The SABRE North experiment is developing ultra-high radiopurity NaI(Tl) detectors to investigate dark matter. To achieve this, SABRE North utilizes the technique called zone refining for NaI powder purification. This work details the mathematical model developed to describe the purification process. By comparing this model to the results of the commissioning and production runs conducted prior to crystal growth, the distribution coefficients were determined for various impurities, contained in the powder at the parts-per-billion (ppb) level. Furthermore, the synthesis of data from both zone refining and normal freezing is discussed. These findings can be used to predict the SABRE North detectors background level in the energy region-of-interest for dark matter search and to optimize the production of ultra-high purity crystals through multiple purification strategies.
PURPOSE According to most models of spoken word recognition, listeners probabilistically activate a set of lexical candidates, which is incrementally updated as the speech signal unfolds. Speech carries segmental (speech sound) as well as suprasegmental (prosodic) information. The role of the latter in spoken word recognition is less clear. We investigated how suprasegments (tone and voice quality) in three North Germanic language varieties affected lexical access by scrutinizing temporally fine-grained neurophysiological effects of lexical uncertainty and information gain. METHOD Three event-related potential (ERP) studies were reanalyzed. In all varieties investigated, suprasegments are associated with specific word endings. Swedish has two lexical "word accents" realized as pitch falls with different timings across dialects. In Danish, the distinction is in voice quality. We combined pronunciation lexica and frequency lists to calculate estimates of lexical uncertainty about an unfolding word and information gain upon hearing a suprasegmental cue and the segment upon which it manifests. We used single-trial mixed-effects regression models run every 4 ms. RESULTS Only lexical uncertainty showed solid results: a frontal effect at 150-400 ms after suprasegmental cue onset and a later posterior effect after 200 ms. While a model including only segmental information mostly performed better, it was outperformed by the suprasegmental model at 200-330 ms at frontal sites. CONCLUSIONS The study points to suprasegmental cues contributing to lexical access over and beyond segments after around 200 ms in the North Germanic varieties investigated. Furthermore, the findings indicate that a previously reported "pre-activation negativity" predominantly reflects forward-looking processing. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25016486.
The barrow cemetery at Heath Wood, Derbyshire, is the only known Viking cremation cemetery in the British Isles. It dates to the late ninth century and is associated with the over-wintering of the Viking Great Army at nearby Repton in AD 873–4. Only the cremated remains of three humans and of a few animals are still available for research. Using strontium content and isotope ratios of these three people and three animals–a horse, a dog and a possible pig–this paper investigates the individuals’ residential origins. The results demonstrate that strontium isotope ratios of one of the adults and the non-adult are compatible with a local origin, while the other adult and all three animals are not. In conjunction with the archaeological context, the strontium isotope ratios indicate that these individuals most likely originated from the area of the Baltic Shield–and that they died soon after arrival in Britain. This discovery constitutes the first solid scientific evidence that Scandinavians crossed the North Sea with horses, dogs and other animals as early as the ninth century AD.
Wat's Dyke is an earthwork running along the border of England and Wales, like its western neighbour Offa's Dyke. But it is the shorter of the two, stretching a mere thirty-eight miles (62 kilometres) from the coast of the Dee Estuary to the environs of Old Oswestry, an Iron Age fortress in Shropshire, England. Although Wat's Dyke is now dated to the early ninth century (some decades later than Offa's Dyke), its name has remained obscure. A solution is yet possible. It can be related to the legendary Germanic hero Wade, who figures in Old and Middle English verse (including that of Chaucer), Old Norse, Middle High German, and even (as 'Wat') medieval Welsh. Wat's Dyke thus has unexpected links with poetry in Wales and beyond. There is another surprise: for Wade will be the mysterious warrior appearing on Maen Achwyfan, a tenth-century cross near Whitford, a Welsh village neighbouring the Dyke. The arguments for all this can be set out in four parts. We start with accounts of Wat's Dyke; move on to Chaucer and others on Wade; discuss the 'Wat' praised by Welsh bards; and end with Wade as the hero of both Maen Achwyfan and a lost monument to the west of it at Meliden (near Prestatyn) recorded by Edward Lhuyd (1660-1709), pioneer Oxford archaeologist. Plenty to say, then, on the past (Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian) of this region, where north-east Wales borders the English counties of Cheshire and Shropshire.
