Hasil untuk "Other beliefs and movements"

F. Ginsburg, R. Rapp

John Shaw

John Haldane

Catholic education faces a number of serious challenges including cultural and political disrespect for, and hostility towards religion in general and Catholicism in particular, and lack of knowledge of, and commitment to, Catholic beliefs and values among Catholic educational administrators, school managers, teachers, and other staff, as well as the diminishing percentage of even nominally Catholic staff. I set these matters within the context of broader challenges surrounding Catholic education, deriving from three cultural movements: the reformation, the emergence of liberalism, and the scientific revolution, which undermined the synthesis of scripture, theology, and speculative and practical philosophy achieved in the high middle-ages. I propose in response a creative critique showing that what is of authentic value in modernity can be accommodated within the traditional synthesis. I also connect that tradition with strands of eastern philosophy suggesting that the movement of people, ideas, and traditions from Eastern cultures into historically Western societies provides an opportunity for further synthesis of a wisdom-based approach to education.

S. Zholdybaeva, Gulzhan Khussainova, Nursulu Dyussenova et al.

This study aims to identify ways to adapt religious practices and beliefs to meet the contemporary dynamics of society. For this purpose, the following methods of scientific cognition were used: analysis, comparison, synthesis, deduction, classification, as well as interdisciplinary and systemic approaches. In the course of the research, a comprehensive review of the contemporary religious situation was conducted. The following global trends were revealed and identified: secularism, non-traditional religious movements, demographic, political and economic changes. Through the literature review, the concept of religious variability was formulated, revealing the normativity of change and transformation of religious beliefs and traditions, and a detailed study of traditional and non-traditional movements revealed the relationship between the rise of non-traditional religious beliefs and crises. The study also explored the role and place of digital technologies in the context of religion. This made it possible to determine that traditional religious movements often do not fully utilize the full potential of social networks and the Internet, thus depriving themselves of the opportunity to communicate quickly and effectively with believers, as well as to engage in discussion with representatives of other religions and atheists. The interrelationships between religion, politics, and economics in modern society were identified and a number of problems that follow from these interrelationships were presented: the interference of religion in political processes, which can create divisions in society and undermine the secular principles of the state, while economic crises can cause upheavals in religious communities. Solutions to all the problems identified were proposed, which included educational programmes, digitalization of traditional religious organizations, and the development of effective interreligious dialogue.

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One fundamental question remain unanswered, are investments free from behavioural biases? This study sought to evaluate the effects of herding bias on investment performance. The study was guided by the herding theory. The study results indicate that herding behaviour has a statistically significant influence on investment performance. This means that investors imitating the observed actions of others or the movements of the market instead of following her own beliefs and available information.

William Lamb, Natasha Sumner, Gordon Wells

Beyond the intricacies of audio recording equipment and the electric typewriter, technology hasn’t always been a big part of Scottish Studies. The past few decades, however, have witnessed the growing impact that digital technologies are having on our field. To get a sense of what lies ahead, this essay examines the efforts of three scholars involved in transforming access to source materials and reshaping the terms of scholarly enquiry

Risnawat, Sri Wahyuni Zuhri, I. Fadilah et al.

This study aims to describe and explain Soekarno's perception of discrimination against women in his memoir Sarinah (1947). In this aspect, the role of women and Soekarno's hopes for the latest developments are blended in the role and discrimination against women. The material object of this study is a memoir entitled Sarinah. The formal object of this study is all of Soekarno's perceptions in Indonesian. Data collection was carried out using reading method developed with note-taking techniques and literature studies to collect data on social identity, knowledge, and beliefs of the author and literature searches to obtain data on situations in which the memoir was born. Data analysis was carried out by data reduction, data display, data verification, and conclusion of the results. The development of feminist movements in Europe, America, and other countries can benefit for the stimulator of Indonesian women that there would not a struggle without scarification. There is an important problem of Indonesian women, between their role in the period of colonialism and after national independence. Keywords: perception, discrimination, women’s roles, Soekarno’s hopes.

