Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

Johan van Benthem

This paper is a historical tour of occurrences of the Craig interpolation theorem and the Beth definability theorem in philosophy since the 1950s. We identify the notion of dependence as one major red thread behind these, and include some new technical results, in particular, on logical system translations and generalized definability

Sebastian De Haro

This is a review of James Read's insightful book, Background Independence in Classical and Quantum Gravity. The book introduces various notions of background-independence which it then makes precise, and uses to make verdicts about background-independence on a wide range of examples of spacetime theories in both classical and quantum gravity. This short book is, in several ways, a worthy example of how technical philosophy of physics ought to be done. I first discuss the content, then raise a number points where I disagree with the book.

Juan R. Loaiza, Miguel González-Duque

Data-driven approaches to philosophy have emerged as a valuable tool for studying the history of the discipline. However, most studies in this area have focused on a limited number of journals from specific regions and subfields. We expand the scope of this research by applying dynamic topic modelling techniques to explore the history of philosophy in Colombia and Latin America. Our study examines the Colombian philosophy journal Ideas y Valores, founded in 1951 and currently one of the most influential academic philosophy journals in the region. By analyzing the evolution of topics across the journal's history, we identify various trends and specific dynamics in philosophical discourse within the Colombian and Latin American context. Our findings reveal that the most prominent topics are value theory (including ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics), epistemology, and the philosophy of science. We also trace the evolution of articles focusing on the historical and interpretive aspects of philosophical texts, and we note a notable emphasis on German philosophers such as Kant, Husserl, and Hegel on various topics throughout the journal's lifetime. Additionally, we investigate whether articles with a historical focus have decreased over time due to editorial pressures. Our analysis suggests no significant decline in such articles. Finally, we propose ideas for extending this research to other Latin American journals and suggest improvements for natural language processing workflows in non-English languages.

Rusakova, O.F., Rusakov, V.M., Moiseenko, Y.Yu.

The article aims to reveal the main features of the Bolshevik project to build the Kingdom of Reason in the USSR, associated with the radical reformatting of the relationship between the rational and irrational in the establishment of the socialist society. Theoretical sources include the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, linking the construction of a new communist society to the demystification of social relations and the elimination of alienation and reification; the writings of Vladimir Lenin and other prominent figures of the Soviet state, devoted to the organization of planned economy and the widespread implementation of rational management methods; and the works of the outstanding educator Anton Makarenko, aimed at developing and implementing the idea of educating a new Soviet person. The article posits Bolshevism (Leninism) as the Russian version of socialist transformation, inheriting its fundamental ideas from the French Enlightenment, including the concept of the Kingdom of Reason, manifested in the system of rationally organized planning, accounting, and control. However, in practice, the development of this system, taken to its extreme forms, gave rise to a number of utopian projects that became embodiments of irrational thinking. Thus, the original idea to build the Kingdom of Reason underwent a transformation into its opposite. Nevertheless, the authors of the article believe that the Soviet model of a rationally organized social structure can be considered, if not fully realized, then overall a fairly successful project of building the Kingdom of Reason in a socialist state and methodologically correct sociopedagogical system for shaping a new person.

Silvina Pezzeta

En este trabajo revisaré uno de los argumentos habituales para refutar que los animales pueden ser considerados sujetos de derecho. El argumento en cuestión sostiene que los animales no pueden ser sujetos de derecho porque son incapaces de contraer obligaciones. La forma canónica de responder a este cuestionamiento es apelar a los argumentos de la “superposición de especies” –hay humanos sin dicha capacidad que igual son sujetos de derecho– y al de la “relevancia moral” –una característica que no tiene relación con la necesidad de tener la protección que otorgan los derechos–. A nivel jurídico, ambos argumentos se traducen en que esta incapacidad de hecho no es obstáculo para ser sujeto de derecho –en el caso humano–. Aunque todo esto es obvio, el argumento de las obligaciones persiste en fallos y doctrina. En este trabajo tomaré en serio el argumento de las obligaciones y propondré que la forma de refutarlo es revisar la teoría política que lo apoya. Dicha teoría será evaluada a la luz de la propuesta de Donaldson y Kymlicka sobre la ciudadanía para los demás animales. En su propuesta teórica, los autores sostienen que los animales sí pueden cumplir con algunas obligaciones y de hecho ya lo hacen en las sociedades interespecies actuales.

