Hasil untuk "Political science (General)"

Guoqiang Liang, Jingqian Gong, Mengxuan Li et al.

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited exceptional capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, image recognition, and multimodal tasks, charting a course towards AGI and emerging as a central issue in the global technological race. This manuscript conducts a comprehensive review of the core technologies that support LLMs from a user standpoint, including prompt engineering, knowledge-enhanced retrieval augmented generation, fine tuning, pretraining, and tool learning. Additionally, it traces the historical development of Science of Science (SciSci) and presents a forward looking perspective on the potential applications of LLMs within the scientometric domain. Furthermore, it discusses the prospect of an AI agent based model for scientific evaluation, and presents new research fronts detection and knowledge graph building methods with LLMs.

Andrew Halterman, Katherine A. Keith

Codebooks -- documents that operationalize concepts and outline annotation procedures -- are used almost universally by social scientists when coding political texts. To code these texts automatically, researchers are increasing turning to generative large language models (LLMs). However, there is limited empirical evidence on whether "off-the-shelf" LLMs faithfully follow real-world codebook operationalizations and measure complex political constructs with sufficient accuracy. To address this, we gather and curate three real-world political science codebooks -- covering protest events, political violence and manifestos -- along with their unstructured texts and human labels. We also propose a five-stage framework for codebook-LLM measurement: preparing a codebook for both humans and LLMs, testing LLMs' basic capabilities on a codebook, evaluating zero-shot measurement accuracy (i.e. off-the-shelf performance), analyzing errors, and further (parameter-efficient) supervised training of LLMs. We provide an empirical demonstration of this framework using our three codebook datasets and several pretrained 7-12 billion open-weight LLMs. We find current open-weight LLMs have limitations in following codebooks zero-shot, but that supervised instruction tuning can substantially improve performance. Rather than suggesting the "best" LLM, our contribution lies in our codebook datasets, evaluation framework, and guidance for applied researchers who wish to implement their own codebook-LLM measurement projects.

A. Moullet, T. Kataria, D. Lis et al.

PRIMA (The PRobe for-Infrared Mission for Astrophysics) is a concept for a far-infrared (IR) observatory. PRIMA features a cryogenically cooled 1.8 m diameter telescope and is designed to carry two science instruments enabling ultra-high sensitivity imaging and spectroscopic studies in the 24 to 235 microns wavelength range. The resulting observatory is a powerful survey and discovery machine, with mapping speeds better by 2 - 4 orders of magnitude with respect to its far-IR predecessors. The bulk of the observing time on PRIMA should be made available to the community through a General Observer (GO) program offering 75% of the mission time over 5 years. In March 2023, the international astronomy community was encouraged to prepare authored contributions articulating scientific cases that are enabled by the telescope massive sensitivity advance and broad spectral coverage, and that could be performed within the context of GO program. This document, the PRIMA General Observer Science Book, is the edited collection of the 76 received contributions.

Balaram Panda

Data Science is a modern Data Intelligence practice, which is the core of many businesses and helps businesses build smart strategies around to deal with businesses challenges more efficiently. Data Science practice also helps in automating business processes using the algorithm, and it has several other benefits, which also deliver in a non-profitable framework. In regards to data science, three key components primarily influence the effective outcome of a data science project. Those are 1.Availability of Data 2.Algorithm 3.Processing power or infrastructure

M. Schweizer, N. Straumann, A. Wipf

We adapt the post-Newtonian gravitational-radiation methods developed within general relativity by Epstein and Wagoner to the gravitation theory with torsion, recently proposed by Hehl et al., and show that the two theories predict in this approximation the same gravitational radiation losses. Since they agree also on the first post-Newtonian level, they are at the present time - observationally - indistinguishable.

