous to the environment releasing infectious pollutants and obnoxious contaminants. The inability to accurately determine the level of the sewage in the underground septic tank most times causes overflow of sewage into the environment without the knowledge of the users of the facility. A smart onsite sewage septic tank level monitoring device is developed enabling the users of the facility to promptly detect when it malfunctions to plan ahead for the evacuation in order to prevent the overflow. The device implements ultrasonic sensor to detect and monitor level of the wastewater in the septic tank and a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) module to send short message service (SMS) to the enrolled users' mobile phone numbers and the sewage evacuation agents. A test run conducted showed response time within 30 s. The developed device is suitable for low income countries of Africa.

Weijie Hu, Youfei Zhou, Junying Lu et al.

Abstract Improper disposal of municipal sewage sludge poses a significant threat to effective environmental protection. With the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence technology and the Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensing detection technology is emerging as a promising research avenue to address this issue. However, the current state of real-time detection technology is inadequate, hindering comprehensive and stable monitoring operation. Additionally, the rational use of network resources remains suboptimal. To address this challenge, this study proposes a resource optimisation technology for the current insufficient intelligent monitoring system of urban sewage sludge. By leveraging IoT and wireless technology, water meter data can be collected with minimal earth construction compared to traditional PLC collection. This is followed by utilising Faster R-CNN to plan the network transmission of sewage remote sensing information resources. Finally, the architecture collection module’s scalability is enhanced by incorporating edge computing and reserving sensor ports to meet future plant expansion demands. The experiment demonstrates the significant potential of this technology in application and resource optimisation. In actual parameter tracking tests, the proposed method effectively monitors sewage sludge, providing policy guidance and measure optimisation for relevant authorities, ultimately contributing to pollution-free urban development.

Paulo Cesar Rausch, L. Agostinetto, A. E. Siegloch

Abstract Improper disposal of expired medicines and treatment leftovers can contaminate the environment and compromise the human health, however, the implementation of reverse logistics for medicines is a challenge for municipalities. The objective of this study was to characterize the medicines disposal by the rural population of the Correia Pinto municipality/SC. Study was quantitative, descriptive-transversal, with data collection in the field from the application of a questionnaire to 156 rural residents. The results showed that basic sanitation is precarious, as 64.7% of people consume untreated water and are not served by waste collection, although 94.9% use the septic tank as sewage treatment. A high percentage of the population (63.43%) reported the daily use of medication. About 75% discard leftovers from drug treatment and expired drugs inappropriately. The data collected can contribute to the implementation strategies of the reverse logistics system for medicines waste, in addition to show the gaps in rural sanitation.

Caitlin Condon, Saikat Ghosh, Bruce Napier et al.

The Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology (SFWST) Campaign of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE), Office of Spent Fuel and Waste Disposition is conducting research and development (R&D) on geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level nuclear waste (HLW). This work includes the Geologic Disposal Safety Assessment (GDSA) program which is charged with development of generic deep geologic repository concepts and system performance assessment models. One part of the GDSA framework is the development of a biosphere model capable of assessing dose to potential receptors exposed to radionuclides released via groundwater from geologic disposal sites. This work includes the development of a biosphere model capable of estimating doses to potential receptors living in the biosphere and exposed to radionuclides released from a hypothetical geologic disposal site. The GDSA biosphere model is being developed so that it is compatible with the GDSA framework including PFLOTRAN, the massively parallel subsurface flow and reactive transport code. PFLOTRAN is a subsurface flow and reactive transport code that solves a system of partial differential equations for multiphase flow and transport of components in porous materials such as shale formation. PFLOTRAN simultaneously simulates energy and mass flow with fluid properties as function of pressure and temperature through equations of state. PFLOTRAN also solves the mass conservation and transport equations of multicomponent formulations of aqueous chemical species, gases, and minerals reactive transport. It contains a waste form process model that simulates the radionuclide inventory under potential failures in a geological repository. PFLOTRAN can thus calculate the source term of radionuclides in ground water which can then be used as the GDSA biosphere model input.

Christian Fiedler, Michael Herty, Sebastian Trimpe

Mean field limits are an important tool in the context of large-scale dynamical systems, in particular, when studying multiagent and interacting particle systems. While the continuous-time theory is well-developed, few works have considered mean field limits for deterministic discrete-time systems, which are relevant for the analysis and control of large-scale discrete-time multiagent system. We prove existence results for the mean field limit of very general discrete-time control systems, for which we utilize kernel mean embeddings. These results are then applied in a typical optimal control setup, where we establish the mean field limit of the relaxed dynamic programming principle. Our results can serve as a rigorous foundation for many applications of mean field approaches for discrete-time dynamical systems.