The article describes the attempt to process reconstruction which caused the formation of the preterite-present verb subgroup in the Gothic language. The reconstruction was based on the primary supposition of relationship and correlation of the preterite-present subgroup and the group of the strong verbs. That relationship is understood as the reconstruction of ablaut fragments belonging to the strong verbs, preterite with the further reflection of ablaut fragments in the preterite-present verbs, presence. The preterite-present verbs were separated into the individual subgroup involving the mechanism of desquamation. It is recognized as a gradual, multi-stage exfoliation, come off in layers of preterite-present verbs-to-be from the strong verb corpus.
The desquamation was understood as an integrated phenomenon which got definite outlines owing to the fact that the quality parameters were introduced. They gave the opportunity of desquamation describing using the quantitative indices. They permitted to describe desquamation in an objective way. The manifestation of desquamation features is associated with the degree of feature displayed. The quantitative parameter is recognized as penetrance. The opposite parameter is understood as a degree of feature lack. It is recognized as expressiveness. Both of them (penetrance and expressiveness) outline borders within which desquamation features exist and function; they act as self correlates. The desquamation descriptive precision becomes higher after the introduction of supplementary quantitative parameters. Mutual relations between strong and preterite-present verbs can be calculated with the number of ligaments. They form the notion of ligamentation. From another point of view, the number of calculated ligaments helps to describe ligamentation as menodentated or bidentated. In particular, a bidentated ligamentation may be classified as homogeneous of heterogeneous, taking into consideration nature of ligaments.
The system of quantitative parameter usage enables to subdivide Gothic preterite-present verbs into two quasi-groups. The first quasi-group contains verbs have definite correlations with the strong verbs of certain ablaut classes. The second one grasps verbs having obscure correlations with the certain ablaut classes. Obscure correlations demonstrate very indefinite connection with two ablaut classes simultaneously. It indicates the intermediate location of three preterite-present verbs (the second quasi-group) between two ablaut classes. That oscillation between two ablaut classes complicated the process of desquamation. The desquamation is connected with translocation, which designates the process when the verb desquamated from the corpus of strong verbs is shifted into the system of preterite-present verb parameters.
Tendencies fixed in the system of quantitative parameters are connected with the Gothic language, and may be used for further Common-Germanic generalization. It looks promising to research the preterite-present verbs in the North-Germanic and West-Germanic areas with finding out their difference, similarity, and individual specification.
Keywords: ablaut class, desquamation, ligamentation, penetrance, preterite-present verb, translocation.
Information about authors: Botsman Andriy Vasylovych – PhD in English Philology, Associate Professor; Associate Professor of the Department of English Philology and Intercultural Communication; Educational and Scientific Institute of Philology; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.
Dmytruk Olga Viktorina – PhD in English Philology, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of English Philology and Intercultural Communication; Educational and Scientific Institute of Philology; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.
Bondarenko Valeria Valeriyvna – PhD in English Philology, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of English Philology and Intercultural Communication; Educational and Scientific Institute of Philology; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.
E-mail: a.botsman@knu.ua; o.dmytruk@knu.ua; v.bondarenko@knu.ua
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Matthew Patterson, Christopher O'Reilly, Jon Robson
et al.