Mónica Melero Lázaro

Reseña con breve descripción de los contenidos que se desarrollan en la obra ‘La transparencia de los partidos políticos (2016-2019). Entre la estrategia de comunicación y su apertura efectiva’, escrita por la Doctora María Díez Garrido y publicada por la colección de monografías del Congreso de los Diputados en 2021. Se trata de un monográfico que analiza el estado actual de la transparencia en los partidos políticos españoles desde el punto de vista de la comunicación y la política durante las elecciones celebradas entre 2016 y 2019. La obra aporta una visión general y completa de la transparencia en la política, además de presentar las pautas necesarias para elaborar una Guía de buenas prácticas para partidos políticos abiertos.  

Ankita Gupta, Su Lin Blodgett, Justin H Gross et al.

Participants in political discourse employ rhetorical strategies -- such as hedging, attributions, or denials -- to display varying degrees of belief commitments to claims proposed by themselves or others. Traditionally, political scientists have studied these epistemic phenomena through labor-intensive manual content analysis. We propose to help automate such work through epistemic stance prediction, drawn from research in computational semantics, to distinguish at the clausal level what is asserted, denied, or only ambivalently suggested by the author or other mentioned entities (belief holders). We first develop a simple RoBERTa-based model for multi-source stance predictions that outperforms more complex state-of-the-art modeling. Then we demonstrate its novel application to political science by conducting a large-scale analysis of the Mass Market Manifestos corpus of U.S. political opinion books, where we characterize trends in cited belief holders -- respected allies and opposed bogeymen -- across U.S. political ideologies.

Insan Firdaus

Berdasarkan sistem merit penempatan lulusan Politeknik Ilmu Pemasyarakatan (Poltekip) dan Politeknik Imigrasi (Poltekim) harus pada jabatan dan pekerjaan yang tepat sesuai dengan kompetensi dan kebutuhan organisasi. Penempatan yang tepat dapat berpengaruh terhadap efektivitas pelaksanaan tugas dan fungsi Kementerian Hukum dan HAM di bidang Pemasyarakatan dan Imigrasi. Tujuan penelitian ini ingin mengetahui apakah penempatan lulusan Poltekip dan Poltekim telah sesuai dengan sistem merit? Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan bersifat deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa penempatan lulusan Poltekip dan Poltekim telah sesuai dengan sistem merit. Penempatan ditentukan berdasarkan program studi dan menduduki jabatan fungsional di bidang pemasyarakatan dan imigrasi yang kualifikasi dan uraian tugasnya sesuai dengan kompetensi yang dimiliki. Meskipun demikian, penempatan tersebut belum spesifik ditentukan bagian atau bidang apa lulusan Poltekip dan Poltekim ditempatkan, sehingga berpotensi ditempatkan pada bidang yang tidak sesuai kompetensi. Selain itu, lulusan Poltekip belum dapat ditempatkan di semua unit pelaksana teknis pemasyarakatan yang disebabkan jabatan fungsional dibidang pemasyarakatan yang ada saat ini belum mencakup seluruh tugas dan fungsi pemasyarakatan. Saran dalam kajian ini yaitu agar disebutkan secara jelas bagian/bidang dimana lulusan tersebut ditempatkan dan perlu dibentuk jabatan fungsional baru di bidang  pemasyarakatan.

Luciana Chávez-Santana, Carla Ruiz-Mafé, Rafael Curras-Pérez

En los últimos años, los destinos turísticos están agregando las redes sociales a sus prácticas tradicionales de marketing. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los antecedentes de los usos y gratificaciones derivados de la participación en Facebook y sus efectos actitudinales y comportamentales en el consumidor turístico. El modelo de esta investigación presenta dos tipos de antecedentes de los usos y gratificaciones: Vinculados a la personalidad (altruismo y sociabilidad) y afines a la interacción individuo-tecnología (identidad social y presencia social). Entre las consecuencias de los usos y gratificaciones se analiza la interacción con la red social (stickiness y like), la actitud hacia un destino turístico y la intención de visitarlo. La recogida de información se hizo mediante un cuestionario online, con muestreo de conveniencia, con una muestra de 190 participantes ecuatorianos residentes en Europa. Los resultados muestran que las dimensiones de los usos y gratificaciones de la participación de Facebook que tienen mayor relación con sus antecedentes (altruismo, sociabilidad, identidad social y presencia social), son la búsqueda de compañía y la creación de relaciones. Se concluye, que los usos y gratificaciones de Facebook influyen de forma positiva en la actitud hacia el destino e intención de visitarlo.

