Philip Stroemert, Hendrik Borgelt, David Linke
et al.
Cross-domain data integration drives interdisciplinary data reuse and knowledge transfer across domains. However, each discipline maintains its own metadata schemas and domain ontologies, employing distinct conceptual models and application profiles, which complicates semantic interoperability. The W3C Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) offers a widely adopted RDF vocabulary for describing datasets and their distributions, but its core model is intentionally lightweight. Numerous domain-specific application profiles have emerged to enrich DCAT's expressivity, the most well-known DCAT-AP for public data. To facilitate cross-domain interoperability for research data, we propose DCAT-AP PLUS, a DCAT Application Profile (P)roviding additional (L)inks to (U)se-case (S)pecific context (DCAT-AP+). This generic application profile enables a comprehensive representation of the provenance and context of research data generation. DACT-AP+ introduces an upper-level layer that can be specialized by individual domains without sacrificing compatibility. We demonstrate the application of DCAT-AP+ and a specific profile ChemDCAT-AP to showcase the potential of data integration of the neighboring disciplines chemistry and catalysis. We adopt LinkML, a YAML-based modeling framework, to support schema inheritance, generate domain-specific subschemas, and provide mechanisms for data type harmonization, validation, and format conversion, ensuring smooth integration of DCAT-AP+ and ChemDCAT-AP within existing data infrastructures.
Jhony T. Teleken, Suélen M. Amorim, Sarah S. S. Rodrigues
et al.
Shrimp is one of the most popular and widely consumed seafood products worldwide. It is highly perishable due to its high moisture content. Thus, dehydration is commonly used to extend its shelf life, mostly via air drying, leading to a temperature increase, moisture removal, and matrix shrinkage. In this study, a mathematical model was developed to describe the changes in moisture and temperature distribution in shrimp during hot-air drying. The model considered the heat and mass transfer in an irregular-shaped computational domain and was solved using the finite element method. Convective heat and mass transfer coefficients (57.0–62.9 W/m<sup>2</sup>∙K and 0.007–0.008 m/s, respectively) and the moisture effective diffusion coefficient (6.5 × 10<sup>−10</sup>–8.5 × 10<sup>−10</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s) were determined experimentally and numerically. The shrimp temperature and moisture numerical solution were validated using a cabinet dryer with a forced air circulation at 60 and 70 °C. The model predictions demonstrated close agreement with the experimental data (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>≥</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 0.95 for all conditions) and revealed three distinct drying stages: initial warming up, constant drying rate, and falling drying rate at the end. Initially, the shrimp temperature increased from 25 °C to around 46 °C and 53 °C for the process at 60 °C and 70 °C. Thus, it presented a constant drying rate, around 0.04 kg/kg min at 60 °C and 0.05 kg/kg min at 70 °C. During this stage, the process is controlled by the heat transferred from the surroundings. Subsequently, the internal resistance to mass transfer becomes the dominant factor, leading to a decrease in the drying rate and an increase in temperatures. A numerical analysis indicated that considering the irregular shape of the shrimp provides more realistic moisture and temperature profiles compared to the simplified finite cylinder geometry. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed using the validated model to assess the impact of the mass and heat transfer parameters and relative humidity inside the cavity on the drying process. The proposed model accurately described the drying, allowing the further evaluation of the quality and safety aspects and optimizing the process.
This paper investigates a car-following model that incorporates both classical and fractional discrete operators. While classical models have been extensively studied, the influence of discrete fractional operators on the stability of such systems has not yet been systematically analyzed. Stability conditions are derived and rigorously proven for systems employing three widely used fractional <i>h</i>-difference operators—Grünwald–Letnikov, Riemann–Liouville, and Caputo—as well as the classical <i>h</i>-difference operator. The analysis reveals that the established conditions are independent of the specific operator used. Furthermore, a comprehensive numerical study validates the theoretical findings and demonstrates that the fractional models can significantly extend the stability bound for the step size from <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo><</mo><mn>6.67</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (classical case) to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo><</mo><mn>22.3</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (fractional case).
We present three progressively refined pseudorandom function (PRF) constructions based on the learning Burnside homomorphisms with noise (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>B</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>-LHN) assumption. A key challenge in this approach is error management, which we address by extracting errors from the secret key. Our first design, a direct pseudorandom generator (PRG), leverages the lower entropy of the error set (<i>E</i>) compared to the Burnside group (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>B</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>). The second, a parameterized PRG, derives its function description from public parameters and the secret key, aligning with the relaxed PRG requirements in the Goldreich–Goldwasser–Micali (GGM) PRF construction. The final indexed PRG introduces public parameters and an index to refine efficiency. To optimize computations in Burnside groups, we enhance concatenation operations and homomorphisms from <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>B</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>B</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>≫</mo><mi>r</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Additionally, we explore algorithmic improvements and parallel computation strategies to improve efficiency.
