Hasil untuk "Religious ethics"

Muhammad Majdy Amiruddin, Ulfa Hidayati, Nur Fitriani Rasyid et al.

The rapid expansion of Islamic finance has intensified scrutiny of how religious authority is institutionalized within modern regulatory systems, particularly in Indonesia where fatwas issued by the Dewan Syariah Nasional – Majelis Ulama Indonesia (National Sharia Board - Indonesian Council of Ulama) become binding only after incorporation into regulations issued by the Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) or Financial Services Authority. This study aims to re-evaluate Indonesia’s Islamic banking fatwa framework by examining its institutional translation mechanisms, degree of alignment with international standards issued by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions and the Islamic Financial Services Board, and its impact on substantive maqasid realization. Using a qualitative institutional-regulatory design, the research analyzes 42 DSN-MUI fatwas, 27 OJK regulations, 18 AAOIFI standards, 12 IFSB standards, and Islamic banking portfolio data from 2015 to 2024. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s hybrid model ensures procedural legal certainty and structured fatwa-to-regulation incorporation but exhibits only partial global harmonization and a persistent dominance of debt-based contracts, reflecting a gap between formal compliance and outcome-based governance. Theoretically, the study introduces the concept of regulatory theology to explain how religious interpretation becomes embedded within the regulatory state, extending norm diffusion theory by incorporating epistemic sovereignty as a mediating variable. Practically, the research recommends stronger institutional independence, clearer codification, measurable maqasid performance indicators, and phased harmonization strategies. The originality of this study lies in reframing Islamic banking fatwa analysis from doctrinal validity toward governance-centered institutional performance grounded in empirical regulatory and portfolio evidence

Jasper Kyle Catapang

Artificial intelligence pipelines -- spanning data collection, model training, deployment, and post-deployment monitoring -- concentrate ethical risks that intensify with multimodal and agentic systems. Existing governance instruments, including the EU AI Act, the IEEE 7000 series, and the NIST AI Risk Management Framework, provide high-level guidance but often lack enforceable, end-to-end operational controls. This paper presents an ethics-by-design control architecture that embeds consequentialist, deontological, and virtue-ethical reasoning into stage-specific enforcement mechanisms across the AI lifecycle. The framework implements a triple-gate structure at each lifecycle stage: Metric gates (quantitative performance and safety thresholds), Governance gates (legal, rights, and procedural compliance), and Eco gates (carbon and water budgets and sustainability constraints). It specifies measurable trigger conditions, escalation paths, audit artefacts, and mappings to EU AI Act obligations and NIST RMF functions, enabling integration with existing MLOps and CI/CD pipelines. Illustrative examples from large language model pipelines demonstrate how gate-based controls can surface and constrain technical, social, and environmental risks prior to release and during runtime. The framework is accompanied by a preregistered evaluation protocol that defines ex ante success criteria and assessment procedures, enabling falsifiable evaluation of gate effectiveness. By translating normative commitments into enforceable and testable controls, the framework provides a practical basis for operational AI governance across organizational contexts, jurisdictions, and deployment scales.

Luca Di Bella, Jan Bürger, Markus Demleitner et al.

This workshop report from "Shaping the Digital Future of ErUM Research: Sustainability & Ethics" (Aachen, 2025) reviews progress on sustainability measures in data-intensive ErUM-Data research since the 2023 call-to-action on resource-aware research. It evaluates short-, medium-, and long-term actions around monitoring and reducing CO2 emissions, improving data and software FAIRness, optimizing workflows and computing infrastructures, and aligning operations with low-carbon energy availability, including concepts such as "breathing" computing centers, long-term data storage strategies, and software efficiency certification. The report stresses the need for systematic teaching, training, mentoring, and new support formats to establish sustainable coding and computing practices, particularly among students and early-career researchers, and highlights the importance of dedicated steering and funding instruments to embed sustainability in project planning. Ethical discussions focus on the transformative use of AI in ErUM-Data, addressing autonomy, bias, transparency, explainability, attribution of responsibility, and the risk of deskilling, while reaffirming that accountability for scientific outcomes remains with human researchers. Finally, the report emphasizes that sustainable transformation requires not only technical measures but also targeted awareness-building, communication strategies, incentives, and community-driven initiatives to move from awareness to action and to integrate sustainability and ethics into everyday scientific practice.