Giovanni Boccia Artieri, Francesca Greco, Gevisa La Rocca

<span class="abs_content">The article focuses on Italians' reactions to the pandemic on Twitter. During the first phase of the 2020 lockdown (from the beginning of March 2020 - to the beginning of May 2020), a real-time dataset was built, linking data scratching to three events related to the introduction of the Prime Minister's decrees and his press conferences. The chosen observation point is Twitter, platform that allows us to monitor the emergence of discussions on public issues, extremely synchronized with events and news – which is, moreover, a feature of use of this platform. The coronavirus hashtag was chosen as a mechanism to track the development of Italian reactions, following the evolution of its sense and sensemaking and considering it as a polysemic collector. The aim is to identify within the tweets the actors, the topics, and the tone of the debate in an open public space. Furthermore, the analysis is carried out in search of the Italians' perception of the lockdown and whether they are in favor of it because of the defense of public health or they see it as a restriction of their individual freedom. The analysis, which used the socio-constructivist approach of Emotional Text Mining, reveals two explanatory-dimensions in the governance of the crisis: lockdown and breakdown and allows us to understand the reasons for Twitter's instinct-reactions.</span><br />

Hendrik Heuer, Hendrik Hoch, Andreas Breiter et al.

With YouTube's growing importance as a news platform, its recommendation system came under increased scrutiny. Recognizing YouTube's recommendation system as a broadcaster of media, we explore the applicability of laws that require broadcasters to give important political, ideological, and social groups adequate opportunity to express themselves in the broadcasted program of the service. We present audits as an important tool to enforce such laws and to ensure that a system operates in the public's interest. To examine whether YouTube is enacting certain biases, we collected video recommendations about political topics by following chains of ten recommendations per video. Our findings suggest that YouTube's recommendation system is enacting important biases. We find that YouTube is recommending increasingly popular but topically unrelated videos. The sadness evoked by the recommended videos decreases while the happiness increases. We discuss the strong popularity bias we identified and analyze the link between the popularity of content and emotions. We also discuss how audits empower researchers and civic hackers to monitor complex machine learning (ML)-based systems like YouTube's recommendation system.

Drew Stommes, P. M. Aronow, Fredrik Sävje

The regression discontinuity (RD) design offers identification of causal effects under weak assumptions, earning it a position as a standard method in modern political science research. But identification does not necessarily imply that causal effects can be estimated accurately with limited data. In this paper, we highlight that estimation under the RD design involves serious statistical challenges and investigate how these challenges manifest themselves in the empirical literature in political science. We collect all RD-based findings published in top political science journals in the period 2009-2018. The distribution of published results exhibits pathological features; estimates tend to bunch just above the conventional level of statistical significance. A reanalysis of all studies with available data suggests that researcher discretion is not a major driver of these features. However, researchers tend to use inappropriate methods for inference, rendering standard errors artificially small. A retrospective power analysis reveals that most of these studies were underpowered to detect all but large effects. The issues we uncover, combined with well-documented selection pressures in academic publishing, cause concern that many published findings using the RD design may be exaggerated.

