Hasil untuk "Optics. Light"

R. Devlin, A. Ambrosio, N. Rubin et al.

P. Genevet, F. Capasso, F. Aieta et al.

This article reviews recent progress leading to the realization of planar optical components made of a single layer of phase shifting nanostructures. After introducing the principles of planar optics and discussing earlier works on subwavelength diffractive optics, we introduce a classification of metasurfaces based on their different phase mechanisms and profiles and a comparison between plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces. We place particular emphasis on the recent developments on electric and magnetic field control of light with dielectric nanostructures and highlight the physical mechanisms and designs required for efficient all-dielectric metasurfaces. Practical devices of general interest such as metalenses, beam deflectors, holograms, and polarizing interfaces are discussed, including high-performance metalenses at visible wavelengths. Successful strategies to achieve achromatic response at selected wavelengths and near unity transmission/reflection efficiency are discussed. Dielectric metasurfaces and dispersion management at interfaces open up technology opportunities for applications including wavefront control, lightweight imaging systems, displays, electronic consumer products, and conformable and wearable optics.

Sabyasachi Barik, A. Karasahin, C. Flower et al.

Connecting quantum emitters Exploiting topological properties of a system allows certain properties to be protected against the disorder and scattering caused by defects. Barik et al. demonstrate a strong light-matter interaction in a topological photonic structure (see the Perspective by Amo). They created topological edge states at the interface between two photonic, topologically distinct regions and coupled them to a single quantum emitter. The chiral nature of single-photon emission was used to inject single photons of opposite polarization into counterpropagating topological edge states. Such a topological quantum optics interface may provide a powerful platform for developing robust integrated quantum optical circuits. Science, this issue p. 666; see also p. 638 Light-matter coupling is achieved between topologically protected photonic edge states and a quantum emitter. The application of topology in optics has led to a new paradigm in developing photonic devices with robust properties against disorder. Although considerable progress on topological phenomena has been achieved in the classical domain, the realization of strong light-matter coupling in the quantum domain remains unexplored. We demonstrate a strong interface between single quantum emitters and topological photonic states. Our approach creates robust counterpropagating edge states at the boundary of two distinct topological photonic crystals. We demonstrate the chiral emission of a quantum emitter into these modes and establish their robustness against sharp bends. This approach may enable the development of quantum optics devices with built-in protection, with potential applications in quantum simulation and sensing.

Yaochun Shen

D. Marcuse

S. Kruk, Y. Kivshar

Scattering of electromagnetic waves by subwavelength objects is accompanied by the excitation of electric and magnetic Mie resonances that may modify substantially the scattering intensity and radiation pattern. Scattered fields can be decomposed into electric and magnetic multipoles, and the magnetic multipoles define magnetic response of structured materials underpinning the new field of all-dielectric resonant meta-optics. Here we review the recent developments in meta-optics and nanophotonics and demonstrate that the Mie resonances can play a crucial role offering novel ways for the enhancement of many optical effects near magnetic and electric multipolar resonances, as well as driving a variety of interference phenomena which govern recently discovered novel effects in nanophotonics. We further discuss the frontiers of all-dielectric meta-optics for flexible and advanced control of light with full phase and amplitude engineering, including nonlinear nanophotonics, anapole nanolasers, quantum optics, ...

Chao Chen, Liang Gao, Wanru Gao et al.

Circularly polarized light (CPL) detection is required in various fields such as drug screening, security surveillance and quantum optics. Conventionally, CPL photodetector needs the installation of optical elements, imposing difficulties for integrated and flexible devices. The established CPL detectors without optical elements rely on chiral organic semiconductor and metal metamaterials, but they suffer from extremely low responsivity. Organic-inorganic hybrid materials combine CPL-sensitive absorption induced by chiral organics and efficient charge transport of inorganic frameworks, providing an option for direct CPL detection. Here we report the CPL detector using chiral organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, and obtain a device with responsivity of 797 mA W-1, detectivity of 7.1 × 1011 Jones, 3-dB frequency of 150 Hz and one-month stability, a competitive combined feature for circularly polarized light detection. Thanks to the solution processing, we further demonstrate flexible devices on polyethylene terephthalate substrate with comparable performance. Optics-free circularly-polarized light detection has suffered from extremely low responsivity. Here Chen et al. demonstrate chiral organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite based detectors to distinguish circularly-polarized light with high responsivity of 797 mA/W.

