Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a complex and chronic disorder caused by exposure to a traumatic event, is a common psychological result of current military operations. It causes substantial distress and interferes with personal and social functioning. Consequently, identifying the risk factors that make military personnel and veterans more likely to experience PTSD is of academic, clinical, and social importance. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycINFO) were used to search for observational studies (cross-sectional, retrospective, and cohort studies) about PTSD after deployment to combat areas. The literature search, study selection, and data extraction were conducted by two of the authors independently. Thirty-two articles were included in this study. Summary estimates were obtained using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and publication bias tests were performed. The prevalence of combat-related PTSD ranged from 1.09% to 34.84%. A total of 18 significant predictors of PTSD among military personnel and veterans were found. Risk factors stemming from before the trauma include female gender, ethnic minority status, low education, non-officer ranks, army service, combat specialization, high numbers of deployments, longer cumulative length of deployments, more adverse life events, prior trauma exposure, and prior psychological problems. Various aspects of the trauma period also constituted risk factors. These include increased combat exposure, discharging a weapon, witnessing someone being wounded or killed, severe trauma, and deployment-related stressors. Lastly, lack of post-deployment support during the post-trauma period also increased the risk of PTSD. The current analysis provides evidence of risk factors for combat-related PTSD in military personnel and veterans. More research is needed to determine how these variables interact and how to best protect against susceptibility to PTSD.
LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration, Eric Aubourg, Camille Avestruz
et al.
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will produce unprecedented volumes of heterogeneous astronomical data (images, catalogs, and alerts) that challenge traditional analysis pipelines. The LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration (DESC) aims to derive robust constraints on dark energy and dark matter from these data, requiring methods that are statistically powerful, scalable, and operationally reliable. Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) are already embedded across DESC science workflows, from photometric redshifts and transient classification to weak lensing inference and cosmological simulations. Yet their utility for precision cosmology hinges on trustworthy uncertainty quantification, robustness to covariate shift and model misspecification, and reproducible integration within scientific pipelines. This white paper surveys the current landscape of AI/ML across DESC's primary cosmological probes and cross-cutting analyses, revealing that the same core methodologies and fundamental challenges recur across disparate science cases. Since progress on these cross-cutting challenges would benefit multiple probes simultaneously, we identify key methodological research priorities, including Bayesian inference at scale, physics-informed methods, validation frameworks, and active learning for discovery. With an eye on emerging techniques, we also explore the potential of the latest foundation model methodologies and LLM-driven agentic AI systems to reshape DESC workflows, provided their deployment is coupled with rigorous evaluation and governance. Finally, we discuss critical software, computing, data infrastructure, and human capital requirements for the successful deployment of these new methodologies, and consider associated risks and opportunities for broader coordination with external actors.
Music perception, a multi-sensory process based on the synesthesia effect, is an essential component of music aesthetic education. Understanding music structure helps both perception and aesthetic education. Music structure incorporates a range of information, the coordination of which forms the melody, just as different military actions cooperate to produce a military strategy. However, there are a few ways for assessing music perception from the perspectives of system operation and information management. In this paper, we explore the similarities between music structure and military strategy while creating the Music Clips Correlation Network (MCCN) based on Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs). The inspiration comes from the comparison between a concert conductor's musical score and a military war commander's sand table exercise. Specifically, we create MCCNs for various kinds of war movie soundtracks, then relate military tactics (Sun Tzu's Art of War, etc.) and political institutions to military operations networks. Our primary findings suggest a few similarities, implying that music perception and aesthetic education can be approached from a military strategy and management perspective through this interdisciplinary research. Similarly, we can discover similarities between the art of military scheming and the art of musical structure based on network analysis in order to facilitate the understanding of the relationship between technology and art.
Jack FitzGerald, Dylan Bates, Aristotelis Lazaridis
et al.