Rosdiana Sijabat

This study explores the impact of perceived usefulness, perceived ease-of-use, and perceived risks of using electronic tax filing (e-Filing) on the intention to use e-Filing through a technology acceptance model framework. The theoretical foundation used in this study is the technology acceptance model (TAM) on 201 valid questionnaires completed by Indonesian taxpayers. The data collected was analyzed by structural equation modelling using SmartPLS (3.0 Version). The results of the study revealed that e-Filing’s perceived usefulness and risk were significantly associated with intention to use, while perceived ease-of-use did not have a significant effect. Although the influence of perceived risks significantly mediated the influence of perceived usefulness, it did not significantly mediate the influence of ease-of-use. Gender was found to significantly moderate the influence of e-Filing’s perceived usefulness, but not to moderate the influence of perceived ease-of-use. Importance-Performance Matrix Analysis (IPMA) finds that the intention to use e-Filing is most strongly influenced by its perceived usefulness and perceived risk. This implies that policymakers must highlight the perceived usefulness and communicate the perceived risks of e-Filing to ensure taxpayers are willing to use the system. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first to examine both mediation and moderation to analyze the adoption of technology in Indonesia’s taxation system and offer a policy perspective through IPMA.

Antonio Capobiano, Marcos Fabricio Povoa, Paulo Burnier da Silveira

A crise sanitária e econômica provocada pela pandemia do Coronavírus acende uma série de questões jurídicas, que incluem as relações trabalhistas, a proteção dos consumidores, a livre-concorrência, o acesso a dados pessoais para fins de monitoramento social, entre tantos outros. Esse artigo tem por objetivo lançar luz sobre os desafios e as perspectivas no campo da defesa da concorrência. Inicialmente, aborda-se o papel do Estado na economia. Em seguida, examina-se os aspectos concorrenciais, como a prática de price gouging, as colaborações entre concorrentes, a aquisição de concorrentes em dificuldades financeiras, bem como a importância de promover a concorrência em contratações públicas emergenciais. Por fim, encerra-se com considerações no plano consumerista e reflexões em vista de perspectivas futuras sobre o tema.

Mike Thelwall

Researchers may be tempted to attract attention through poetic titles for their publications, but would this be mistaken in some fields? Whilst poetic titles are known to be common in medicine, it is not clear whether the practice is widespread elsewhere. This article investigates the prevalence of poetic expressions in journal article titles 1996-2019 in 3.3 million articles from all 27 Scopus broad fields. Expressions were identified by manually checking all phrases with at least 5 words that occurred at least 25 times, finding 149 stock phrases, idioms, sayings, literary allusions, film names and song titles or lyrics. The expressions found are most common in the social sciences and the humanities. They are also relatively common in medicine, but almost absent from engineering and the natural and formal sciences. The differences may reflect the less hierarchical and more varied nature of the social sciences and humanities, where interesting titles may attract an audience. In engineering, natural science and formal science fields, authors should take extra care with poetic expressions, in case their choice is judged inappropriate. This includes interdisciplinary research overlapping these areas. Conversely, reviewers of interdisciplinary research involving the social sciences should be more tolerant of poetic license.

Gretchen R. Stahlman, P. Bryan Heidorn

"Long tail" data are considered to be smaller, heterogeneous, researcher-held data, which present unique data management and scholarly communication challenges. These data are presumably concentrated within relatively lower-funded projects due to insufficient resources for curation. To better understand the nature and distribution of long tail data, we examine National Science Foundation (NSF) funding patterns using Latent Dirichlet Analysis (LDA) and bibliographic data. We also introduce the concept of "Topic Investment" to capture differences in topics across funding levels and to illuminate the distribution of funding across topics. This study uses the discipline of astronomy as a case study, overall exploring possible associations between topic, funding level and research output, with implications for research policy and practice. We find that while different topics demonstrate different funding levels and publication patterns, dynamics predicted by the "long tail" theoretical framework presented here can be observed within NSF-funded topics in astronomy.