Zhaoyi Li, Peng Lin, Yao-Wei Huang et al.

A large dispersion-engineered metalens achieves multicolor focusing and opens a path to a future virtual reality platform. Virtual and augmented realities are rapidly developing technologies, but their large-scale penetration will require lightweight optical components with small aberrations. We demonstrate millimeter-scale diameter, high-NA, submicron-thin, metasurface-based lenses that achieve diffraction-limited achromatic focusing of the primary colors by exploiting constructive interference of light from multiple zones and dispersion engineering. To illustrate the potential of this approach, we demonstrate a virtual reality system based on a home-built fiber scanning near-eye display.

Qing Zhang, Guangwei Hu, Weiliang Ma et al.

Joseph W 33637171d

K. Shastri, F. Monticone

Nonlocal effects—in which the optical response of a system at a given spatial point depends on the field in the surrounding space—are reviewed in the context of metasurfaces and flat optics. Nonlocal flat optics may be useful for controlling light in ultra-thin platforms. In electromagnetics and photonics, ‘nonlocality’ refers to the phenomenon by which the response/output of a material or system at a certain point in space depends on the input field across an extended region of space. Although nonlocal effects and the associated wavevector/momentum dependence have often been neglected or seen as a nuisance in the context of metasurfaces, the emerging field of nonlocal flat optics seeks to exploit strong effective nonlocality to enrich and enhance their response. Here we summarize the latest advances in this field, focusing on its fundamental principles and various applications, from optical computing to space compression. The convergence of local and nonlocal flat optics may open exciting opportunities in the quest to control light, in real and momentum space, using ultra-thin platforms.

M. Guidry, D. Lukin, K. Yang et al.

Soliton microcombs—phase-locked microcavity frequency combs—have become the foundation of several classical technologies in integrated photonics, including spectroscopy, LiDAR and optical computing. Despite the predicted multimode entanglement across the comb, experimental study of the quantum optics of the soliton microcomb has been elusive. In this work we use second-order photon correlations to study the underlying quantum processes of soliton microcombs in an integrated silicon carbide microresonator. We show that a stable temporal lattice of solitons can isolate a multimode below-threshold Gaussian state from any admixture of coherent light, and predict that all-to-all entanglement can be realized for the state. Our work opens a pathway toward a soliton-based multimode quantum resource. The quantum aspect of soliton microcomb from an integrated silicon carbide microresonator is studied in several regimes — below threshold, above threshold and in the soliton regime — using a single-photon optical spectrum analyser for second-order photon correlation measurement.

Daniele Pirone, Giusy Giugliano, Michela Schiavo et al.

Virtual staining is the current state-of-the-art computational technique to cleverly enhance intracellular specificity in unstained biological samples by using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained on co-registered pairs of unstained/stained images. While effective, this approach suffers from unpredictable biases inherent to fluorescence microscopy and encounters challenges when applied to flow cytometry data as it would require accurate co-registration on a huge number of images. Here, we present a novel method that exploits for the first time a Holotomography-driven learning to completely eliminate the need for co-registration. We demonstrate that training a CNN on a stain-free dataset of 3D refractive index tomograms of flowing cells unlocks stain-free intracellular specificity for the first time in quantitative phase imaging flow cytometry. This self-supervised solution, by circumventing the critical obstacle of fluorescence co-registration, opens unprecedented perspectives for label-free, high-throughput imaging flow cytometry, offering a powerful new paradigm for advanced 2D and 3D single-cell analysis.

Giorgio Pariani, Guido Agapito, Demetrio Magrin et al.