Antonis Ballis, Konstantinos Drakos

Abstract The study investigates whether herding behavior is present in the rapidly emerging cryptocurrency market. By analyzing daily data from major cryptocurrencies during the period August 2015 to December 2018, we find evidence that investors in the cryptocurrency market act irrationally and imitate other's decisions with no reference to their own beliefs. Furthermore, our empirical results provide evidence that the up-events market dispersion follows market movements at a faster pace compared to the down events. Thus, cryptocurrencies show a behavior where they tend to move in tandem, which does not necessarily reflect their fundamentals.

Alexander A Sulfaro, Amanda K. Robinson, Thomas A Carlson

Little is known about the perceptual characteristics of mental images nor how they vary across sensory modalities. We conducted an exhaustive survey into how mental images are experienced across modalities, mainly targeting visual and auditory imagery of a single stimulus, the letter "O", to facilitate direct comparisons. We investigated temporal properties of mental images (e.g. onset latency, duration), spatial properties (e.g. apparent location), effort (e.g. ease, spontaneity, control), movement requirements (e.g. eye movements), real-imagined interactions (e.g. inner speech while reading), beliefs about imagery norms and terminologies, as well as respondent confidence. Participants also reported on the five traditional senses and their prominence during thinking, imagining, and dreaming. Overall, visual and auditory experiences dominated mental events, although auditory mental images were superior to visual mental images on almost every metric tested except regarding spatial properties. Our findings suggest that modality-specific differences in mental imagery may parallel those of other sensory neural processes.