Benyamin Ghojogh, Morteza Babaie

We propose the concepts of philomatics and psychomatics as hybrid combinations of philosophy and psychology with mathematics. We explain four motivations for this combination which are fulfilling the desire of analytical philosophy, proposing science of philosophy, justifying mathematical algorithms by philosophy, and abstraction in both philosophy and mathematics. We enumerate various examples for philomatics and psychomatics, some of which are explained in more depth. The first example is the analysis of relation between the context principle, semantic holism, and the usage theory of meaning with the attention mechanism in mathematics. The other example is on the relations of Plato's theory of forms in philosophy with the holographic principle in string theory, object-oriented programming, and machine learning. Finally, the relation between Wittgenstein's family resemblance and clustering in mathematics is explained. This paper opens the door of research for combining philosophy and psychology with mathematics.

Michał J. Gajda

Philosophy of science attempts to describe all parts of the scientific process in a general way in order to facilitate the description, execution and improvements of this process. So far, all proposed philosophies have only covered existing processes and disciplines partially and imperfectly. In particular logical approaches have always received a lot of attention due to attempts to fundamentally address issues with the definition of science as a discipline with reductionist theories. We propose a new way to approach the problem from the perspective of computational complexity and argue why this approach may be better than previous propositions based on pure logic and mathematics.

João Príncipe

Durante a Primeira República Portuguesa, António Sérgio escreveu ensaios nos quais propôs um racionalismo aberto, uma pedagogia trabalhista e uma interpretação da história de Portugal, onde as circunstâncias materiais, as práticas, os interesses económicos condicionavam as atitudes mentais dos agentes históricos. Sérgio inspirou-se na filosofia do trabalho de Proudhon, interessandose pelas discussões francesas sobre a origem prática/técnica da inteligência humana e do papel da técnica no desenvolvimento científico, discussões que envolveram Bergson, Durkheim e Louis Weber. Foi a partir dessa perspectiva pragmatista que realçou o papel das navegações portuguesas e da atitude de experimentalismo, de humanismo científico, que atribuía a algumas figuras da elite portuguesa do século XVI, bem como o interesse de Galileu pelas técnicas, que favoreceu o seu desenvolvimento da nova física, conduzindo à Revolução Científica.

Daniele Oriti

We scan Paul K. Feyerabend's work in philosophy of physics and of science more generally for insights that could be useful for the contemporary debate on the foundations of quantum mechanics. We take as our starting point what Feyerabend has actually written about quantum mechanics, but we extend our analysis to his general views on realism, objectivity, pluralism, and the relation between physics and philosophy, finding that these more general views could in fact offer many interesting insights for physicists and philosophers working on quantum foundations.

Bartolomeu Leite da Silva

Para Apel, a linguagem é o meio adequado para se alcançar entendimento e sucesso na comunicação. A comunidade ideal de comunicação é a esfera na qual os indivíduos devem se locomover para alcançar entendimento sobre suas ações no mundo, através dos seus atos de fala. Apel fundamenta sua visão de linguagem a partir de várias contribuições filosóficas de outros autores. Neste artigo, são, particularmente, as contribuições de Heidegger e Wittgenstein que trazemos para a discussão.

Anna María Fernández Poncela

El objetivo general de este texto es revisar el humor violento a través de teorías y funciones del humor, en primer lugar. En segundo lugar, y en concreto, realizar una caracterización de los tipos o las formas, y las expresiones o los modos, en su práctica cotidiana en general, y especialmente en la enseñanza aprendizaje. Esto se realizó con la participación de jóvenes universitarios que expresaron opiniones y relataron experiencias, a través de una encuesta de grupos de enfoque y de narraciones. Como principal resultado es posible afirmar la vigencia del humor violento e incluso su magnitud en nuestros días, en la vida y en el espacio educativo.

Tristan Torriani

Neste artigo apresento traduções inéditas em português de várias cartas de e a Friedrich Nietzsche durante década de 1880, visando esclarecer alguns aspectos da relação entre o filósofo e sua irmã Elisabeth. Embora o episódio envolvendo Lou von Salomé, Paul Rée e Nietzsche em 1882 tenha deixado marcas profundas, o estudo da correspondência deixa bastante claro que o problema do anti-semitismo de sua irmã era de longe o tema que mais o incomodava.