Whether <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>126</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is a proton magic number has been controversial in nuclear physics. The even-even <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mmultiscripts><mi>Ubh</mi><none></none><none></none><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>126</mn><none></none></mmultiscripts></semantics></math></inline-formula> isotopes are calculated based on the DRHBc calculations with PC-PK1. The evolutions of quadrupole deformation and pairing energies for neutron and proton are analyzed to study the possible nuclear magicity. Spherical shape occurs and neutron pairing energy vanishes at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>258</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and 350, which are the results of possible neutron magicity, while the proton pairing energy never vanishes in Ubh isotopes, which does not support the proton magicity at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>126</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. In the single-proton spectrum, there is no discernible gap at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>126</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, while significant gaps appear at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>120</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and 138. Therefore, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>126</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is not supported as a proton magic number, while <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>120</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and 138 are suggested as candidates of proton magic numbers.
Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity
Lennart Niecksch, Alexander Mock, Felix Igelbrink
et al.
In this paper, we present a novel method for 3D geometric scene graph generation using range sensors and RGB cameras. We initially detect instance-wise keypoints with a YOLOv8s model to compute 6D pose estimates of known objects by solving PnP. We use a ray tracing approach to track a geometric scene graph consisting of mesh models of object instances. In contrast to classical point-to-point matching, this leads to more robust results, especially under occlusions between objects instances. We show that using this hybrid strategy leads to robust self-localization, pre-segmentation of the range sensor data and accurate pose tracking of objects using the same environmental representation. All detected objects are integrated into a semantic scene graph. This scene graph then serves as a front end to a semantic mapping framework to allow spatial reasoning.
Azmyin Md. Kamal, Nenyi K. N. Dadson, Donovan Gegg
et al.
In Monocular Keyframe Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (MKVSLAM) frameworks, when incremental position tracking fails, global pose has to be recovered in a short-time window, also known as short-term relocalization. This capability is crucial for mobile robots to have reliable navigation, build accurate maps, and have precise behaviors around human collaborators. This paper focuses on the development of robust short-term relocalization capabilities for mobile robots using a monocular camera system. A novel multimodal keyframe descriptor is introduced, that contains semantic information of objects detected in the environment and the spatial information of the camera. Using this descriptor, a new Keyframe-based Place Recognition (KPR) method is proposed that is formulated as a multi-stage keyframe filtering algorithm, leading to a new relocalization pipeline for MKVSLAM systems. The proposed approach is evaluated over several indoor GPS denied datasets and demonstrates accurate pose recovery, in comparison to a bag-of-words approach.
Raia Abu Ahmad, Jennifer D'Souza, Matthäus Zloch
et al.
Search engines these days can serve datasets as search results. Datasets get picked up by search technologies based on structured descriptions on their official web pages, informed by metadata ontologies such as the Dataset content type of schema.org. Despite this promotion of the content type dataset as a first-class citizen of search results, a vast proportion of datasets, particularly research datasets, still need to be made discoverable and, therefore, largely remain unused. This is due to the sheer volume of datasets released every day and the inability of metadata to reflect a dataset's content and context accurately. This work seeks to improve this situation for a specific class of datasets, namely research datasets, which are the result of research endeavors and are accompanied by a scholarly publication. We propose the ORKG-Dataset content type, a specialized branch of the Open Research Knowledge Graoh (ORKG) platform, which provides descriptive information and a semantic model for research datasets, integrating them with their accompanying scholarly publications. This work aims to establish a standardized framework for recording and reporting research datasets within the ORKG-Dataset content type. This, in turn, increases research dataset transparency on the web for their improved discoverability and applied use. In this paper, we present a proposal -- the minimum FAIR, comparable, semantic description of research datasets in terms of salient properties of their supporting publication. We design a specific application of the ORKG-Dataset semantic model based on 40 diverse research datasets on scientific information extraction.