The coupled nature of the ocean-atmosphere system frequently makes understanding the direction of causality difficult in ocean-atmosphere interactions. This study presents a method to decompose turbulent heat fluxes into a component which is directly forced by atmospheric circulation, and a residual which is assumed to be primarily `ocean-forced'. This method is applied to the North Atlantic in a 500-year pre-industrial control run using the Met Office's HadGEM3-GC3.1-MM model. The method identifies residual heat flux modes largely associated with variations in ocean circulation and shows that these force equivalent barotropic circulation anomalies in the atmosphere. The first of these modes is characterised by the ocean warming the atmosphere along the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current and the second by a dipole of cooling in the western subtropical North Atantic and warming in the sub-polar North Atlantic. Analysis of atmosphere-only simulations confirms that these heat flux patterns are indeed forcing the atmospheric circulation changes seen in the pre-industrial control run. It is found that the Gulf Stream plays a critical role in the atmospheric circulation response to decadal ocean variability in this model. More generally, the heat flux dynamical decomposition method provides a useful way to establish causality in ocean-atmosphere interactions which could easily be applied to other ocean basins and to either models or reanalysis datasets.
Despite widespread calls for transparent artificial intelligence systems, the term is too overburdened with disparate meanings to express precise policy aims or to orient concrete lines of research. Consequently, stakeholders often talk past each other, with policymakers expressing vague demands and practitioners devising solutions that may not address the underlying concerns. Part of why this happens is that a clear ideal of AI transparency goes unsaid in this body of work. We explicitly name such a north star -- transparency that is user-centered, user-appropriate, and honest. We conduct a broad literature survey, identifying many clusters of similar conceptions of transparency, tying each back to our north star with analysis of how it furthers or hinders our ideal AI transparency goals. We conclude with a discussion on common threads across all the clusters, to provide clearer common language whereby policymakers, stakeholders, and practitioners can communicate concrete demands and deliver appropriate solutions. We hope for future work on AI transparency that further advances confident, user-beneficial goals and provides clarity to regulators and developers alike.
I denne artikkelen utforskes tidligere nyankomne, flerspråklige elevers opplevelser av den første tiden med norskopplæring i norsk skole, med utgangspunkt i Bonny Nortons investeringsbegrep. Deltakerne i studien var nyankomne elever i barneskolealder. Studien har et retrospektivt perspektiv, ettersom deltakerne var ferdige med de første årene med norskopplæring på datainnsamlingstidspunktet. I tillegg til å utforske elevenes opplevelser identifiserer artikkelen faktorer elevene mener har hatt betydning for deres mulighet og vilje til investering i språklæringen. Funnene indikerer et visst sammenfall av faktorer, som betydningen av god faglig og sosial tilrettelegging, og klassemiljøarbeid som skaper trygge læringsmiljø med åpenhet, raushet og forståelse for tilpasninger ut over det ordinære tilbudet. Ifølge deltakerne kan undervisning i ulike gruppesammensetninger tilby ulike muligheter for læring og deltakelse. De beskriver imidlertid en mangel på opplevd medvirkning. Funnene viser også at relasjonen til en genuint interessert lærer og til åpne medelever oppleves viktigere enn organiseringsmodeller og undervisningsopplegg.
This is a survey of digital library initiative of North East India. The recent initiative by the government of India towards the digitization is reflected in various digitation programs. The secondary sources of data are used to map the 16 digital library initiatives in eight north east state of India. The study has observed that digital library in true sense is perhaps lacking. Many of the digital libraries are not accessible from the outside and lack regular maintenance. In this context, a national level policy initiative is the need of the hour including various stakeholders from the academics, library professionals etc. The study also comes up with various important observations and policy suggestions which may be helpful for scholar, librarians, policy and decision makers in the government.
Hirotaka Ijima, Carolina Minte-Vera, Yi-Jay Chang
et al.