Saman Mohammadi, Tayyebe Hatami, fatemeh bagherabadi

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the development of cloud-based accounting education and the academic performance of students. The method of design is quantitative and the type is descriptive - survey. In order to carry out this research, a questionnaire designed by Omar Akbal Tofiq in 2022 was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by content validity using experts' opinions. The reliability of the constructs was assessed through three methods; Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability of each structure, and factor loadings of each item. The statistical population of this research is the students of accounting. For the distribution of the questionnaire according to the similarity of environmental conditions and facilities, universities of the west of Iran including Razi University of Kermanshah, Ilam, and Kurdistan were studied. 92 acceptable responses were received and analyzed from the questionnaire distributed by random sampling method. SMART PLS software has been used to analyze the data. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of adoption of cloud computing methods in the education of accounting courses and its effectiveness in education programs by the students of universities of Iran by applying the influence of external variables, i.e., human factors, economic and technological factors, and cultural and social factors on the development of cloud accounting education and academic performance of students. The results indicate that human, economic, and cultural factors have a significant positive effect on the development of cloud-based accounting education and student's academic performance. Extended abstract Introduction Today, changes and evolution in information technology are constantly determining changes in the field of higher education worldwide. Effective integration of technology in higher education is increasing to provide qualitative education and preparation of students and teachers to face the 21st century and fully familiarity with evolving technologies (Suzianti & Paramadin, 2021; Yukefallah et al., 2021). This will reduce classroom constraints, and students have more opportunities to communicate with each other. E-learning can have an effective and significant impact on academic performance, achievement, and level of student satisfaction with traditional classroom education, which is one of the most appropriate strategies for optimal use of online (virtual) cloud computing education services. In 2020, the sudden outbreak of Covid-19 surprised people all over the world. During the Corona epidemic, 1.5 billion students in 188 countries had their schools closed. Many countries were forced to adopt online education to ensure continuity of learning when social distancing was unavoidable (McBurnie et al., 2020; Reimers & Scheicher, 2020). Hence, in this situation, virtual education is considered the main strategy for continuing the education of students and a way to prevent the spread of disease and the gap in education in universities and educational centers (Huang et al., 2020). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting the education of cloud accounting and its reflection on the academic performance of accounting students in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The importance of this research arises from the fact that it can identify the factors affecting the development of cloud accounting education that promotes successful usage of online learning systems during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, this research provides practical insights into the adoption and use of online learning systems in developing countries such as Iran. Theoretical Framework Since in recent years, the use of information and communication technologies has been widely used in organizations, departments, and universities and has presented a wide range of benefits for organizations, especially universities in the e-learning sector; identifying and prioritizing the factors affecting the creation and development of e-learning in universities is of great importance (Bahari & Moody, 2021). Several indices such as infrastructural factors (hardware, software), human, economic, and cultural factors are more effective in the creation, development, and application of this teaching method. Remote education is a new and successful educational method; in order to achieve its high goals, it is necessary to continue, time and improve access to computers and the internet in the whole of society, and also it is necessary that education with short-term planning strengthens the skills of teachers and students in using their programs and media that do not have problems such as unfamiliar with new software. Therefore, these skills improve students' educational performance. E-learning in comparison with traditional teaching has major advantages such as flexibility and elimination of unnecessary and costly movements to participate in training courses. E-learning is also independent of time and space variables (Sahbeigi & Nazari, 2012). The results of several studies (Devi, Ratnoo and Bajaj, 2022; Njugunna, 2021) show that the economic variables of students such as social class, place of residence, and occupation of parents affect their academic performance (Omer & Mohmood, 2018). Cultural and social factors are shared values, norms, and attitudes among people that constitute the beliefs of a society (Apsalone & Sumilo, 2015). Culture is one of the important factors that seem to influence the public acceptance of e-learning services in developing countries (Alajmi et al., 2017). According to Elizabeth brown and Hocutt (2017) cloud-based technologies and services such as Google Drive and Google Apps, which are used in the cloud-based collaborative environment, provide new opportunities for integration between shared platforms and student interaction, and students can interact with teachers and classmates (Huang et al., 2016). Research method This research is a descriptive type, and applicable in terms of purpose, and the type of data in this research for questions test is quantitative. In this research, an electronic questionnaire designed by Omar Akbal Tofiq in 2022 was used to collect data. To examine the theoretical model, a survey with two parts is used. The first part includes demographic questions about students, and the second part includes questions for measuring the structure of models. Each section of the structure is measured using a 5-point Likert scale. The statistical population of the study included all students of accounting. According to the establishment of similar conditions for access to students, understanding the research topic, and finally usable results of analysis, the information of universities of west part of the country including the Razi University of Kermanshah, Ilam, and Kurdistan, which are similar in terms of facilities and environmental conditions, were selected, and finally, after distributing the questionnaire (in person and internet) and using simple random sampling, 92 acceptable answers were collected and analyzed. Smart pls is used to analyze the data. Conclusion This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the development of cloud-based accounting education and the academic performance of students in Iran. According to the results, human factors; economic and technological factors; and cultural and social factors have positive effects on students' educational performance and the development of cloud-based accounting education. The findings of the research showed that integration of cloud computing technology in the educational environment provides new opportunities that improve teaching and learning, and help the students' self-learning and motivate them to learn by providing flexibility, Students during the learning process will interact with each other, leading to the exchange of knowledge, increasing participation, and improving the educational results, which is consistent with the findings of Musyaffi et. al. (2022). Skill problems and teachers' lack of conformity with online education and lack of familiarity with the virtual environment and its structure, difficulty in evaluating the quality of learning of learners, teachers' resistance to enter the age of technology and change of traditional evaluation methods and finally, increasing the teachers' working hours at the beginning of covid-19 pandemic was observed; therefore, accounting professors and students acquire the necessary skills to use educational tools, devices and systems, hardware and software by passing of time and the movement of education from traditional to online education, which is, as a result, necessary to acquire the skills to use Cloud space and equipment needed for both professors and students to use online teaching, which is in agreement with the results of Atanda Balogun et. al. (2023); Wagiran et. al. (2022); and Khan Al-Badi (2022). In this regard, according to the results of the study, it is suggested that university professors have received training for the use of educational technology and virtual learning methods that can improve the quality of virtual education. This training can include applicable methods for virtual learning, how to use instructional and communication tools, and virtual class management. Also, the production and presentation of high and diverse educational resources and content can help students gain the best results in virtual education programs. The selection of educational resources is also important due to students' needs and variety of educational methods. In addition, using new technologies such as virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and gamification in virtual education programs can provide more attractive and useful methods for students.