Mahdi Babolah zade, Masood Azarbayejani

Moral weakness is one of the important issues of the psychology of ethics, which deals with why and how the gap between knowledge and moral action appears. In a comprehensive definition, this phenomenon can be considered as a conscious action against the belief, judgment and principles that a person has accepted morally. Moral weakness or the problem of the gap between moral belief and action and the solution to fill this gap is one of the fundamental concerns of all people who have a heart for a virtuous life. In the meantime, one of the sciences that has a suitable capacity to explain this phenomenon and to express a solution for the treatment or prevention of this phenomenon, and which has received less attention, is the science of psychology. For this reason, the upcoming research with analytical method and using library resources aims to explain the factors affecting the occurrence of this problem and also the solution to prevent this phenomenon by paying attention to the great capacity of this knowledge and focusing on its cognitive approach. The results of the research indicate that imitation, lack of strengthening the power and rational reasoning, as well as irrational justification can be considered as the phenomena of moral weakness, and this weakness can be avoided by avoiding the acceptance of imitation words and mainly through argumentative discussions between educators and also Ethical riddles were designed to strengthen this issue by the trainers, as well as taking role models from moral people.

Abdul Hanan bin Abdul Salam, Nur Syamim Syahirah Mat Hussin

Ismail Raji al-Faruqi’s vision of the Islamization of Knowledge (IoK) has profoundly influenced Malaysia’s education system, shaping both policies and pedagogical approaches. His engagement with Malaysian scholars and political figures, including Syed Naquib al-Attas, Anwar Ibrahim, and Mahathir Mohamad, contributed to integrating Islamic principles into national education. This influence is reflected in the Malaysian National Education Philosophy, which emphasizes holistic development grounded in Islamic values. At the school level, the integration of Islamic studies into general education has been expanded through policies that blend religious and secular knowledge. The establishment of Islamic secondary schools and tahfiz institutions underscores the government’s efforts to develop an education system aligned with Islamic teachings. Additionally, tertiary institutions have introduced Islamic perspectives in various disciplines, including science, law, and economics, aiming to produce professionals guided by ethical and religious principles. Beyond traditional education, al-Faruqi’s influence extends to professional fields such as public health, where Islamic values have been incorporated into medical ethics and healthcare training. However, the implementation of IoK faces challenges, particularly criticisms that non-Western frameworks may not align with global academic standards or local funding priorities. Furthermore, the increasing influence of Western educational models, market-driven policies, and accreditation demands has led to debates over whether the Islamization agenda is being diluted. This paper explores the extent to which al-Faruqi’s IoK principles continue to shape Malaysia’s education system amidst these evolving challenges. It argues that while efforts to integrate Islamic values persist, there is a need for continuous dialogue to balance Islamic epistemology with modern educational demands, ensuring that knowledge remains both relevant and rooted in ethical and spiritual foundations.

Dorcas C. Juma

Genesis 2:4–17 offers a foundational account of human–earth relations within the Eden narrative, portraying Mother Earth as a divinely crafted habitat and humanity as both nurtured by and responsible for the land. This article presents an exegetical reading of the passage, engaging historical–critical scholarship and Ancient Near Eastern contexts to unpack its theological emphasis on the interdependence between human beings אָדָם [adam] and the soil אֲדָמָה [adamah] from which they are formed. Drawing on insights from biblical scholars and Eco-theologians, the study foregrounds the ecological dimensions inherent in the text, including themes of cultivation, care and divinely instituted limits on human consumption. Through an Afro-ecofeminism lens, the article then correlates these findings with Indigenous African knowledge systems, where women have historically served as custodians of ecological wisdom. In many African communities, Afro-Indigenous practices have long guided environmental stewardship, from forecasting climatic shifts to sustaining biodiversity through spiritual and communal traditions. Women, deeply embedded in these eco-spiritual roles, preserve and transmit ancestral ecological knowledge and practices that resonate with the biblical portrayal of humanity’s sacred duty towards the earth. By integrating exegetical insights with African eco-spiritualities, this study reimagines Genesis 2:4–17 as a text of interdependence, care and ethical responsibility. In doing so, it contributes to climate justice discourse by bridging biblical scholarship with Indigenous African religious traditions. Contribution: This article employed an Afro-ecofeminism lens to explore Genesis 2:4–17 alongside Indigenous African ecological perspectives, foregrounding the role of African women as custodians of ecological wisdom. It argued that Afro-Indigenous spiritual and environmental knowledge offers vital insights for addressing climate challenges. By integrating biblical and African ecological ethics, the study underscores how traditional ecological knowledge can advance sustainable practices, food security and climate justice. In doing so, it contributes to decolonial theological discourse and reclaims Indigenous African eco-spiritualities as essential to global ecological sustainability.