Michael Timothy Bennett, Yoshihiro Maruyama

We attempt to define what is necessary to construct an Artificial Scientist, explore and evaluate several approaches to artificial general intelligence (AGI) which may facilitate this, conclude that a unified or hybrid approach is necessary and explore two theories that satisfy this requirement to some degree.

Michael te Vrugt

A long and intense debate in philosophy is concerned with the question whether there can be haecceistic differences between possible worlds, that is, nonqualitative differences that only arise from different de re representations. According to haecceitism, it can give rise to a different situation if the positions of two qualitatively identical particles are exchanged, while according to anti-haecceitism, this is not the case. It has been suggested that classical statistical mechanics might provide evidence for one of these positions. However, most philosophers of physics argue that it does not. In this article, we show that order-preserving dynamics, a novel method from statistical mechanics developed for the description of nonergodic systems, changes this situation: It is intrinsically haecceistic and makes different experimental predictions than non-haecceistic alternatives. Thereby, it provides an empirical argument for the existence of modality de re.

Journal of Social Ontology

José A. S. Pelegrín, Alfonso Romero, Rafael M. Rubio

A characterization of the foliation by spacelike slices of an $(n+1)$-dimensional spatially closed Generalized Robertson-Walker spacetime is given by means of studying a natural mean curvature type equation on spacelike graphs. Under some natural assumptions, of physical or geometric nature, all the entire solutions of such an equation are obtained. In particular, the case of entire spacelike graphs in de Sitter spacetime is faced and completely solved by means of a new application of a known integral formula.

N. P. Veretennikov, K. G. Yankovskaya, N. D. Bochkareva

The article analyzes the practice of using the evaluation techniques to assess the investment climate of the municipality, which will stimulate entrepreneurship. The methodology of the National Rating of the Investment Climate in the Subjects of the Russian Federation is taken as the basis for the adapted methodology. The indicators of the municipal authorities opportunities to provide conditions for attracting investments and stimulating business activity on their territory are presented. In the proposed methodology there are 34 indicators, which are divided into 4 areas: «Regulatory environment», «Business institutions», «Infrastructure and resources», «Support of small business». For each area methods of calculation of indicators are proposed considering their particular implementation in municipalities. Sources of information for calculating the indicators are statistical data, expert evaluation and surveys of local entrepreneurs. In conclusion, methodical recommendations on the use of adapted methods for assessing the investment climate and stimulating entrepreneurial activity in the municipality are given.

Karl Schlechta

This is a short (and personal) introduction in German to the connections between artificial intelligence, philosophy, and logic, and to the author's work. Dies ist eine kurze (und persoenliche) Einfuehrung in die Zusammenhaenge zwischen Kuenstlicher Intelligenz, Philosophie, und Logik, und in die Arbeiten des Autors.

Thomas Hardjono, Alexander Lipton, Alex Pentland

In this paper we discuss a design philosophy for interoperable blockchain systems, using the design philosophy of the Internet architecture as the basis to identify key design principles. Several interoperability challenges are discussed in the context of cross-domain transactions. We illustrate how these principles are informing the interoperability architecture of the MIT Tradecoin system.

Lígia Losada Tourinho, Eusébio Lôbo da Silva

Este artigo desenvolve uma refl exão sobre o conceito de estudo do movimento voltado para a preparação técnica do intérprete de dança contemporânea - entendendo a mesma como uma das possíveis artes da cena. Desenvolvemos primeiramente uma refl exão sobre a dança contemporânea, seus primórdios e infl uências. Refl etimos em seguida sobre a importância da relação do artista da cena contemporânea com seu corpo próprio e adotamos o estudo da fenomenologia de Merleau-Ponty como diretriz metodológica para se pensar a dança. Este artigo parte da idéia de que o conceito de preparação corporal atual não signifi ca mais uma linguagem que o dançarino deva dominar para dançar. O conceito de estudo do movimento desenvolvido na atualidade coloca o dançarino contemporâneo dentro de um outro paradigma - a técnica como instrumento de auto-conhecimento. Não se precisa de um corpo formatado dentro de uma estética específi ca, mas um corpo disponível - energia e vida conduzida para um processo de criatividade e expressão. Dança-se com o corpo que se tem, com seu corpo próprio, e não com o corpo que se imagina ter