Military Large Language Models (LLMs) must provide accurate information to the warfighter in time-critical and dangerous situations. However, today's LLMs are imbued with safety behaviors that cause the LLM to refuse many legitimate queries in the military domain, particularly those related to violence, terrorism, or military technology. Our gold benchmark for assessing refusal rates, which was developed by veterans of the US Army and special forces, is to our knowledge the first dataset of its kind. We present results for refusal and deflection rates on 31 public models and 3 military models. We observe hard rejection rates as high as 98.2% and soft deflection rates ranging from 0% to 21.3%. We also present results on two additional synthetic datasets and show their correlations with the gold dataset. Finally, we perform abliteration using the Heretic library on a military-tuned gpt-oss-20b model, showing an absolute increase in answer rate of 66.5 points but an average relative decrease of 2% on other military tasks. In our concluding remarks, we argue for deeper specialization, including with mid-training and end-to-end post-training, to achieve zero refusals and maximum military task accuracy for closed military models.
Abstract Background The diagnostic yield of conventional gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy for early cancers is low because it is mainly based on morphological changes of tumors. Molecular functional changes in tumors precede morphological changes. Cherenkov luminescence endoscopy (CLE) system can perform molecular imaging of GI cancers, achieving early diagnosis of cancers. However, previous CLE systems had only been able to detect Cherenkov luminescence (CL) from about one μCi nuclide at a minimum (in vivo), but the nuclide probe absorbed by the tumor of a patient was often much less than one μCi at a routinely administered dose. This study aims to construct a clinically usable high-sensitivity CLE for molecular imaging of GI cancers. Results The minimum resolvable radioactivity of the CLE reached 0.020 μCi within 300 s (in vivo), with a sensitivity at the nanocurie for the first time. The detection sensitivity of the CLE increased by up to nearly twenty-two times over the previous system. In tumor-bearing nude mice, CLE could effectively identify all tumors with 100% concordance with both histopathology and PET/CT, and the CL signals of tumors were much stronger than those of the surrounding normal tissues (P < 0.05). The quality of CLE imaging at 60 s was comparable to that at 300 s (signal-to-background ratio, 2.70 ± 0.48 versus 2.98 ± 0.69, P = 0.56). Conclusions We constructed a high-sensitivity CLE that could detect radionuclides at the nanocurie radioactivity. The CLE could detect cancers accurately through rapid molecular imaging and had the potential for early diagnosis of GI cancers in clinical practice.
Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine
Adding appropriate amounts of Al and Cu atoms to high-entropy alloys （HEAs） can significantly improve mechanical properties of the alloys， but there are few research reports on the corrosion resistance of Al and Cu atoms in HEAs. To reveal the influence of Al and Cu atoms on the corrosion behavior of HEAs， this study focuses on FeCoNi based medium entropy alloys with excellent mechanical properties. FCC single-phase Fe25Co25Ni25Al10Cu15（Al10Cu15） alloy and BCC+FCC dual-phase Fe25Co25Ni25Al15Cu10（Al15Cu10） and Fe25Co25Ni25Al20Cu5（Al20Cu5） alloys are designed using empirical formulas for high-entropy alloy composition design. XRD analysis shows that the amount of FCC phase decreases and the amount of BCC increases with the increase of Al content， which is consistent with the theoretical calculation. SEM microstructure and EDS analysis show that increasing the amount of Al added and decreasing the amount of Cu added result in a transformation of the grain morphology from dendritic （Al10Cu15， Al15Cu10） to equiaxed （Al20Cu5）， and the composition of the interdendritic also changes significantly. The Al10Cu15 interdendritic microstructure is a Cu-rich FCC phase， the Al15Cu10 interdendritic microstructure is an Al-， Ni- and Cu-rich BCC phase， and the Al20Cu5 grain boundaries microstructure is a Fe- and Co-rich FCC phase. The potentiodynamic polarization（PDP） experiments show that alloys with high Al content have a dual-phase structure and are prone to galvanic corrosion during long-term immersion. The integrity of the passivation film is easily damaged， resulting in poor corrosion resistance of the alloy. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） tests show that the reaction resistance of alloys with higher Al additions decreases significantly with the prolongation of immersion time， which is consistent with the results of PDP analysis. Static immersion experiments at room temperature show that compared with Al10Cu15 alloy， Al15Cu10 and Al20Cu5 alloys are more susceptible to galvanic corrosion under prolonged immersion. It can be concluded that the addition of an excessive amount of Al atoms induced by the second phase significantly deteriorates the corrosion resistance of the material. Ensuring the homogeneity of alloy structure composition is an effective means to improve the corrosion resistance of materials.
Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials
Current definitions of Information Science are inadequate to comprehensively describe the nature of its field of study and for addressing the problems that are arising from intelligent technologies. The ubiquitous rise of artificial intelligence applications and their impact on society demands the field of Information Science acknowledge the sociotechnical nature of these technologies. Previous definitions of Information Science over the last six decades have inadequately addressed the environmental, human, and social aspects of these technologies. This perspective piece advocates for an expanded definition of Information Science that fully includes the sociotechnical impacts information has on the conduct of research in this field. Proposing an expanded definition of Information Science that includes the sociotechnical aspects of this field should stimulate both conversation and widen the interdisciplinary lens necessary to address how intelligent technologies may be incorporated into society and our lives more fairly.
This paper reviews literature pertaining to the development of data science as a discipline, current issues with data bias and ethics, and the role that the discipline of information science may play in addressing these concerns. Information science research and researchers have much to offer for data science, owing to their background as transdisciplinary scholars who apply human-centered and social-behavioral perspectives to issues within natural science disciplines. Information science researchers have already contributed to a humanistic approach to data ethics within the literature and an emphasis on data science within information schools all but ensures that this literature will continue to grow in coming decades. This review article serves as a reference for the history, current progress, and potential future directions of data ethics research within the corpus of information science literature.
The relevance of the study is stipulated by the need to substantiate the system of prerequisites under which it is already possible, if not to completely eliminate war as a social phenomenon, then to make armed struggle, as the main criterion of war or armed conflict, civilised and humane. Such prerequisites are: civilised international policy of the world's states - the creation of interstate and supranational institutions; strengthening of trust and mutual respect between states; globalisation of social policy – the growth of ties between social systems and national cultures, which contributes to the formation of public consciousness; development of international humanitarian law as a regulator of the behaviour of the subjects of armed confrontation. The main purpose of the article is to emphasise that the idea of civilized behaviour of the subjects of armed confrontation should first of all be based on certain theoretical statements in the science of war, which is divided into two branches in well-known studies: "the science of war", which is one of the sciences of sociology; and "the science of warfare", as a theory of military art. The work uses a comprehensive approach that includes the following methods: historical analysis, comparative analysis, problematic and chronological analysis, and retrospective research, etc.The main results of the article are as follows: a certain contribution to the science of warfare through the introduction of the new concept of "civilized war" into the existing conceptual apparatus and its interpretation; a certain contribution to the theory of military art through the supplementation of the system of principles of military art with the principles of civilised behaviour, which should be understood as the development of the system under the influence of the situation when society is looking for ways to humanise warfare. The universality of these principles lies in their influence on both the principles (rules) of a soldier's behaviour in battle and some principles of command and control. The implementation of the principles of civilized combat behaviour forms a new behavioural model of a warrior, which, in addition to the defined rules of engagement, includes their projection onto moral and ethical norms and legal regulators. The practical significance of the study is that the implementation of theoretical considerations regarding the possibilities and prerequisites for making wars civilised requires active organisational measures to form certain institutional structures and a mechanism for implementing the rules of civilised behaviour in the processes of training and use of troops. The legality and legitimacy of the formation and functioning of institutions and the mechanism for implementing civilised behaviour is a lever for the strict implementation of the provisions of international humanitarian law in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The materials of the article can be used by the heads of the military authorities of the Defence Forces of Ukraine, as well as for further research by scholars in the field of security and defence.
Ihsania Karin Azzani, Susilo Adi Purwantoro, Hikmat Zakky Almubarok
The Cyber Defense Center, abbreviated as Pushansiber, is an institution responsible for carrying out the duties and functions of the Defense Strategic Installation Agency. Pushansiber has an important role in implementing governance, cooperation, operations, and ensuring cyber defense security. However, this year there has been an increase in problems related to cyber attacks, such as phishing, malware, ransomware, spam. These cyber attacks are included in the concept of hybrid warfare which is believed to be a form of conflict that involves the utilization of various elements, one of which is cyber attacks, military, political, economic, and information aspects. This causes conflict situations to be complicated and demands a comprehensive approach in terms of defense and handling, with digital literacy and cybersecurity awareness which has an important role in defense management, the need for awareness and training, simulation, and certification to strengthen cybercrime awareness in every organization. The success of other countries that have established specialized cybersecurity teams and invested in advanced technology can serve as an example for Indonesia. For Indonesia, the cooperation between National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN) and the Ministry of Defense in strengthening cybersecurity capabilities is an important step to safeguard infrastructure, protect sensitive data, and reduce potential disruptions from malicious cyber activities with the aim of strengthening cybersecurity capabilities.