Sergio Cobos, Javier Luis Cánovas Izquierdo

The development of Open-Source Software (OSS) is not only a technical challenge, but also a social one due to the diverse mixture of contributors. To this aim, social-coding platforms, such as GitHub, provide the infrastructure needed to host and develop the code, but also the support for enabling the community's collaboration, which is driven by non-coding contributions, such as issues (i.e., change proposals or bug reports) or comments to existing contributions. As with any other social endeavor, this development process faces ethical challenges, which may put at risk the project's sustainability. To foster a productive and positive environment, OSS projects are increasingly deploying codes of conduct, which define rules to ensure a respectful and inclusive participatory environment, with the Contributor Covenant being the main model to follow. However, monitoring and enforcing these codes of conduct is a challenging task, due to the limitations of current approaches. In this paper, we propose an approach to classify the ethical quality of non-coding contributions in OSS projects by relying on Large Language Models (LLM), a promising technology for text classification tasks. We defined a set of ethical metrics based on the Contributor Covenant and developed a classification approach to assess ethical behavior in OSS non-coding contributions, using prompt engineering to guide the model's output.

Sebastian Porsdam Mann, Joel Seah Jiehao, Stephen R. Latham et al.

Institutional review boards (IRBs) play a crucial role in ensuring the ethical conduct of human subjects research, but face challenges including inconsistency, delays, and inefficiencies. We propose the development and implementation of application-specific large language models (LLMs) to facilitate IRB review processes. These IRB-specific LLMs would be fine-tuned on IRB-specific literature and institutional datasets, and equipped with retrieval capabilities to access up-to-date, context-relevant information. We outline potential applications, including pre-review screening, preliminary analysis, consistency checking, and decision support. While addressing concerns about accuracy, context sensitivity, and human oversight, we acknowledge remaining challenges such as over-reliance on AI and the need for transparency. By enhancing the efficiency and quality of ethical review while maintaining human judgment in critical decisions, IRB-specific LLMs offer a promising tool to improve research oversight. We call for pilot studies to evaluate the feasibility and impact of this approach.

Evy Beijen, Pien Pieterse, Yusuf Çelik et al.

Religious language continues to permeate contemporary discourse, even in ostensibly secular domains such as environmental activism and climate change debates. This paper investigates how explicit and implicit forms of religious language appear in climate-related texts produced by secular and religious nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). We introduce a dual methodological approach: a rule-based model using a hierarchical tree of religious terms derived from ecotheology literature, and large language models (LLMs) operating in a zero-shot setting. Using a dataset of more than 880,000 sentences, we compare how these methods detect religious language and analyze points of agreement and divergence. The results show that the rule-based method consistently labels more sentences as religious than LLMs. These findings highlight not only the methodological challenges of computationally detecting religious language but also the broader tension over whether religious language should be defined by vocabulary alone or by contextual meaning. This study contributes to digital methods in religious studies by demonstrating both the potential and the limitations of approaches for analyzing how the sacred persists in climate discourse.

Farah Atif, Nursultan Askarbekuly, Kareem Darwish et al.

Despite the increasing usage of Large Language Models (LLMs) in answering questions in a variety of domains, their reliability and accuracy remain unexamined for a plethora of domains including the religious domains. In this paper, we introduce a novel benchmark FiqhQA focused on the LLM generated Islamic rulings explicitly categorized by the four major Sunni schools of thought, in both Arabic and English. Unlike prior work, which either overlooks the distinctions between religious school of thought or fails to evaluate abstention behavior, we assess LLMs not only on their accuracy but also on their ability to recognize when not to answer. Our zero-shot and abstention experiments reveal significant variation across LLMs, languages, and legal schools of thought. While GPT-4o outperforms all other models in accuracy, Gemini and Fanar demonstrate superior abstention behavior critical for minimizing confident incorrect answers. Notably, all models exhibit a performance drop in Arabic, highlighting the limitations in religious reasoning for languages other than English. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to benchmark the efficacy of LLMs for fine-grained Islamic school of thought specific ruling generation and to evaluate abstention for Islamic jurisprudence queries. Our findings underscore the need for task-specific evaluation and cautious deployment of LLMs in religious applications.

Octavian M. Machidon

This paper examines the ethical and anthropological challenges posed by AI-driven recommender systems (RSs), which increasingly shape digital environments and social interactions. By curating personalized content, RSs do not merely reflect user preferences but actively construct experiences across social media, entertainment platforms, and e-commerce. Their influence raises concerns over privacy, autonomy, and mental well-being, while existing approaches such as "algorethics" - the effort to embed ethical principles into algorithmic design - remain insufficient. RSs inherently reduce human complexity to quantifiable profiles, exploit user vulnerabilities, and prioritize engagement over well-being. The paper advances a three-dimensional framework for human-centered RSs, integrating policies and regulation, interdisciplinary research, and education. These strategies are mutually reinforcing: research provides evidence for policy, policy enables safeguards and standards, and education equips users to engage critically. By connecting ethical reflection with governance and digital literacy, the paper argues that RSs can be reoriented to enhance autonomy and dignity rather than undermine them.