In this paper, we propose a global numerical method for approximating Caputo fractional derivatives of order <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>α</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mi>D</mi><mi>α</mi></msup><mi>f</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mstyle><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo>Γ</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mfrac></mstyle><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mn>0</mn><mi>y</mi></msubsup><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mspace width="1.em"></mspace><mi>y</mi><mo>></mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo><</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>≤</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>,</mo><mspace width="0.166667em"></mspace><mi>m</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi><mo>.</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> The numerical procedure is based on approximating <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> by the <i>m</i>-th derivative of a Lagrange polynomial, interpolating <i>f</i> at Jacobi zeros and some additional nodes suitably chosen to have corresponding logarithmically diverging Lebsegue constants. Error estimates in a uniform norm are provided, showing that the rate of convergence is related to the smoothness of the function <i>f</i> according to the best polynomial approximation error and depending on order <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>α</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>. As an application, we approximate the solution of a Volterra integral equation, which is equivalent in some sense to the Bagley–Torvik initial value problem, using a Nyström-type method. Finally, some numerical tests are presented to assess the performance of the proposed procedure.
Rosario Nastasi, Nicola Rosafio, Simone Salvadori
et al.
The use of film cooling is crucial to avoid high metal temperatures in gas turbine applications, thus ensuring a high lifetime for vanes and blades. The complex turbulent mixing process between the coolant and the main flow requires an accurate numerical prediction to correctly estimate the impact of ejection conditions on the cooling performance. Recent developments in numerical models aim at using hybrid approaches that combine high precision with low computational cost. This paper is focused on the numerical simulation of a cylindrical film cooling hole that operates at a unitary blowing ratio, with a hot gas Mach number of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Ma</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 0.6, while the coolant is characterized by plenum conditions (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="italic">Ma</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 0). The adopted numerical approach is the Stress-Blended Eddy Simulation model (SBES), which is a blend between a Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes approach and a modeled Large Eddy Simulation based on the local flow and mesh characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ability of the hybrid model to capture the complex mixing between the coolant and the main flow. The cooling performance of the hole is quantified through the film cooling effectiveness, the Net Heat Flux Reduction (NHFR), and the discharge coefficient <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> calculation. Numerical results are compared both with the experimental data obtained by the University of Karlsruhe during the EU-funded TATEF2 project and with a Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS) run on the same computational grid. The use of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> profiles extracted from the flow field allows for isolating the main vortical structures such as horseshoe vortices, counter-rotating vortex pairs (e.g., kidney vortices), Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities, and hairpin vortices. Eventually, the contribution of the unsteady phenomena occurring at the hole exit section is quantified through Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition methods (SPOD).
In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive theoretical study to obtain an optimal highly sensitive fluidic sensor based on the one-dimensional phononic crystal (PnC). The mainstay of this study strongly depends on the high impedance mismatching due to the irregularity of the considered quasi-periodic structure, which in turn can provide better performance compared to the periodic PnC designs. In this regard, we performed the detection and monitoring of the different concentrations of lead nitrate (Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) and identified it as being a dangerous aqueous solution. Here, a defect layer was introduced through the designed structure to be filled with the Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> solution. Therefore, a resonant mode was formed within the transmittance spectrum of the considered structure, which in turn shifted due to the changes in the concentration of the detected analyte. The numerical findings demonstrate the role of the different sequences such as Fibonacci, Octonacci, Thue–Morse, and double period on the performance of the designed PhC detector. Meanwhile, the findings of this study show that the double-period quasi-periodic sequence provides the best performance with a sensitivity of 502.6 Hz/ppm, a damping rate of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>5.9</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, a maximum quality factor of 8463.5, and a detection limit of 2.45.
Antonio De Nicola, Anna Formica, Michele Missikoff
et al.
We present the parametric method SemSimp aimed at measuring semantic similarity of digital resources. SemSimp is based on the notion of information content, and it leverages a reference ontology and taxonomic reasoning, encompassing different approaches for weighting the concepts of the ontology. In particular, weights can be computed by considering either the available digital resources or the structure of the reference ontology of a given domain. SemSimp is assessed against six representative semantic similarity methods for comparing sets of concepts proposed in the literature, by carrying out an experimentation that includes both a statistical analysis and an expert judgement evaluation. To the purpose of achieving a reliable assessment, we used a real-world large dataset based on the Digital Library of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and a reference ontology derived from the ACM Computing Classification System (ACM-CCS). For each method, we considered two indicators. The first concerns the degree of confidence to identify the similarity among the papers belonging to some special issues selected from the ACM Transactions on Information Systems journal, the second the Pearson correlation with human judgement. The results reveal that one of the configurations of SemSimp outperforms the other assessed methods. An additional experiment performed in the domain of physics shows that, in general, SemSimp provides better results than the other similarity methods.