Maud Champagne-Lavau, Noémie Moreau, Lola Rivoal et al.

The process of accommodating or adapting to the needs and knowledge of our interlocutor in a conversation is called audience design (Clark & Murphy, 1982; Clark, 1996; Galati & Brennan, 2010). We also speak of perspective taking since interlocutors have to take into account the perspective of their interlocutor when they formulate their statements (Brown-Schmidt & Heller, 2018). To understand when and how the interlocutors use audience design means to understand how speakers take into account information that they believe they share with their interlocutor, in other words their common ground. Audience design implies the distinction between what is part of the common ground (ie, the information shared with a particular interlocutor and mutually recognized as such; Clark, 1996), and what is part of the private knowledge (ie, privileged ground) specific to each speaker and unknown to the interlocutor. The common ground includes contextual knowledge (on the current physical context or related to previous conversational exchanges) and encyclopedic knowledge (such as knowledge shared by a specific community, e.g., the residents of Aix-en-Provence) shared by the speaker and the listener and recognized by the two interlocutors to be known by each of them (Clark & Marshall, 1981). Thus, the information shared or not shared by the interlocutors at one point in the conversation would determine the type of expressions or utterances used by the speaker for his/her interlocutor. While it is clear that speakers and listeners adapt their linguistic behavior to their interlocutor in order to avoid and resolve situations of incomprehension, to what extent, and in which situation, audience design is involved is still a question under debate. In other words, when, and how, do we take into account the perspective of our interlocutor when we choose particular linguistic forms (e.g., referential expressions, prosodic forms)? The aim of this article is to frame the studies we conducted at the LPL as part of this debate. Several audience design models have been proposed in psycholinguistics (e.g., collaborative model, egocentric model, interactive alignment model, dual processing model, probabilistic model, memory-based model) to account for the idea that speakers would not do inferences about the knowledge of their interlocutor continuously. These models diverge on the hypothesis of a more or less systematic use of the common ground in the implementation of audience design. While the collaborative model (Clark, 1996) considers conversation as a constant and joint contribution of the speaker and the listener to the common ground, suggesting a continuous engagement of the audience design in conversation, other models focus on the more or less speaker’s egocentric behavior and on the use of less-demanding automatic mechanisms. The main criticism against the collaborative model challenges the fact that perspective taking via the common ground would require a distinct and cognitively costly representation of knowledge, beliefs and intentions of the interlocutor. The processing costs of such a system would be too high to allow a smooth conversation. The egocentric (e.g., Keysar et al., 2000), interactive alignment (e.g., Pickering & Garrod 2004), probabilistic (e.g., Brown-Schmidt & Hanna, 2011), and memory-based (e.g., Horton & Gerring, 2005) models aim to take into consideration this cognitive cost. The dual processing model (e.g., Bard et al., 2000) attempts to reconcile collaborative and egocentric models by proposing two types of cognitive processes that prevail for linguistic choices: the production of referential expressions that requires making inferences about the knowledge of the interlocutor would involve slow and cognitively demanding processes, while the production of phonetic variations that refers to the speaker’s own recent experience would result from more automatic and rapid processes. At the same time as updating these models, several studies have identified speaker-internal constraints (e.g., memory, executive control, theory of mind) and situational constrains (e.g., visual context) which are likely to influence the involvement of design audience. Except for the dual processing model of Bard et al., models of audience design are mainly based on studies focusing either on the way speakers produce referential forms when referring to the same object at different times and/or with different addresses, or on the way listeners interpret referential forms online, as measured by the monitoring of eye movements (e.g., Keysar et al., 2000). Unlike these studies, our approach consists in studying the prosodic choices (i.e., the melodic and rhythmic choices) the speaker makes during conversation according to the presence of an interlocutor and the knowledge of this interlocutor.The aim of the current article is to describe: (1) the main psycholinguistic models contributing to understand when and how audience design takes place during conversation, and (2) to highlight the work we developed at the LPL in which we adopt a clinical approach to the study of audience design by evaluating the prosodic choices made by individuals with schizophrenia in relation to their difficulties in attributing mental states to others. More generally, our work with healthy participant shows that speakers 1) make different prosodic choices to indicate the relevant part of their message when speaking in the presence of a real interactional partner and when speaking without interlocutor 2) adapt their overall prosody relative to the visual context they share with the interlocutor to facilitate communication.