Aiming at the situation of unstable control and high error during recoil compensation control of gunship borne automatic weapon, the recoil compensation control algorithm of gunship borne automatic weapon is proposed. According to the specific firing conditions of airborne automatic weapons, combined with the internal and external factors that affect the recoil of weapons, the force analysis is carried out. Meanwhile, the attitude parameters of gunship, including coordinate parameters and attitude Angle parameters, are calculated. On this basis, the control model of gunship is established, corresponding controller is designed, nonlinear interference observer is introduced, and adaptive control law is designed. The recoil compensation control of airborne automatic weapon is realized. The experimental results show that the proposed recoil compensation control algorithm has small control delay, can respond to compensation control changes in time, and has small control error. The overall fault tolerance of the control algorithm has been improved.
The fundamental principle of the art of war is victory, a doctrine also present in the facts of arms, known through numerous quotations, in the complex peninsular political-military context in the central centuries of the Middle Ages. However, the Hispanic exceptionable granted by the permeable border with Al-Andalus integrates this principle, if we confront it with Western Europe. During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, due to the advance towards the south of the Christian kingdoms that strengthen their territory A militarized society is formed regulated by a series of provisions that govern the military obligations feudal-vassal, of the different social groups, among them are the inhabitants of the towns and cities of the Christian kingdoms giving rise to the term “a society for war”, characterized by special rules and jurisdictions regulatingt the relations between the border settlements and their lords, in substance a particular border law different from the rules governing the interior of the kingdom. The one that contemplates the service of arms, in its different modalities (apellido, cabalgada o hueste) as an essential element of its provisions.
History (General) and history of Europe, Military Science
Deep learning has enabled major advances across most areas of artificial intelligence research. This remarkable progress extends beyond mere engineering achievements and holds significant relevance for the philosophy of cognitive science. Deep neural networks have made significant strides in overcoming the limitations of older connectionist models that once occupied the centre stage of philosophical debates about cognition. This development is directly relevant to long-standing theoretical debates in the philosophy of cognitive science. Furthermore, ongoing methodological challenges related to the comparative evaluation of deep neural networks stand to benefit greatly from interdisciplinary collaboration with philosophy and cognitive science. The time is ripe for philosophers to explore foundational issues related to deep learning and cognition; this perspective paper surveys key areas where their contributions can be especially fruitful.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in enhancing the capabilities of defense systems, revolutionizing strategic decision-making, and shaping the future landscape of military operations. Neuro-Symbolic AI is an emerging approach that leverages and augments the strengths of neural networks and symbolic reasoning. These systems have the potential to be more impactful and flexible than traditional AI systems, making them well-suited for military applications. This paper comprehensively explores the diverse dimensions and capabilities of Neuro-Symbolic AI, aiming to shed light on its potential applications in military contexts. We investigate its capacity to improve decision-making, automate complex intelligence analysis, and strengthen autonomous systems. We further explore its potential to solve complex tasks in various domains, in addition to its applications in military contexts. Through this exploration, we address ethical, strategic, and technical considerations crucial to the development and deployment of Neuro-Symbolic AI in military and civilian applications. Contributing to the growing body of research, this study represents a comprehensive exploration of the extensive possibilities offered by Neuro-Symbolic AI.