Categorical semantics of type theories are often characterized as structure-preserving functors. This is because in category theory both the syntax and the domain of interpretation are uniformly treated as structured categories, so that we can express interpretations as structure-preserving functors between them. This mathematical characterization of semantics makes it convenient to manipulate and to reason about relationships between interpretations. Motivated by this success of functorial semantics, we address the question of finding a functorial analogue in abstract interpretation, a general framework for comparing semantics, so that we can bring similar benefits of functorial semantics to semantic abstractions used in abstract interpretation. Major differences concern the notion of interpretation that is being considered. Indeed, conventional semantics are value-based whereas abstract interpretation typically deals with more complex properties. In this paper, we propose a functorial approach to abstract interpretation and study associated fundamental concepts therein. In our approach, interpretations are expressed as oplax functors in the category of posets, and abstraction relations between interpretations are expressed as lax natural transformations representing concretizations. We present examples of these formal concepts from monadic semantics of programming languages and discuss soundness.
Sayako Kodera, Leander Schmidt, Florian Römer
et al.
With the increasing power and speed of laser welding, in-process monitoring has become even more crucial to ensure process stability and weld quality. Due to its low cost and installation flexibility, acoustic process monitoring is a promising method and has demonstrated its effectiveness. Although its feasibility has been the focus of existing studies, the temporal resolution of acoustic emissions (AE) has not yet been addressed despite its utmost importance for realizing real-time systems. Aiming to provide a benchmark for further development, this study investigates the relationship between duration and informativeness of AE signals during high-power (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>3.5</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and high-speed (12 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>/<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>min</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) laser beam butt welding. Specifically, the informativeness of AE signals is evaluated based on the accuracy of detecting and quantifying joint gaps for various time windows of signals, yielding numerical comparison. The obtained results show that signals can be shortened up to a certain point without sacrificing their informativeness, encouraging the optimization of the signal duration. Our results also suggest that large gaps (><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.3</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) induce unique signal characteristics in AE, which are clearly identifiable from 1 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> signal segments, equivalent to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0.2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> weld seam.
Modelling the lime requirement (LR) is a fast and efficient way to determine the amount of lime required to obtain a pH that can overcome the adverse effects caused by soil acidification. This study aimed to model the LR based on the properties of soil and lime. A total of 17 acidic soils and 39 lime samples underwent soil–lime incubation in the laboratory. The predictive equations for the LR (t ha<sup>−1</sup>) were modelled using ∆pH (the difference between the target pH and initial pH), the neutralizing value (NV, mmol kg<sup>−1</sup>) of lime, soil pH, soil clay content (%), soil bulk density (BD, g cm<sup>−3</sup>), and the depth of soil (h, cm) as the factors in an exponential equation. The generic predictive equation, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>∆</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3.88</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>0.069</mn><mo>×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>0.51</mn><mo>×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>0.025</mn><mo>×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi><mo>×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, was validated as the most reliable model under field conditions. Simplified predictive equations for different soil textures when limed with quicklime and limestone are also provided. Furthermore, the LR proportions provided by hydrated lime, quicklime, limestone, and dolomite in commercially available lime can be expressed as 0.58:0.64:0.97:1.00. This study provides a novel and robust model for predicting the amount of lime product containing components with different neutralizing abilities that are required to neutralize soils with a wide range of properties. It is of great significance to agronomic activities and soil remediation projects.
A harbor seal’s whisker is able to sense the trailing vortices of marine organisms due to its unique three-dimensional wavy shape, which suppresses the vibrations caused by its own vortex-shedding, while exciting large-amplitude and synchronized vibrations in a wake flow. This provides insight into the development of whisker-inspired sensors, which have broad applications in the fields of ocean exploration and marine surveys. However, the harbor seal’s whisker may lose its vibration suppression ability when the angle of attack (AoA) of the incoming flow is large. In order to explore the flow-induced vibration (FIV) features of a harbor seal’s whisker at various angles of attack (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>θ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>90</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>), this study experimentally investigates the effect of AoA on the vibration response of a whisker model in a wide range of reduced velocities (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>U</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 3–32.2) and the Reynolds number, Re = 400–7000, in a circulating water flume. Meanwhile, for the sake of comparison, the FIV response of an elliptical cylinder with the same equivalent diameters is also presented. The results indicate that an increase in AoA enhances the vibration amplitude and expands the lock-in range for both the whisker model and the elliptical cylinder. The whisker model effectively suppresses vibration responses at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>θ</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>0</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> due to its unique three-dimensional wavy shape. However, when <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>θ</mi><mo>≥</mo><msup><mn>30</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the wavy surface structure gradually loses its suppression ability, resulting in large-amplitude vibration responses similar to those of the elliptical cylinder. For <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>θ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 30<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and 45<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the vibration responses of the whisker model and the elliptical cylinder undergo three vibration regimes, i.e., vortex-induced vibration, transition response, and turbulent-induced vibration, with the increasing <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>U</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. However, at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>θ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 60<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and 90<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the vortex-shedding gradually controls the FIV response, and only the vortex-induced vibration is observed.