In the framework of the MORFEO project, the Multi-Conjugated Adaptive Optics (MCAO) module for the European Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), we developed an integrated modeling tool to interface the optical model with the adaptive optics simulations, called ASSO (Adaptive opticS Simulation interfaced with Optical model). This tool is our asso nella manica (ace in the hole) to predict the performances of the AO relay, i.e., to estimate the wavefront error within the technical and scientific fields of view after AO correction. The tool is based on the IDL based simulator PyrAmid Simulator Software for Adaptive opTics Arcetri (PASSATA), on Zemax OpticStudio for the optical modelling, and on Matlab as interface software.

A. Kimel, A. Zvezdin, Sangeeta Sharma et al.

Magneto-optical (MO) effects, viz. magnetically induced changes in light intensity or polarization upon reflection from or transmission through a magnetic sample, were discovered over a century and a half ago. Initially they played a crucially relevant role in unveiling the fundamentals of electromagnetism and quantum mechanics. A more broad-based relevance and wide-spread use of MO methods, however, remained quite limited until the 1960s due to a lack of suitable, reliable and easy-to-operate light sources. The advent of Laser technology and the availability of other novel light sources led to an enormous expansion of MO measurement techniques and applications that continues to this day (see section 1). The here-assembled roadmap article is intended to provide a meaningful survey over many of the most relevant recent developments, advances, and emerging research directions in a rather condensed form, so that readers can easily access a significant overview about this very dynamic research field. While light source technology and other experimental developments were crucial in the establishment of today’s magneto-optics, progress also relies on an ever-increasing theoretical understanding of MO effects from a quantum mechanical perspective (see section 2), as well as using electromagnetic theory and modelling approaches (see section 3) to enable quantitatively reliable predictions for ever more complex materials, metamaterials, and device geometries. The latest advances in established MO methodologies and especially the utilization of the MO Kerr effect (MOKE) are presented in sections 4 (MOKE spectroscopy), 5 (higher order MOKE effects), 6 (MOKE microscopy), 8 (high sensitivity MOKE), 9 (generalized MO ellipsometry), and 20 (Cotton–Mouton effect in two-dimensional materials). In addition, MO effects are now being investigated and utilized in spectral ranges, to which they originally seemed completely foreign, as those of synchrotron radiation x-rays (see section 14 on three-dimensional magnetic characterization and section 16 on light beams carrying orbital angular momentum) and, very recently, the terahertz (THz) regime (see section 18 on THz MOKE and section 19 on THz ellipsometry for electron paramagnetic resonance detection). Magneto-optics also demonstrates its strength in a unique way when combined with femtosecond laser pulses (see section 10 on ultrafast MOKE and section 15 on magneto-optics using x-ray free electron lasers), facilitating the very active field of time-resolved MO spectroscopy that enables investigations of phenomena like spin relaxation of non-equilibrium photoexcited carriers, transient modifications of ferromagnetic order, and photo-induced dynamic phase transitions, to name a few. Recent progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology, which is intimately linked to the achieved impressive ability to reliably fabricate materials and functional structures at the nanoscale, now enables the exploitation of strongly enhanced MO effects induced by light–matter interaction at the nanoscale (see section 12 on magnetoplasmonics and section 13 on MO metasurfaces). MO effects are also at the very heart of powerful magnetic characterization techniques like Brillouin light scattering and time-resolved pump-probe measurements for the study of spin waves (see section 7), their interactions with acoustic waves (see section 11), and ultra-sensitive magnetic field sensing applications based on nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond (see section 17). Despite our best attempt to represent the field of magneto-optics accurately and do justice to all its novel developments and its diversity, the research area is so extensive and active that there remains great latitude in deciding what to include in an article of this sort, which in turn means that some areas might not be adequately represented here. However, we feel that the 20 sections that form this 2022 magneto-optics roadmap article, each written by experts in the field and addressing a specific subject on only two pages, provide an accurate snapshot of where this research field stands today. Correspondingly, it should act as a valuable reference point and guideline for emerging research directions in modern magneto-optics, as well as illustrate the directions this research field might take in the foreseeable future.

Kai Ou, Hengyi Wan, Guangfeng Wang et al.