Debasish Nandy, Ananta Kumar Besra

Research Problem: Women’s activism through social media in South Asia, particularly in Sri Lanka and Afghanistan, is shaped by a complex interplay of religion, public policy, and socio-political contexts. While social media offers opportunities for empowerment and advocacy, its role remains contested due to societal barriers, political constraints, and religious influences. Research Purposes: This study aims to explore the dynamics of women’s online activism in Sri Lanka and Afghanistan, examining how socio-economic, political, and religious factors influence their digital engagement. It seeks to identify key challenges and highlight the comparative impact of social media on women’s advocacy in these two countries. Research Methods: The study employs a qualitative approach, using content analysis of secondary data, including reports, academic studies, and media articles. Comparative analysis is applied to evaluate the socio-political and religious factors shaping women’s digital activism in Sri Lanka and Afghanistan. Results and Discussion: In Sri Lanka, women benefit from higher literacy rates and a relatively open societal structure, enabling them to use social media effectively for addressing issues like corruption and economic mismanagement. However, ethnic and religious divisions limit cohesive activism. In Afghanistan, women demonstrate resilience by leveraging platforms like Facebook and WhatsApp despite facing severe socio-religious constraints and the Taliban’s repressive policies. The analysis underscores the critical role of social media as both a tool for advocacy and a contested space for control and suppression. Research Implications and Contributions: The study highlights the necessity of addressing structural barriers to enhance women’s digital participation. Regional collaboration, improved digital literacy, and international advocacy are recommended to amplify women’s voices in both countries. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on the intersection of religion, public policy, and digital activism, providing insights for policymakers and activists working toward inclusive social progress.

Abdessamad Belhaj

Through his numerous visits to the Muslim world, and by promoting an ethics of recognition of Islam, Pope Francis built trust and a religious encounter with various Muslim institutions. His dedication to global ethical concerns, such as human brotherhood, the environment, migration, and peace, has made religious leaders throughout the Middle East, particularly in Iraq, Egypt, and the Gulf states, favourable to interfaith co-operation with the Catholic Church for the common good. In particular, Pope Francis has influenced how justice and tolerance are perceived by many in the Muslim world, as evidenced by various Muslim responses to his messages. He was therefore effective in initiating an ethical encounter to overcome injustice and violence, in addition to re-establishing religious diplomacy and communication with Islam.

Safet Bektovic

The overall theme of this article is the relationship between knowledge, religion, and ethics in Islam. The first goal is to show how the concept of knowledge has been understood in relation to religion and intellectual life and what the relationship is between universal, philosophical, and religious knowledge. The second goal is to show, using examples from Islamic philosophy of religion, how a certain concept of knowledge affects the interpretation of morals and Islamic ethics. This implies, among other things, a discussion of epistemology, the interpretation of the Qur'an, and the definition of ethical principles. A general assumption is that the definition of a Muslim as a moral agent – which is considered one of the central issues of the Qur'an, Sunnah, and Islam in general – is not given as an unequivocal category, but is subject to constant discussion that takes place at different levels and areas. This is especially evident in modern Islamic philosophical-theological discourse, where Fazlur Rahman, Mohammed Arkoun, Hassan Hanafi, Abdolkarim Soroush, and Amina Wadud are only some of the important actors of the discussion.

Ben Hutchinson

This position paper concerns the use of religious texts in Natural Language Processing (NLP), which is of special interest to the Ethics of NLP. Religious texts are expressions of culturally important values, and machine learned models have a propensity to reproduce cultural values encoded in their training data. Furthermore, translations of religious texts are frequently used by NLP researchers when language data is scarce. This repurposes the translations from their original uses and motivations, which often involve attracting new followers. This paper argues that NLP's use of such texts raises considerations that go beyond model biases, including data provenance, cultural contexts, and their use in proselytism. We argue for more consideration of researcher positionality, and of the perspectives of marginalized linguistic and religious communities.

Mykola Makhortykh

The growing application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of information retrieval (IR) affects different domains, including cultural heritage. By facilitating organisation and retrieval of large volumes of heritage-related content, AI-driven IR systems inform users about a broad range of historical phenomena, including genocides (e.g. the Holocaust). However, it is currently unclear to what degree IR systems are capable of dealing with multiple ethical challenges associated with the curation of genocide-related information. To address this question, this chapter provides an overview of ethical challenges associated with the human curation of genocide-related information using a three-part framework inspired by Belmont criteria (i.e. curation challenges associated with respect for individuals, beneficence and justice/fairness). Then, the chapter discusses to what degree the above-mentioned challenges are applicable to the ways in which AI-driven IR systems deal with genocide-related information and what can be the potential ways of bridging AI and memory ethics in this context.

