This paper examines the impact of import competition on skill premium and the moderating effect of labor market flexibility on it, using panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2019. A dynamic panel threshold model with instrumental variables is employed to address the endogeneity problem and to identify the nonlinear moderating effect of labor market flexibility. The results show the following: (1) Import competition has a promoting effect on skill premium, and this effect declines from eastern to western regions in China. (2) The import competition increases the skill premium through the channels of enhancing regional innovation capacity and promoting industrial upgrading and rationalization. (3) There exists a significant threshold effect in the moderating effect of labor market flexibility. When labor market flexibility surpasses the threshold value of 1.330, the enhancing effect of import competition on the skill premium is alleviated, facilitating labor reallocation and wage adjustment. The integration of labor market flexibility into the globalization–inequality debate extends the existing literature for providing a new understanding of the mechanisms behind the skill premium. The policy implications are that targeted labor market reforms are essential for mitigating wage differentials between skilled and unskilled workers arising from intensified import competition.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Political consumerism refers to political activism – often at the individual level – that targets private actors rather than governmental ones. The most studied forms include boycotting and buycotting. Over the past several years, scholars of political consumerism have focused on determining (1) why individuals decide to engage in political consumerism and (2) the potential of political consumerism for effecting democratic change. Articles in the first category focus on psychological factors and social identification factors among others. Work criticizing political consumerism points to the limitations of individualized versus communal, structural efforts.
Omran Gheisar, Sima Eskandari Sabzi, ali salmanpour
et al.
The trend of population growth in the last three decades will cause extensive changes in the age structure of Iran's population. So that it can be one of the most important challenges of the country in the coming decades. This development will have different effects and consequences in the process of social, economic and political development. In this research, with the aim of dynamic analysis of the economic effects of the structural changes of the age groups (the age group of the workforce) of Iran's population in the coming decades until 1455, and then the role of women's labor force in the process of gross domestic product is studied and review puts. Therefore, this research aims to understand more about the structural changes of the population in four age groups (under 15 years, between 15 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years and over 65 years) in the past decades, the present and its future forecast; Using the global model "World3" modeling of dynamic systems to simulate the country's population trend from 1355 to 1455, with "Vensim" software, it has predicted the structural changes of the population. Forecasts show that based on the probable fertility rate of 1.6 (announcement of the researches of the Statistics Center), the growth trend of the entire country's population will be increasing until 1425, and the trend will decrease from this year onwards. Also, until 1455, the growth trend of the population in the age group below 15 years will be decreasing, and the growth trend in the age group of the workforce (between 15-44 years, 45-64 years) will increase until 1415, and from this year onwards, the trend will decrease. According to the forecast, the growth trend in the age group above 65 years will increase. The findings show that the demographic trend of working age will happen about 10 years earlier than the decreasing trend of the total population. Therefore, to compensate for the deficit of economically active labor and improve the production process and increase per capita; Considering the existing capacity in the country, increasing the employment of women will be one of the most effective solutions in this crisis. In the following, a dynamic economic model is presented using Solow's growth model. To show how the effects of changes in the labor force pattern will be on the growth process of gross domestic production. Then the operational scenarios related to increasing the employment of women in the growth of production and the growth and development of the country; Provided. Also, practical and operational suggestions have been presented regarding how to reduce the side effects of population structural changes and its negative effects on the growth of domestic production (GDP) by establishing women's employment in the country's economic cycle.