Андрій Конет

Автор аналізує нові моделі електоральної поведінки, які розробляють здебільшого західні вчені, зокрема: концепцію багатофакторної оцінки виборів, концепцію впливу виборців із змінними преференціями, концепцію електоральної поведінки на індивідуальному рівні, в якій є три типи виборчих голосів: «голос думки», «голос приналежності» та «голос змін» тощо. Наведені концепти – наукова рефлексія нових процесів, які відбуваються у соціальній і політичній конструкції держав з консолідованою демократією, у постіндустріальному, інформаційному суспільстві. Інша ситуація у транзитивних політичних режимах, для яких більш адекватні наступні моделі: технологічна модель голосування виборців, модель голосування за політичний образ, модель раціонального голосування, модель національно-культурної ідентифікації тощо. Проаналізовані різні моделі і концепції дають підстави для висновку, що розмежування різних груп електорату за мотивами голосування є плідним підходом для стабільних соціумів, які позбавлені вибухових процесів, карколомних змін і переживають поступові еволюційні реформи, що відображаються у результатах голосування громадян. Натомість у перехідних політичних режимах електоральний вибір найбільш адекватно вказує на модель голосування за позитивний образ кандидата чи політичної партії.

Mohammad Reza Ahanchian, Parvane Yazdani, Samane Sadeghian

Abstract In recent years, organizations have shown a growing interest in creating and promoting ethical leadership and leader’s effectiveness (Elci et al, 2012: 291). The reason for the recent time increasing importance of ethical leadership was the valuable results it produced for the followers, of which enhanced job satisfaction and organizational commitment, more willingness for reporting problems to superiors, increased health and wellbeing, and higher levels of performance are the examples (Chughtai, 2015: 93; Kim and Brymer, 2011: 1021).Ethical leadership as a modern approach in arena gives priority to ethics in the organization and proposes to impact improving individual and organizational effectiveness. Over the past several years, there has been a growing tendency in organizations to development and promotion of ethical leadership and leader’s effectiveness. The unique importance of ethical leadership is for the impact the leaders may have on the conduct of organization and ultimately on its performance. Ethical leadership is believed to direct and guide organizational members towards goals and objectives which benefit the organization, its members, other stakeholders, and society (Elci et al, 2012, p. 291) Ethical leadership and its behavioral dimensions are linked to various attitudes and behaviors of followers, including organizational commitment, content with leader, trust in management, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior (Kalshoven and Den-Hartog, 2009: 104). Corporate directors and managers should learn to recognize the value and significance of ethical leadership in a firm, an area that has been receiving increasing attention in the corporate world. They should integrate ethical leadership into the core values and visions of the firm, as well as the basic norms of the business. As well as opening endorsing and communicating throughout the whole firm the value and meaning of ethical leadership, directors and the top management themselves should be actively engaging in learning the meaning and practices of good ethical leadership, as well as good ethical management in general (Ip., 2011: 693). Achieving a state of inner wellbeing is among the ultimate purposes of human life, which is also sought in career and professional life (Lee et al, 2016: 1). In fact, enjoying high levels of wellbeing is one of the major indicators of people’s social progress (Valickas and Pilkauskaite-Valickiene, 2014: 2740). Wellbeing is a mixture of motivation and agreeable feeling and indicates an emotional state, suggesting that a low level of wellbeing negatively affects organization (Kalshoven and Boon, 2012: 60); since workers experiencing poor health and wellbeing in the workplace may be less productive, make lower quality decisions, be more prone to be absent from work, and make consistently diminishing overall contributions to the organization (Danna and Griffin, 1999: 35). In organizations, research on job satisfaction represents the hedonic approach to understanding psychological wellbeing: job satisfaction is defined in terms of employees’ subjective judgments about their work situations (Grant et al, 2007: 53). Job-specific wellbeing signifies people’s feeling about themselves in relation to their work (Honkaniemi et al, 2015: 395). In some studies, salient components of job wellbeing, such as job involvement and job satisfaction, are considered as the key factors in shaping the subjective wellbeing that includes life satisfaction (Lee et al, 2016: 2). This study, consistent with the mainline research on subjective wellbeing, assuming a connection between ethical leadership style and employee’s subjective wellbeing, seeks to find out whether in the understudy organization ethical leadership does impact the employee’s wellbeing and job satisfaction, while the mediating role of job satisfaction is taken into account. The current survey is aimed