Karl J. Friston, T. Shiner, Thomas H. B. FitzGerald et al.

The role of dopamine in behaviour and decision-making is often cast in terms of reinforcement learning and optimal decision theory. Here, we present an alternative view that frames the physiology of dopamine in terms of Bayes-optimal behaviour. In this account, dopamine controls the precision or salience of (external or internal) cues that engender action. In other words, dopamine balances bottom-up sensory information and top-down prior beliefs when making hierarchical inferences (predictions) about cues that have affordance. In this paper, we focus on the consequences of changing tonic levels of dopamine firing using simulations of cued sequential movements. Crucially, the predictions driving movements are based upon a hierarchical generative model that infers the context in which movements are made. This means that we can confuse agents by changing the context (order) in which cues are presented. These simulations provide a (Bayes-optimal) model of contextual uncertainty and set switching that can be quantified in terms of behavioural and electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, one can simulate dopaminergic lesions (by changing the precision of prediction errors) to produce pathological behaviours that are reminiscent of those seen in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. We use these simulations to demonstrate how a single functional role for dopamine at the synaptic level can manifest in different ways at the behavioural level.

Mackenzie Finley

With Nigerian novelist Amos Tutuola as primary subject, this paper at[1]tempts to understand the construction of sociocultural identities in Nigeria in the wake of independence. Despite the international success of his literary publications, Tutuola was denied access to the most intimate discourses on the development of African literature by his Nigerian elite contemporaries, who emerged from University College, Ibadan, in the 1950s and early 1960s. Having completed only a few years of colonial schooling, Tutuola was differentiated from his elite literary contemporaries in terms of education. Yet if education represented a rather concrete, institutionalized divide between the elite and the everyday Nigerian, this paper will suggest that the resulting epistemological difference served as a more fluid, ideological divide. Both Western epistemology, rooted in Western academic spaces, and African epistemology, preserved from African traditions like proverbs and storytelling, informed the elite and Tutuola’s worldviews. The varying degrees to which one epistemology was privileged over the other reinforced the boundary between Tutuola and the elite. Furthermore, educational experiences and sociocultural identities informed the ways in which independent Nigeria was envisioned by both Tutuola and the elite writers. While the elites’ discourse on independence reflected their proximity to Nigeria’s political elite, Tutuola positioned himself as a distinctly Yoruba writer in the new Nigeria. He envisioned a state in which traditional knowledge remained central to the African identity. Ultimately, his life and work attest to the endurance of indigenous epistemology through years of European colonialism and into independence. 148 Mackenzie Finley During a lecture series at the University of Palermo, Italy, Nigerian novelist Amos Tutuola presented himself, his work, and his Yoruba heritage to an audience of Italian students and professors of English and Anglophone literatures. During his first lecture, the Yoruba elder asked his audience, “Why are we people afraid to go to the burial ground at night?” An audience member ventured a guess: “Perhaps we are afraid to know what we cannot know.” Tutuola replied, “But, you remember, we Africans believe that death is not the end of life. We know that when one dies, that is not the end of his life [. . .] So why are all people afraid to go to the burial ground at night? They’re afraid to meet the ghosts from the dead” (emphasis in original).1 Amos Tutuola (1920–1997) was recognized globally for his perpetuation of Yoruba folklore tradition via novels and short stories written in unconventional English. His works, especially The Palm-Wine Drinkard (1952) and My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (1954), were translated into numerous European languages, including