Harshal Virde, D. Dohare

The water-carried sewerage system has replaced the older, more basic technique of excreta disposal as the cities have grown. The infrastructure of any society's water supply and sewage system is crucial. The purpose of a sewer network is to move home or industrial waste water from a source location to a treatment facility or disposal site. The sewage system consists of a network of sewer lines that, at their nodal points, collect and discharge waste materials into a separate network of sewer lines. Since then, a lot of researchers have made contributions to this topic. As a result, an effort has been undertaken in this paper to gather data from research papers on the design of sewerage network systems. The objective of this paper is to proposed a treatment unit and design of sewerage network for Saatvik Vihar Phase-II, Indore (Madhya Pradesh), with the help of SewerGEMS software also using the process of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) for the cleaning of wastewater of the society.

Seyyed Ali Razavikia, Sayed Aboutaleb Mousavi Parsa, Mehdi Faramarzi et al.

Disposal of dyes containing dyes from related industries has caused global concern. Therefore, removing dyes from aqueous solution is very important and necessary. In this work, a novel magnetic glycodendrimer is introduced as effective adsorbent for malachite green adsorption. Firstly, magnetic graphene oxide was prepared by co-precipitation method and then modified with ethylenediamine to generate amine group on the surface which was further reacted with mercaptoacetic acid to provide polymerizable MGO nanosheets. Thereafter, Allylamine was grafted onto nanosheets and subsequently, reacted with methacrylate in a Michael type reaction to generate methyl ester groups. Finally, amidation of the terminal methyl ester groups with chitosan resulted in the formation of glycodendrimer. The properties of the synthesized adsorbent were investigated using XRD, FTIR, BET, FESEM and TEM. The results showed that pH=5, temperature of 40 °C, initial concentration of 600 mg/mL and contact time of 10 min as optimal values for removing malachite green dye with nanosorbent (MGD) were obtained. The maximum adsorption capacity of green malachite was 452.97 μg/mg. The high correlation coefficient (R2=0.9947) for the Freundlich model confirms that the Freundlich model is suitable for fitting laboratory data. According to the compliance model, the heat absorption for malachite green is B=8.1447 j/mol and indicates that the process of dye adsorption with nanosorbent is physical. According to the results of fitting the kinetic models of dye adsorption kinetics by nanosorbent shows that Hu and McKay model with higher correlation coefficient (R2=0.994) than other models is more consistent with experimental data. Due to the fact that a large decrease in dye removal is not observed in 10 consecutive recovery cycles and therefore nanosorbent has a high stability and can be used several times.

Michal Kompan, Peter Gaspar, Jakub Macina et al.

Most of the research in the recommender systems domain is focused on the optimization of the metrics based on historical data such as Mean Average Precision (MAP) or Recall. However, there is a gap between the research and industry since the leading Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for businesses are revenue and profit. In this paper, we explore the impact of manipulating the profit awareness of a recommender system. An average e-commerce business does not usually use a complicated recommender algorithm. We propose an adjustment of a predicted ranking for score-based recommender systems and explore the effect of the profit and customers' price preferences on two industry datasets from the fashion domain. In the experiments, we show the ability to improve both the precision and the generated recommendations' profit. Such an outcome represents a win-win situation when e-commerce increases the profit and customers get more valuable recommendations.

Giorgio Angelotti, Natalia Díaz-Rodríguez

A quantitative assessment of the global importance of an agent in a team is as valuable as gold for strategists, decision-makers, and sports coaches. Yet, retrieving this information is not trivial since in a cooperative task it is hard to isolate the performance of an individual from the one of the whole team. Moreover, it is not always clear the relationship between the role of an agent and his personal attributes. In this work we conceive an application of the Shapley analysis for studying the contribution of both agent policies and attributes, putting them on equal footing. Since the computational complexity is NP-hard and scales exponentially with the number of participants in a transferable utility coalitional game, we resort to exploiting a-priori knowledge about the rules of the game to constrain the relations between the participants over a graph. We hence propose a method to determine a Hierarchical Knowledge Graph of agents' policies and features in a Multi-Agent System. Assuming a simulator of the system is available, the graph structure allows to exploit dynamic programming to assess the importances in a much faster way. We test the proposed approach in a proof-of-case environment deploying both hardcoded policies and policies obtained via Deep Reinforcement Learning. The proposed paradigm is less computationally demanding than trivially computing the Shapley values and provides great insight not only into the importance of an agent in a team but also into the attributes needed to deploy the policy at its best.