Meta-optics based on metasurfaces that interact strongly with light has been an active area of research in recent years. The development of meta-optics has always been driven by human’s pursuits of the ultimate miniaturization of optical elements, on-demand design and control of light beams, and processing hidden modalities of light. Underpinned by meta-optical physics, meta-optical devices have produced potentially disruptive applications in light manipulation and ultra-light optics. Among them, optical metalens are most fundamental and prominent meta-devices, owing to their powerful abilities in advanced imaging and image processing, and their novel functionalities in light manipulation. This review focuses on recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of the field defined by excavating new optical physics and breaking the limitations of light manipulation. In addition, we have deeply explored the metalenses and metalens-based devices with novel functionalities, and their applications in computational imaging and image processing. We also provide an outlook on this active field in the end.

M. Berry

In modern optics, light can be described at different levels: as rays, as scalar waves, as vector fields, and as quantum fields. In the first three levels, there are singularities—characteristic features, useful in interpreting phenomena at that level. In geometrical optics, the singularities are ray caustics; in scalar wave optics, they are phase singularities (=wave dislocations= wave vortices = nodal manifolds); in vector waves, they are singularities where the polarisation of light is purely linear or purely circular. The singularities at each level are dissolved at the next level. Similar singularities occur in all waves, not just light.

Junpeng Zheng, Ruhao Zhao, Cong Zhang et al.

Generalized two-dimensional (2D) Airy beam is a kind of self-accelerating beam with variable initial angle between its two wings, manifested itself as an initial angle determined parabolic trajectory during the free-space propagation. However, the independent and flexible manipulation of both the transverse optical field and longitudinal trajectory of the generalized 2D Airy beam has not been achieved yet which limits its application in the various fields. Herein, we report on tailoring of the propagation properties of the generalized 2D Airy beam based on the catastrophe theory, where analytical expression of its propagation trajectory is derived. In order to clarify the relationship between the transverse optical field distribution and the longitudinal trajectory, we analytically put forward a generation vector, facilitating the tailoring of both longitudinal trajectory and transverse distribution of optical field simultaneously. Consequently, we can effectively generate the generalized 2D Airy beam and precisely manipulate the evolution of its peak intensity. Once the initial and terminal points of trajectory are determined in advance, we can flexibly tailor the trajectory of 2D Airy beam, with the help of corresponding generation vector. Meanwhile, when the longitudinal trajectory is fixed, we can flexibly rotate the transverse optical field distribution of the generalized 2D Airy beam and manipulate its initial angle. Experimental verifications of the manipulation capabilities for the longitudinal trajectory, initial angle, and the rotation of transverse optical field are provided to validate our theoretical results.

Yuxin Tian, Boyu Dong, Yaxuan Li et al.

This paper presents a wide-bandwidth back-illuminated modified uni-traveling-carrier photodiode (MUTC-PD) packaged with standard WR-5 rectangular waveguide for high-speed wireless communications. With optimized epitaxy structure and coplanar waveguide electrodes, the fabricated 4-μm-diameter PD exhibits ultra-flat frequency response and high saturation power. Integrated passive circuits including low-loss bias-tee and E-plane probe are designed to package the PD into a compact module with waveguide output. The packaged PD module has demonstrated a flat frequency response with fluctuations within ±2.75 dB over a broadband of 140–220 GHz and a high saturated output power of −7.8 dBm (166 μW) at 140 GHz. For wireless communication applications, the packaged PD is used to implement 1-m free space transmission at carrier frequencies of 150.5 and 210.5 GHz, with transmission rates of 75 and 90 Gbps, respectively.

S.D. Bazhitov, A.V. Larichev, A.V. Razgulin et al.

We discuss a problem of reconstructing (sectioning) multilayer object images in observed images obtained by focusing the imaging system on each layer and containing spurious blurry images of neighboring layers. The blurring model used describes a physical process of incoherent light scattering in the Fresnel approximation with a priori unknown parameters of the point spread function. We propose a method of "Boundary separation" of sectioning, which combines the use of a physical blur model with modern methods of blur estimating and edge detection. The results of testing the "Boundary separation" method on the data of physical experiments with different-scale model multilayer objects are analyzed and compared with the existing methods for solving the optical sectioning problem. It is concluded that the method is most effective on multilayer objects with clearly defined boundaries, on which the method has demonstrated almost complete restoration of the desired layers.