Italian. Given the chance to speak directly with an Italian audience at Palermo, Tutuola elaborated on the elements of Yoruba culture that saturated his fiction. His lectures reflected the same sense of purpose that drove his writing. Tutuola explained, “As much as I could [in my novels], I tried my best to bring out for the people to see the secrets of my tribe—I mean, the Yoruba people—and of Nigerian people, and African people as a whole. I’m trying my best to bring out our traditional things for the people to know a little about us, about our beliefs, our character, and so on.”2 Tutuola’s didactics during the lecture at Palermo reflect his distinct intellectual and cultural commitment to a Yoruba cosmology, one that was not so much learned in his short years of schooling in the colonial education system as it was absorbed from his life of engagement with Yoruba oral tradition. With Tutuola as primary subject, this paper attempts to understand the construction of sociocultural identities in Nigeria in the wake of independence. The educated elite writers, such as Wole Soyinka and Chinua Achebe, who emerged from University College, Ibadan, during the same time period, will serve as a point of comparison. On October 1, 1960, when Nigeria gained independence from Britain, Tutuola occupied an unusual place relative to the university-educated elite, the semi-literate “average man,” the international 1 Alassandra di Maio, Tutuola at the University: The Italian Voice of a Yoruba Ancestor, with an Interview with the Author and an Afterword by Claudio Gorlier (Rome: Bulzoni, 2000), 38. The lecture’s transcriber utilized graphic devices (italicized and bolded words, brackets denoting pauses and movements) to preserve the dynamic oral experience of the lecture. However, so that the dialogue reads more easily in the context of this paper, I have removed the graphic devices but maintained what the transcriber presented as Tutuola’s emphasized words, simply italicizing what was originally in bold. 2 Di Maio, Tutuola at the University, 148. Constructing Identities 149 stage of literary criticism, and the emerging field of African literature. This position helped shape his sense of identity. Despite the success of his literary publications, Tutuola was not allowed to participate in the most intimate dis[1]courses on the development of African literature by his elite contemporaries. In addition to his lack of access to higher education, Tutuola was differentiated from his elite literary contemporaries on epistemological grounds. If education represented a rather concrete, institutionalized divide between the elite and the everyday Nigerian, an epistemological difference served as a more fluid, ideological divide. Both Western epistemology, rooted in Western academic spaces, and African epistemology, preserved from African traditions like proverbs and storytelling, informed the elite and Tutuola’s worldviews. The varying degrees to which one epistemology was privileged over the other reinforced the boundary between the elite and Tutuola. This paper draws largely on correspondence, conference reports, and the personal papers of Tutuola and his elite contemporaries housed at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, as well as on interviews transcribed by the Transcription Centre in London, the periodical Africa Report (1960–1970), and Robert M. Wren and Claudio Gorlier, concentrating on primary sources produced during the years immediately prior to and shortly after Nigerian independence in 1960. Tutuola’s ideas generally did not fit into the sociocultural objectives of his elite counterparts. Though they would come in contact with one another via the world of English-language literature, Tutuola usually remained absent from or relegated to the margins of elite discussions on African creative writing. Accordingly, the historical record has less to say about his intellectual ruminations than about those of his elite contemporaries. Nonetheless, his hand-written drafts, interviews, and correspondences with European agents offer a glimpse at the epistemology and sense of identity of an “average” Nigerian in the aftermath of colonialism and independence. Accessibility Summary: In accordance with Title II regulations this content meets all points of exemption as Archived web content and/or Preexisting conventional electronic documents.