This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of digital marketing strategies in the public sector of tourism and their role in enhancing promotion and engagement within the tourism industry. The background of the study highlights the increasing importance of digital platforms in marketing and the need for the public sector to adopt effective strategies to promote tourism. The objective of this research is to analyze the methods employed by public sector organizations in implementing digital marketing strategies and to assess their impact on promotion and engagement in the tourism industry. To achieve this objective, a mixed-methods approach was utilized, combining quantitative analysis of digital marketing campaigns and qualitative interviews with key stakeholders in the public sector of tourism. The quantitative analysis involved evaluating the reach and engagement metrics of various digital marketing initiatives, including social media campaigns, email marketing, and website optimization. The qualitative interviews provided insights into the decision-making processes, challenges, and success factors associated with implementing digital marketing strategies. The findings of this research reveal that effective digital marketing strategies play a crucial role in promoting tourism and enhancing engagement in the public sector. The analysis of digital marketing campaigns demonstrates the significant impact of social media platforms, targeted email marketing, and website optimization in reaching and engaging with the target audience. Additionally, the interviews highlight the importance of collaboration between public sector organizations, private sector stakeholders, and local communities in designing and implementing effective digital marketing strategies.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
The Monroe Doctrine occupies a unique place in the US history. It became one of the key foreign policy documents of its time and provided the basis for a wide variety of interpretations of the United States’ role and goals in the international arena at turning points of world history. One of these moments was the turn of the 1910s−1920s, when a new Versailles-Washington order of international relations was emerging. In the US public discourse, this period was marked by intense debates between supporters of the Democratic President V. Wilson and his isolationist opponents. Both Republicans and Democrats constantly referred to the Monroe Doctrine, on the one hand, to justify their own views on US foreign policy in the new conditions, and, on the other hand, to refute the arguments of their political opponents. The controversy surrounding the Monroe Doctrine has been reflected in publications in periodicals and analytical journals, as well as in cartoons. Studying these materials, it is possible to trace the evolution of the approaches of American politicians, experts, editors, and journalists to the Monroe Doctrine. The arguments of the Republicans against the ‘internationalist’ interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine that emerged in the face of the changing global context after the First World War are of particular interest. The study shows that at the initial stage of discussions (1920), the Monroe Doctrine was used by the Republicans primarily to criticize W. Wilson’s concept of international relations in general and his position on the League of Nations in particular. At the next stage (1921−1923), the debate focused around the need to revise the Monroe Doctrine itself, that aroused due to new trends in the development of international relations in the Far East and, in particular, because of the increasing competition between the United States and Japan. The author identifies several main approaches to the interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine formulated during the public debate in 1921−1923. It is shown that, despite significant divergences of view, both isolationists and internationalists eventually came to broader interpretations of the Monroe Doctrine, recognizing the need to extend its principles to the entire Asia-Pacific region.
This article analyses compliance of the post-Soviet Baltic States with
the EU liberal-democratic standards, at both institutional and value levels. The authors
prove that fulfilment of the Copenhagen criteria for EU accession did not determine an
enhancement of the quality of democracy in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This study
highlights that, in recent years, the Baltic States have entered a phase of stagnation of
liberal-democratic transformations and that they need a more active position of the
state on institutional reforms and resocialization of citizens to strengthen adherence to
the political and legal values that the EU is based on. The article emphasises how the
global financial crisis of 2008, the European migration crisis (2015) and the current
coronavirus pandemic have all had an impact on the quality of democracy in the Baltic
States. The authors focus on the incomplete process of value reforming among the Baltic
population against the EU liberal-democratic standards. The article highlights that the
post-totalitarian rotation of values in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is slow and faces
rejection of European liberal-democratic values to a greater or lesser extent. It underlines
the preservation of the totalitarian (Soviet) vestiges of political culture, which contradict
the EU paradigm of values and prevent the Baltic States from improving the quality of
democracy. It is noted that, in terms of the radicalization level in defending national
interests, the Baltic countries take the intermediate position between the Nordic and the
V4 countries, particularly Hungary and Poland that develop illiberal democracy patterns.
Issues of LGBT boomed in Malawi in 2009 after an arrest of homosexual couple who held a wedding party. The criminalization was based on the Malawi’s Penal Code. In 2010, Malawian government also added an article on the Penal Code to criminalize lesbians. However, after the succession of Malawi President in 2012, the successor president, Joyce Banda suspended the policy criminalizing LGBT to await a review of the Parliament. Amid the suspension, under a different President, on April 2015 Malawi passed an LGBT Act of criminalization through Marriage, Divorce and Family Relations Act. The authors note that there had been an inconsistency of the Malawi government in applying policy criminalizing LGBT. The government implemented the policy of criminalization towards LGBT based on Malawi Penal Code, suspended it in 2012, and then 2015 re-issued policy criminalizing LGBT through certain act. This article explores the roles of conflicting interest groups between religious leaders (RLs) and domestic NGOs followed by politics “stick and carrot” on foreign aid of donor states in Malawi. These variables are subjects to analysis that affect the inconsistency of Malawi government to implement policy criminalizing LGBT.