Thermodynamics, Descriptive and experimental mechanics
The investigation of the magnetic activity of different types of variable stars holds significant implications for our understanding of the physical processes and evolution of stars. This study’s International Variable Star Index (VSX) variable star catalog was cross-matched with Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) data, resulting in 26,276 labeled targets from 76,187 light curves. A total of 25,327 stellar flare events were detected, including 245 eclipsing binaries, 2324 rotating stars, 111 pulsating stars, and 629 eruptive stars. The results showed that flares from eclipsing binaries, rotating stars, eruptive stars, and pulsating stars have durations such that 90% are less than 2 h, and 91% of their amplitudes are less than 0.3. Flare events mainly occurred in the temperature range of 2000 K to 3000 K. The power-law indices of different types of variable stars were <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.72</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.025</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (eclipsing binaries), <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.82</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.062</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (rotating stars), <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.80</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.0116</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (eruptive stars), and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.73</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.060</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (pulsating stars). Among them, the flare energy of pulsating stars is more concentrated in the high-energy range. In all samples, flare energies were distributed from <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>3.99</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>31</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> erg to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>6.18</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>38</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> erg. The LAMOST DR9 low-resolution spectral survey has provided H<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>α</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> equivalent widths for 398 variable stars. By utilizing these H<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>α</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> equivalent widths, we have determined the stellar activity of the variable stars and confirmed a positive correlation between the flare energy and H<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>α</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> equivalent width.
Virtual Mental Health Assistants (VMHAs) are utilized in health care to provide patient services such as counseling and suggestive care. They are not used for patient diagnostic assistance because they cannot adhere to safety constraints and specialized clinical process knowledge (ProKnow) used to obtain clinical diagnoses. In this work, we define ProKnow as an ordered set of information that maps to evidence-based guidelines or categories of conceptual understanding to experts in a domain. We also introduce a new dataset of diagnostic conversations guided by safety constraints and ProKnow that healthcare professionals use (ProKnow-data). We develop a method for natural language question generation (NLG) that collects diagnostic information from the patient interactively (ProKnow-algo). We demonstrate the limitations of using state-of-the-art large-scale language models (LMs) on this dataset. ProKnow-algo incorporates the process knowledge through explicitly modeling safety, knowledge capture, and explainability. As computational metrics for evaluation do not directly translate to clinical settings, we involve expert clinicians in designing evaluation metrics that test four properties: safety, logical coherence, and knowledge capture for explainability while minimizing the standard cross entropy loss to preserve distribution semantics-based similarity to the ground truth. LMs with ProKnow-algo generated 89% safer questions in the depression and anxiety domain (tested property: safety). Further, without ProKnow-algo generations question did not adhere to clinical process knowledge in ProKnow-data (tested property: knowledge capture). In comparison, ProKnow-algo-based generations yield a 96% reduction in our metrics to measure knowledge capture. The explainability of the generated question is assessed by computing similarity with concepts in depression and anxiety knowledge bases. Overall, irrespective of the type of LMs, ProKnow-algo achieved an averaged 82% improvement over simple pre-trained LMs on safety, explainability, and process-guided question generation. For reproducibility, we will make ProKnow-data and the code repository of ProKnow-algo publicly available upon acceptance.
A relevant problem in combinatorial mathematics is the problem of counting independent sets of a graph <i>G</i>, denoted by <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. This problem has many applications in combinatorics, physics, chemistry and computer science. For example, in statistical physics, the computation of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> has been useful in studying the behavior of the particles of a gas on a space modeled by a grid structure. Regarding hard counting problems, the computation of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for a graph <i>G</i> has been key to determining the frontier between efficient counting and intractable counting procedures. In this article, a novel algorithm for counting independent sets on grid-like structures is presented. We propose a novel algorithm for the computation of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>G</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> for a grid graph with <i>m</i> rows and <i>n</i> columns based on the ‘Branch and Bound’ design technique. The splitting rule in our proposal is based on the well-known vertex reduction rule. The vertex in any subgraph from <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>G</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, which is to be selected for the reduction rule, must have four internal incident faces. The ramification process is used to build a computation tree. Our proposal consists of decomposing the initial grid graph until outerplanar graphs are obtained as the ‘basic subgrids’ associated with the leave nodes of the computation tree. The resulting time-complexity of our proposal is inferior to the time-complexity of other classic methods, such as the transfer matrix method.