Hamid Jafari ghariyeali, Zahra Sayyedyazdi, Batool Afsharkia

Batool Afsharkiya3 1. Introduction Human life is closely bound to nature, from which he satisfies his physical as well as spiritual needs. This association with nature and the drive to discover potential natural forces facilitate human access to great expectations. Literary works significantly deal with nature and natural issues in its crude form, and sometimes, symbolically represent its beauty in an attempt to intuitively uncover truth behind natural phenomena. In other words, nature as an important element in human life is praised and elevated in literary works. Thus, the present study examines how nature and related elements are represented in the works of Paul Éluard and Fereydoon Moshiri. A brief review of their poetic tradition may prove helpful here. Fereydoon Moshiri was born in September 1926 in Tehran to a family with rich literary and cultural background. He started poetry at age 15. His poems are replete with lyricism, melancholy, romance, and human emotions while retaining an intimate tone in both modern and classic style in Persian poetry. Moreover, simplicity is a key feature of Moshiri’s oeuvre. Paul Éluard was born in September 14, 1895 in Paris. He came to know Louis Aragon, Andre Burton, Philip Soupo and Tristan Tzara between 1920-1922 and was drawn to Dada movement. He became the editor of Dadaist journal of Proverbs. Later, along with Aragon and some other poets, he devoted his writings to surrealism and produced the first surreal work, the Exquisite Corpse. Despite the fact that Éluard and Moshiri belong to two different literary movements, the former was a surrealist while the latter was inspired by romanticism, it is claimed in this paper that they share a common attitude towards nature, though they differ in some aspects.   2. Methodology First, poems associated with nature were extracted from these great poems and those with close affinity with the function of nature were selected for descriptive analysis.   3-Discussion Nature and the related elements play a significant role in the works of Éluard and Moshiri, constituting a significant aspect of their imagery and impersonation. The present study provides a comparative analysis of nature-inspired poetry. It aims at figuring out how nature functions in the poetry of these two great poets. Nature has always been rendered as a social phenomenon, not merely a lifeless entity, in Persian literature. Cosmic sensibility is a backbone of mystic and mythic writings in Persian literature. On the other hand, nature is reflected in myths and molds human beliefs. This is a feature of not only classic bust also of modern poetry which portraits dynamic natural elements by taking advantage of linguistic tools and rhetoric. Romanticism is characterized by an emphasis on nature. However, nature in romantic poetry is an essential part of the poet’s existence that gives meaning to his life. Surrealism also has an eye on nature. This doesn’t mean in any way that all poems by Éluard and Moshiri are interpreted in the light of elements of nature because their description of nature is driven, to some extent, by their own personal perceptions and artisitc aesthetics. The present study examines these two poets from two aspects: 1- objective description including nature and its beauty; 2- subjective description including nature and melancholy, nature and  a return to originality, nature and depression, nature and love, nature and empathy, nature and insight and sensibility.   4. Conclusion This study examined imagery of nature in the works of a romantic and a surrealist poet. Both poets are inspired by nature and depict it fully in their works, as if nature is an indispensable part of their life. This close affinity with nature is interpreted from two aspects: 1- reflecting spiritual states to realize the ideal “I” through nature 2- expressing an awe-inspiring supernatural fact to induce a relationship between human mind and the world beyond. As we discussed above, nature is an essential aspect of poetry of Éluard and Moshiri. A significant part of their works focuses on objective description of natural scenes, though there are cases that are driven by their subjective perceptions. Éluard’s imagery combines two seemingly contradictory concepts to guide the reader to an unknown world where causal relations are intentionally blurred.   Keywords: comparative literature, nature, Fereydoon Moshiri , Paul Éluard

A Khachian, MR Zarei, H Haghani et al.