Akram Sadat Sadat Hosseini, Mohammad Mehdi Rajabi, Hanie Tavasoli et al.

Background & Aims The ethical challenges of pediatric nurses in the work environment is inevitable. One of these challenges for nurses is related to euthanasia, which is affected by extensive legal, religious, and cultural issues. This study aims to determine the relationship between ethical reasoning and attitudes towards euthanasia in nurses working in children’s hospitals. Materials & Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 194 pediatric nurses working in two children’s hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected electronically and in person using three questionnaires, including a demographic form, the nursing dilemma test (NDT), and the euthanasia attitude survey (EAS). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 26. Results The mean score of ethical reasoning was 42.92±10.33, and the mean score of EAS was 2.65±0.12. The ethical reasoning score had no significant correlation with age, work experience, sex, marital status, education level, and history of participation in nursing ethics courses, except for the department, which was significantly related to ethical reasoning. The EAS score had no significant correlation with any of the demographic variables, except for the department. The Pearson correlation test results indicated a significant negative correlation between ethical reasoning and attitudes toward euthanasia (r=-0.60, P<0.001). Conclusion The ethical reasoning of pediatric nurses in the study hospitals is at a moderate level, and they have a negative attitude toward euthanasia. The nurses with higher ethical reasoning have a more negative attitude toward euthanasia. Nurses from special care units and emergency departments have lower ethical reasoning but a more positive attitude toward euthanasia. Participation in nursing ethics workshops has no significant relationship with ethical reasoning scores and attitudes toward euthanasia. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that comprehensive educational programs should be held to strengthen the ethical reasoning of pediatric nurses and enhance their perception of euthanasia.

Jamie Mahoney, Kahina Le Louvier, Shaun Lawson

The prevalence of social media platforms and their use across the globe makes them attractive options for studying large groups of people, particularly when some of these platforms provide access to large amounts of structured data. However, with the collection, storage, and use of this data comes ethical and legal responsibilities, which are particularly important when looking at social groups such as migrants, who are often stigmatised and criminalised. Various guidelines, frameworks and laws have been developed to ensure social media data is used in the most ethical way. However, they have quickly evolved within the past few years and are scattered across various fields and domains. To help researchers navigate these issues, this chapter provides an overview of the ethical considerations of studying migration via social media platforms. Building on relevant academic literature, as well as national and supranational frameworks and legislations, we review how the main ethical issues related to social media research have been discussed in the past twenty years and outline good practice examples to mitigate them. This overview is designed to provide researchers with theoretical and practical tools to consider and mitigate the ethical challenges related to social media research in migration-related contexts.

M. Salman Shaukat, J. -C. Põder, Sebastian Bader et al.

Artificial intelligence (AI) based assistive systems, so called intelligent assistive technology (IAT) are becoming increasingly ubiquitous by each day. IAT helps people in improving their quality of life by providing intelligent assistance based on the provided data. A few examples of such IATs include self-driving cars, robot assistants and smart-health management solutions. However, the presence of such autonomous entities poses ethical challenges concerning the stakeholders involved in using these systems. There is a lack of research when it comes to analysing how such IAT adheres to provided ethical regulations due to ethical, logistic and cost issues associated with such an analysis. In the light of the above-mentioned problem statement and issues, we present a method to measure the ethicality of an assistive system. To perform this task, we utilised our simulation tool that focuses on modelling navigation and assistance of Persons with Dementia (PwD) in indoor environments. By utilising this tool, we analyse how well different assistive strategies adhere to provided ethical regulations such as autonomy, justice and beneficence of the stakeholders.

Masashi Takeshita, Rzepka Rafal, Kenji Araki

Moral AI has been studied in the fields of philosophy and artificial intelligence. Although most existing studies are only theoretical, recent developments in AI have made it increasingly necessary to implement AI with morality. On the other hand, humans are under the moral uncertainty of not knowing what is morally right. In this paper, we implement the Maximizing Expected Choiceworthiness (MEC) algorithm, which aggregates outputs of models based on three normative theories of normative ethics to generate the most appropriate output. MEC is a method for making appropriate moral judgments under moral uncertainty. Our experimental results suggest that the output of MEC correlates to some extent with commonsense morality and that MEC can produce equally or more appropriate output than existing methods.