Catch-and-effort data are among the primary sources of information for assessing the status of terrestrial wildlife and fish. In fishery science, elaborate stock-assessment models are fitted to such data in order to estimate fish-population sizes and guide management decisions. Given the importance of catch-and-effort data, we scoured a comprehensive dataset pertaining to albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) in the north Pacific ocean for novel ecological information content about this commercially valuable species. Specifically, we used unsupervised learning based on finite mixture modelling to reveal that the north Pacific albacore-tuna stock can be divided into four pseudo-cohorts ranging in age from approximately 3 to 12 years old. We discovered that smaller size pseudo-cohorts inhabit relatively high -- subtropical to temperate -- latitudes, with hotspots off the coast of Japan. Larger size pseudo-cohorts inhabit lower -- tropical to subtropical -- latitudes, with hotspots in the western and central north Pacific. These results offer evidence that albacore tuna prefer different habitats depending on their size and age, and point to long-term migratory routes for the species that the current tagging technology is unlikely to capture in full. We discuss the implications of the results for data-driven modelling of albacore tuna in the north Pacific, as well as the management of the north Pacific albacore-tuna fishery.
Giuseppe Abrami, Mevlüt Bagci, Leon Hammerla
et al.
Parliamentary debates represent a large and partly unexploited treasure trove of publicly accessible texts. In the German-speaking area, there is a certain deficit of uniformly accessible and annotated corpora covering all German-speaking parliaments at the national and federal level. To address this gap, we introduce the German Parliament Corpus (GerParCor). GerParCor is a genre-specific corpus of (predominantly historical) German-language parliamentary protocols from three centuries and four countries, including state and federal level data. In addition, GerParCor contains conversions of scanned protocols and, in particular, of protocols in Fraktur converted via an OCR process based on Tesseract. All protocols were preprocessed by means of the NLP pipeline of spaCy3 and automatically annotated with metadata regarding their session date. GerParCor is made available in the XMI format of the UIMA project. In this way, GerParCor can be used as a large corpus of historical texts in the field of political communication for various tasks in NLP.
Svetlana Tchistiakova, Jesujoba Oluwadara Alabi, Koel Dutta Chowdhury
et al.
We describe the EdinSaar submission to the shared task of Multilingual Low-Resource Translation for North Germanic Languages at the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation (WMT2021). We submit multilingual translation models for translations to/from Icelandic (is), Norwegian-Bokmal (nb), and Swedish (sv). We employ various experimental approaches, including multilingual pre-training, back-translation, fine-tuning, and ensembling. In most translation directions, our models outperform other submitted systems.
Abstract The paper presents examples of meta-morphomes (a kind of morphomic patterns, involving syncretisms) in North Germanic. There has been some debate over the notion of such patterns, and the aim is therefore to present relatively clear cases. Five cases are presented, involving inflection in verbs, nouns and adjectives. The syncretisms are all ‘unnatural’; they do not make much sense for syntax, semantics or phonology. While patterns that are obvious to the linguist are not necessarily obvious to speakers, the paper presents diachronic evidence that these morphomic patterns have been noticed by speakers. At least some criticism against ‘morphomic’ analyses is based on implausible premises: An analysis in terms of features is not automatically preferable only by being possible; the idea of ‘taking morphology seriously’ is untenable; the claim that the morphomic approach is a mere enumeration of facts may involve a self-contradiction.
The aim of the present study is to follow the development of the suffixed definite article in North Germanic, in particular taking into account the unique reference expressed by the nascent article. The study is based on the corpora of Old Swedish, Old Danish and Old Icelandic texts written between 1200 and 1550. Both qualitative and quantitative methods, such as logistic regression models, are applied. The study is grounded in the notions of familiarity and uniqueness, which we explore diachronically. The results indicate that the use of the definite article is much more frequent in familiar than in unique contexts in North Germanic in the periods studied, as a greater proportion of NPs with direct anaphors is definite in the oldest extant texts, as well as throughout the later periods, than the proportion of NPs with unique referents. NPs with unique referents are further shown to constitute a non-uniform group, where the ‘more local’ unique NPs (grounded in specific knowledge) appear more frequently with a definite article than the ‘more global’ unique referents (grounded in encyclopaedic knowledge).