Keywords: Criminalizing LGBT, Penal Code, Inconsistency, Conflicting Interest Groups, Stick and Carrot
Abstrak
Isu LGBT mulai menggelegar di Malawi pada tahun 2009 pasca penangkapan pasangan homoseks yang tertangkap mengadakan pernikahan. Kriminalisasi didasarkan pada pasal-pasal di KUHP Malawi. Tahun 2010, pemerintah Malawi juga menambah pasal di KUHP untuk menkriminalisasi lesbian. Namun pasca bergantinya Presiden tahun 2012, Presiden pengganti, Joyce Banda menangguhkan kebijakan kriminalisasi pelaku LGBT untuk menunggu review dari Parlemen. Ditengah pengangguhan, tahun 2015, di bawah Presiden yang berbeda, Malawi mengeluarkan UU kriminalisasi pelaku LGBT melalui Marriage, Divorce and Family Relations Act. Penulis melihat bahwa terjadi inkonsistensi pemerintah Malawi dalam menerapkan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT. Pemerintah Malawi menerapkan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT berdasarkan KUHP Malawi, tahun 2012 menangguhkannya, dan kemudian 2015 kembali mengeluarkan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT melalui UU. Artikel ini hendak memaparkan peran kelompok kepentingan yang saling bertentangan (conflicting interest groups) antara religious leaders (RLs) dan NGOs domestik beserta politik “stick and carrot” dalam bantuan luar negeri negara-negara pedonor di Malawi. Variabel-variabel tersebut menjadi pokok analisis yang mempengaruhi inkonsistensi penerapan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT di Malawi.
Kata Kunci : Kriminalisasi LGBT, KUHP Malawi, Inkonsistensi, Conflicting Interest Groups, Stick and Carrot
El fracaso de la lucha contra las drogas ilícitas en Colombia en las últimas décadas, el aumento en los índices de consumo y la relativa tendencia de algunos países a legalizar ciertas sustancias, hacen relevante retomar el análisis de las políticas públicas encaminadas a enfrentar ese fenómeno, desde enfoques no tradicionales. En ese sentido, este artículo aborda esa problemática desde el enfoque del Marco de Coaliciones Promotoras y busca determinar los sistemas de creencias que han incidido en el diseño y desarrollo de la política de drogas en Colombia, desde el 2000, momento en que se inició el Plan Colombia, hasta que se completó su tercera fase en 2015. El estudio hace uso de la revisión documental como principal método de análisis, enfocándose en los discursos de las élites de la política pública de drogas en el país.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Simultaneously feared and desired, night is a polemic field in Johannesburg in general and in Maboneng in particular. In this space which is undergoing a process of gentrification in the lower-class neighbourhood of Jeppestown, the nocturnal practices of the lower classes are indeed invisibilized, devalorized and criminalized by the dominant classes who are reinvesting nocturnal spaces. This symbolic and material reinvestment of space and time has also an economic dimension: the night-time economy is thought as a way to revitalize and securize nocturnal urban spaces. However, the extension of the night-time economy encounters contestations. Through discourses and material transformations of nocturnal urban spaces, political and economic issues turn the night into a political object, into an urban frontier.
Un año después de la entrada en vigor de la Ley de Racionalización y Sostenibilidad de la Administración local podemos valorar su necesidad, oportunidades y riesgos creados. La aprobación de la norma en un momento de crisis económica explica algunas de sus soluciones, que sin embargo no pueden considerarse radicales. La efectividad de algunas de sus previsiones se enfrenta ahora a las medidas adoptadas por los poderes autonómicos, en una actitud defensiva de sus propias competencias y de los servicios municipales afectados.
Political science, Political institutions and public administration (General)
This study examines the different models for local participation in the regional regulatory procedures established for the current process of regional charter reforms. Working from the traditional view that our legal system does not sufficiently protect the constitutionally recognized right to local autonomy, the new regional charters have introduced a series of precautions and mechanisms aimed at strengthening, overall, the system of local government and administration, including the creation of specific local representative bodies with primarily consultative roles to play in the regional regulatoryprocedure. Nonetheless, the markedly heterogeneous configuration of these new local bodies for participation in the various charter texts, as well as the need to clarify some of the more relevant aspects of their exact legalstatus, justify the objective of this study, whose main focus is on determining the duties and composition of these bodies, and identifying the legal repercussions of their activities.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Social Sciences