Jean-François Sauvé

Hashem Amini, Ali Sanayei, Hamidreza Talaei et al.

On the eve of the year 2021, about a century has passed since the establishment of municipalities, and more than half a century has passed since the establishment of development planning laws and the beginning of the implementation of urban planning projects. The purpose of creating these laws and establishing structures and organizations to implement them was to monitor the creation and development of cities to provide suitable conditions for citizens in life. The results of the implementation of urban development projects show that these projects, despite spending a lot of money and energy, in many cases do not achieve their goals. Despite these problems, for many years, the lack of coordination of organizations related to urban management, the lack of appropriate methods for preparing and implementing urban plans and the lack of technical and financial capacity in the organs have been raised as important issues in project inefficiency. But the importance of not paying attention to the infrastructure that can affect urban management and planning has been overlooked and among all the factors, water has the most fundamental role as the main source of life and the basis of development. This grounded theory method first examines the causes and known factors of inefficiency of urban planning in Iran, explains the relationship between this issue and the critical factors of inefficiency and then identifies the effect of paying attention to the pivotal role of water in eliminating many of these factors , By presenting a local model for using the basics of water-sensitive city design in urban planning, offers a proposal for operationalizing and making more practical the methods of urban planning, which, if used in the future, can solve the problems of urban planning in the country. Sensibly reduce and eliminate.

Arezoo Tahmourespour

Heavy metal and antibiotic co-resistance is a global issue. The goal of this research was to explore the heavy metal, also antibiotic resistance patterns of effluent bacterial isolates. Heavy metal resistant bacteria were isolated from effluents and their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined. The Multi-Metal resistance (MMR) pattern and antibiotic resistance trait of isolates were defined. The MIC of Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ was 4, 8, 12 and 24 mM/L, respectively. Most of the isolates indicated the Cd2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ resistance and high resistance to the most tested antibiotics. The 16S rDNA gene sequences of resistant isolates were handed over to NCBI-GenBank as Staphylococcus sp. ATHA2(JX120151) and Klebsiella oxytoca ATHA1(JQ928574). Correlation was found between metal tolerances, heavy metal concentration, also antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Thus, it is important to not only be aware of antibiotics misapplication, but also respond to excessive discharge of effluent containing heavy metals to the environment.

Azar Asadi, Sadegh Naraki

Considering the increasing rigor of environmental laws, the removal of carbon and nutrients from wastewater is a key aspect of research, and the simultaneous elimination of carbon and nutrients in a bioreactor has a significant impact on reducing reactor volume and energy consumption. The objective of this study was evaluating the performance of an aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with granulated sludge removing carbon and nutrient (N & P) from an industrial wastewater. Aerobic granules were obtained in a SBR and in the next step, the experiments were designed by a central composite design (CCD) with five levels of biomass concentration (2000-7000 mg/l) and aeration time (6-24 h).  Eight dependent parameters as the process responses were measured and calculated. The results showed that the maximum value of total COD (TCOD) removal was obtained to be 69.07% at mixed liquor volatile suspended solid (MLVSS) concentration of 5600 mg/L and the highest value of the aeration time (24 h). In addition, the low TN removal (47.5%) directed the study to reduce the oxygen level from 7 to 3 mg/L. A reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) in extended aeration mode led to an increase in TN removal and a decrease in TCOD, nbCOD, and BOD removal. Overall, granular sludge showed an acceptable performance in terms of carbon removal, however, intermittent aeration could improve nutrients removal from wastewaters.

Mirko Trisolini, Camilla Colombo

The paper presents a re-entry analysis of Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO) satellites on disposal trajectories that enhance the effects of the Earth oblateness and lunisolar perturbations. These types of trajectories can lead to a natural re-entry of the spacecraft within 20 years. An analysis was performed to characterise the entry conditions for these satellites and the risk they can pose for people on the ground if disposal via re-entry is used. The paper first proposes a methodology to interface the long-term propagation used to study the evolution of the disposal trajectories and the destructive re-entry simulations used to assess the spacecraft casualty risk. This is achieved by revisiting the concept of overshoot boundary. The paper also presents the demisability and casualty risk analysis for a representative spacecraft configuration, showing that the casualty risk is greater than the 10$^{-4}$ threshold and that further actions should be taken to improve the compliance of these satellites in case of disposal via re-entry is used.