Ann-Kristin Helland Gujord, Bård Uri Jensen, Toril Opsahl
Da vi i redaksjonen inviterte til å skrive artikkelbidrag til et temanummer om forskningsmetoder og -metodologi i andrespråksforskning, var responsen stor. Her foreligger resultatet, og vi kan stolt presentere et smekkfullt dobbeltnummer med hele 10 artikler skrevet av 20 forskere med tilknytning til 7 ulike institusjoner: Adam Mickiewicz Universitet i Poznań, Høgskolen i Innlandet, Høgskulen i Volda, OsloMet – storbyuniversitetet, Universitetet i Bergen, Universitetet i Oslo og Universitetet i Sørøst-Norge. Dette illustrerer bredden i det fagmiljøet som driver forskningsaktivitet på feltet i Norge eller om norske forhold. Artiklene i dette temaheftet demonstrerer også bredden og variasjonen i metodologiske tilnærminger på feltet; her er artikler om forskningsetikk, etnografiske tilnærminger, aksjonsforskning, studentinvolvering, flervalgsoppgaver, narrativ tilnærming, dybdeintervju, utvekslingsstrukturanalyse, dynamisk systemteori og innlærerkorpus.
The article discusses suffix combinations in Icelandic with nominal and adjectival suffixes as first members of the combinations, how common these combinations are and which selectional restrictions are central in Icelandic derivational morphology. Combinations of twenty-six nominal suffixes and twenty-two suffixes that can attach to nominal suffixes were studied, in addition to combinations of nine adjectival suffixes and twelve other suffixes that can attach to adjectival suffixes: a total of 661 possible combinations when combinations of identical suffixes had been excluded. Of these 661 possible combinations, 36 were confirmed, using the corpora Íslenskur orðasjóður and Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls for documentation.
Possible reasons for the relatively small number of confirmed suffix combinations are discussed. Selectional restrictions play a major role in explaining this. For instance, some suffixes can not attach to base words that are themselves suffixed, although they otherwise can attach to base words of two syllables. Furthermore, it turns out that it is quite difficult to change the order of suffixes in a combination. These two restrictions significantly reduce the number of possible combinations in addition to some closed suffixes that do not allow further suffixation. In Icelandic, the so called ‚split suffixation‘ exists that partially compensates for the lack of suffix combinations. The split suffixation occurs where a linking element is inserted between two suffixes that can not in many instances attach to each other. The linking element then opens for further suffixation.
Dictionaries and other general reference works, North Germanic. Scandinavian
I artikkelen diskuteres noen sentrale forskningsetiske forhold som kan aktualiseres når gryende flerspråklige barn er involvert i forskning. Formålet med artikkelen er å løfte fram diskusjonene rundt hva slags implikasjoner forskningsetiske vurderinger og beslutninger har for forskning som involverer gryende flerspråklige barn. Jeg bygger på forskningsetiske diskusjoner fra både barnehageforskning og flerspråklighets- og andrespråksforskning. Jeg løfter først fram prinsipielle diskusjoner om forskningens nytte versus (flerspråklige) barns behov for beskyttelse. Jeg drøfter deretter mer spesifikt forhold knyttet til datainnsamlingsmetoder og hvordan flerspråklige barns stemmer blir hørt, og hvilke språk som blir hørt, i forskning. Jeg argumenterer avslutningsvis for at forskere bør være tydeligere på hvilke forskningsetiske valg som tas. Forskningsetiske dilemma kan medføre valg mellom motsetningsfylte etiske verdier. Det er derfor viktig å være eksplisitt på hvilke valg som er gjort, og hvilke konsekvenser disse valgene har for forskningsprosessen. Valgene har betydning for hva vi kan utvikle ny kunnskap om.
The study compares the competitiveness of three Korean groups raised in different institutional environments: South Korea, North Korea, and China. Laboratory experiments reveal that North Korean refugees are less likely to participate in competitive tournaments than South Koreans and Korean-Chinese immigrants. Analysis using a choice model with probability weighting suggests that lower cognitive ability may lead to lower expected performance, more pessimistic beliefs, and greater aversion to competition.