José Javier Galán, Ramón Alberto Carrasco, Antonio LaTorre
The military environment generates a large amount of data of great importance, which makes necessary the use of machine learning for its processing. Its ability to learn and predict possible scenarios by analyzing the huge volume of information generated provides automatic learning and decision support. This paper aims to present a model of a machine learning architecture applied to a military organization, carried out and supported by a bibliometric study applied to an architecture model of a nonmilitary organization. For this purpose, a bibliometric analysis up to the year 2021 was carried out, making a strategic diagram and interpreting the results. The information used has been extracted from one of the main databases widely accepted by the scientific community, ISI WoS. No direct military sources were used. This work is divided into five parts: the study of previous research related to machine learning in the military world; the explanation of our research methodology using the SciMat, Excel and VosViewer tools; the use of this methodology based on data mining, preprocessing, cluster normalization, a strategic diagram and the analysis of its results to investigate machine learning in the military context; based on these results, a conceptual architecture of the practical use of ML in the military context is drawn up; and, finally, we present the conclusions, where we will see the most important areas and the latest advances in machine learning applied, in this case, to a military environment, to analyze a large set of data, providing utility, machine learning and decision support.
This paper explores the critical role of data clustering in data science, emphasizing its methodologies, tools, and diverse applications. Traditional techniques, such as partitional and hierarchical clustering, are analyzed alongside advanced approaches such as data stream, density-based, graph-based, and model-based clustering for handling complex structured datasets. The paper highlights key principles underpinning clustering, outlines widely used tools and frameworks, introduces the workflow of clustering in data science, discusses challenges in practical implementation, and examines various applications of clustering. By focusing on these foundations and applications, the discussion underscores clustering's transformative potential. The paper concludes with insights into future research directions, emphasizing clustering's role in driving innovation and enabling data-driven decision-making.
ANDERSON LIMA DE MOURA, Juliana Marcondes BUSSOLOTTI, Virginia Mara Próspero da CUNHA
et al.
Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão integrativa das dissertações de mestrado dos oficiais-alunos do Curso de Mestrado Profissional em Educação da UNITAU, participantes do programa de Capacitação do Corpo Permanente da AMAN. A metodologia de pesquisa apoiou-se nos fundamentos teórico-metodológicos da Revisão Integrativa, com suporte do software IRaMuTeq, que serviu de ferramenta de apoio na sistematização e análise dos conteúdos e dados por meio de representações Estatísticas Textuais, Análise de Especificidades, Análise Fatorial de Correspondência, Método da Classificação Hierárquica Descendente, Análise de Similitude e Nuvem de Palavras. Esta abordagem metodológica possibilitou oferecer um panorama sobre o que está sendo produzido no âmbito da parceria AMAN-UNITAU, identificando os principais temas, referenciais teóricos e metodológicos aplicados, bem como, os resultados obtidos pelos pesquisadores, oferecendo novos caminhos e olhares para o aprofundamento e a complementação de futuras pesquisas no Ensino Superior Militar, na AMAN e na UNITAU.
This study aimed to find a way to enhance the education quality of military academies by analyzing how expectancy violations of communication between professors and cadets influence cadets' interest and engagement in class. This study was conducted as follows. First, a literature review of instructor communication and expectancy violation theories was conducted. Next, the instructor communication factor was measured using several authorized measurement scales targeting the cadets at KAAY. Finally, a number of three-step hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to derive implications regarding the effect of cadets' communication experiences and expectancy violations on cadets' interest and engagement in class. The results of these analyses are as follows. First, the analysis on how professors' communication expectancy violations affect cadets' interest in class revealed that expectancy violations of nonverbal friendliness had negative effects on emotional interest. Second, the analysis on how professors' communication expectancy violations affected cadets' engagement in class revealed that expectancy violations of professionalism had negative effects on interactive engagement, expectancy violations of nonverbal friendliness had negative effects on emotional engagement, and expectancy violations of validation had negative effects on interactive engagement. Finally, an analysis on the difference in how professors' communication expectancy violations affect cadets' interest and engagement in class revealed that the real experience of instructor communication affects cadets’ interest and engagement in class more than expectancy violations.
The instructions to authors about the article preparation for publication in the Military Technical Courier are based on the Regulations on categorization and ranking of scientific journals of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No 159/20). This Regulations aims at improving the quality of national journals and raising the level of their compliance with the international system of scientific information exchange. The editorial policy of the Military Technical Courier is based on the COPE Core Practices, common COPE, DOAJ, OASPA and WAME Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing as well as on the best accepted practices in scientific publishing. The Military Technical Courier has been a COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) member since 2nd May 2018 and a member of OASPA (Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association) since 27th November 2015.
Military Science, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)