at investigating the relationships between ethical leadership and life satisfaction and well-being by considering the mediating role of job satisfaction amongst the nurses of private hospitals in Mashhad city. This is an applied research conducted based on a descriptive-correlational survey design in which data analysis was performed by covariance matrix using structural equation modeling (DEM) technique. Case study  The statistical population was comprised of 730 nurses of Mashhad private hospitals (i.e. Bent-ol-Hoda, Mehr, Sina and Razavi hospitals)where 166 ones were selected randomly. Materials and Methods  Hence, given the limited number of the population, the sample size was determined using Cochran formula for finite population. In this sampling procedure, first, a preliminary sample of 30 questionnaires of representatives were pretested and then, by replacing its error level for 5% in Cochran formula, the sample size was accurately estimated at 95 percent confidence interval and significance level of 5 percent, giving a sample size of 157 persons. But, anticipating that a certain number of the questionnaires may not return, 200 questionnaires were actually distributed among the nurses. Of these questionnaires, 166 soundly completed questionnaires were eventually used in the analysis process. The standard measures in Yang (2013) were used to measure the variables. In order to apply the measures to the Iranian society, they were adapted using translation – back – translation method. The face and content validity of the final questionnaire was verified using experts’ views. Job satisfaction, ethical leadership, and subjective wellbeing were measured with 4, 9, and 4 questions, respectively. In addition, using the content-face validity method, construct validity of the questionnaire’s items was examined and confirmed by a number of management professors and some of the nurses working in private hospitals of Mashhad. In examining the construct validity, it was made use of confirmatory factor analysis. The questionnaire’s reliability (internal consistency) was tested using Cronbach’s alpha. The calculated alpha for the questionnaire was 0.81 which confirms its adequate reliability. In table 1, calculated Cronbach’s alphas are presented per variable, and in table 2, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis are presented. It should be noted that all questionnaire’s items were designed on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Data analysis, such as Pearson correlation for calculation of zero order correlation coefficients, SEM technique, goodness of fit test for structural equations with the collected data, and test of job satisfaction mediating effect were all performed in AMOS v.20 and SPSS v.19 environments. Discussion and Results Hypothesis 1 – The direct superior’s ethical leadership has a significant effect on subjective wellbeing of the nurses. Hypothesis 2 – The direct superior’s ethical leadership has significant effect on job satisfaction of the nurses. Hypothesis 3 – The direct job satisfaction of the nurses has significant effect on subjective wellbeing of the nurses Hypothesis 4 – Job satisfaction significantly mediates the effect of ethical leadership on subjective wellbeing among the nurses. Hypothesis 5 – The direct superior’s ethical leadership has significant effect on life  satisfaction of the nurses. Hypothesis 6 – Job satisfaction significantly mediates the effect of ethical leadership on life  satisfaction of the nurses Hypothesis 7 – Job satisfaction significantly mediates the effect of ethical leadership on life  satisfaction of the nurses. conclusion Results indicated that the relationships between ethical leadership and life satisfaction and well-being are significant. Furthermore, job satisfaction mediates the effect of ethical leadership on job satisfaction and well-being. According to obtain the results, ethical leadership directly and indirectly (through job satisfaction) affected the nurses' life satisfaction and well-being. Thus, relying on ethics and ethical leadership in hospitals increases the mental well-being and life satisfaction of nurses as well as improving the environment and organizational context.

Andrey Anatolevich Zaikin

The article describes the process of formation of representative democracy as a specific framework within which generated conditions for certain forms of political struggle. The political struggle is an essential attribute of parlamentarism. It is not an end in itself, but derives from the characteristics of the structure and the mechanisms of representative democracy.

K. L. Kudryashova

Member States of the United Nations in the autumn of 2015 approved the Agenda for Sustainable Development for the period until 2030. The Agenda also establishes goals for the contribution and methods of fishing and aquaculture production to achieve food security and adequate nutrition in the use of natural resources. Meeting the ever-increasing demand for fish products in accordance with the UN Agenda for the period until 2030 will be a development priority. The main world tendencies in the development of the fishing industry complex are studied and some strategic priorities for the development of the aquaculture industry in Russia.