Background & Aims: Culture is a behavioral pattern that grows over time as a mental consequence through social and religious structures and artistic manifestations. Culture encompasses the values, beliefs, and norms of a particular group, which are learned and shared to guide thinking, decision-making, and actions in modeling approaches. Historically, the Iranian community has a multi-ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious context, which is also observed among the clients of the healthcare system. With the integration of the global economy, the number of the clients from various cultural backgrounds and characteristics of health, cultural activities, health needs, and expectations has also increased in all industrialized countries. In addition, the growth of international exchanges and number of manpower transfers and migration, the need for nursing with cultural knowledge has been created. A culturally qualified nurse has acquired a strong foundation in cultural attitudes, cultural knowledge, and cultural skills. Nurses are often equipped with all the influential factors in cultural competence to provide care to a wide variety of patients with diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, such nurses are able to assess the cultural needs of the clients, plan an appropriate care program, and provide skilled cultural care under any circumstances. Care is the foundation of the nursing profession and considered an important component of the quality health care that meets the health needs of patients. The care behaviors of nurses encompass all their actions, cognitions, feelings, thoughts, perceptions, movements, gestures, looks, and actions by which the client is cared for, and these behaviors must be ethical. The differences in the care behaviors of nurses from one institution to another or one country to another have led nursing researchers to investigate the influential factors in the motivations and determinants of care behaviors. In addition, the process of nursing care provision is influenced by the conditions of their work environment and community culture. Given the importance of care as the most important component of nursing practices, the cultural differences in Iran, and the facts that patients from different cities with different cultures refer to medical centers in large cities (including Tehran) due to the lack of adequate medical facilities and nurses should have the necessary information about the cultural, social, and ethnic status of patients as part of the nursing profession for the planning of nursing care, the present study aimed to assess the correlation between the cultural competence of nurses and their care behaviors in the teaching medical centers affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional, correlational study was performed with the participation of the nurses working in the teaching medical centers affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. In total, 200 nurses were selected via multistage cluster sampling. At the first stage, the medical centers were divided into two categories of general and specialized, and in the next stage, three centers were selected from among the general medical centers, and three centers were selected from among the specialized centers randomly. The sample size of treatment center was divided by the proportion of the nurses, and based on random allocation in each treatment center, the samples were selected from the nurses. Data were collected using a self-report demographic form, the cultural competence questionnaire by Perng and Watson, and the caring behaviors inventory (CBI-42) in a self-report manner during November 2019-January 2020. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16. To achieve the specific goals and accurate responses to the research questions, we used descriptive statistics (tables), central indicators (mean), dispersion indices (standard deviation), and inferential statistics (independent t-test, ANOVA, and Pearsonchr('39')s correlation-coefficient). The significance level was set at P<0.05, and it was assumed that due to the sufficient sample size, the study population had normal distribution. Results: The mean score of the cultural competence of the nurses was 66.27 ± 15.02, and the mean score of the care behaviors of the nurses was 5.28 ± 0.43. The highest mean score of cultural competence belonged to the cultural sensitivity dimension (60.50), and the lowest mean score belonged to the cultural knowledge dimension (56.25). The lowest mean score of the care behaviors belonged to the dimension of respecting others (5.09), and the highest mean score was observed in the dimension of professional knowledge and skills (5.43). In general, a weak, significant correlation was observed between the cultural competence of the nurses and their care behaviors. In addition, significant correlations were observed between all the dimensions of the care behaviors and cultural competence (P<0.05), except for the dimensions of cultural knowledge, skills, and sensitivity (P=0.058). The findings also indicated that the emergency department nurses had higher cultural competence, and the married nurses had better care behaviors. Conclusion: Cultural competence is a major foundation of clinical nursing, and more attention to cultural competence plays a pivotal role in better and more competent patient care. According to the results, the cultural competence level of the nurses had a weak, significant correlation with their care behaviors. Therefore, it could be concluded that enhancement in one of these factors leads to the improvement of the other. Considering that each of these factors is an important component of nursing care, their improvement through academic and in-service training could enhance the provision of nursing care to the patients, while also facilitating the relationship of nurses with patients.

V.S. Blankenhorn

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Navid Pourmokhtari

R. Safshekan

Tatiana Alybina

Vernacular religion connected with the clan was expected to adapt in the context of globalisation and the vanishing ideals of traditional (tribal) societies. But at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries a revival of European ‘paganism’ has appeared. A return to vernacular beliefs is not only happening in the mass religious mind of some Eastern European and Asian people, but also in the romantic mythologemes which are being created by national elites. Lithuanians, who were Christianised in the fourteenth century – the last nation in the Baltic region to undergo this process  – recall their heathen roots; Ukrainians revive their rodnoverie – indigenous beliefs – in an attempt to resist the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. Apart from this there are other pre-Christian faith organisations in Latvia, Estonia, Germany and England. The traditions of the pre-Christian societies attract people through their apparent proximity to communal peasant culture. Followers of some of these beliefs are interested in popularising Viking mythology. The activities of druids and adherents of the Northern European Asatru religion revive ancient festivals and ceremonies. The popularisation of these movements can be seen as an attempt to resist an encroachment of the modern, globalised, urbane society.