Hasil untuk "Marketing. Distribution of products"

P. Kotler, S. Levy

Augustin Chaintreau, Roland Maio, Juba Ziani

Many ethical issues in machine learning are connected to the training data. Online data markets are an important source of training data, facilitating both production and distribution. Recently, a trend has emerged of for-profit "ethical" participants in online data markets. This trend raises a fascinating question: Can online data markets sustainably and efficiently address ethical issues in the broader machine-learning economy? In this work, we study this question in a stylized model of an online data market. We investigate the effects of intervening in the data market to achieve balanced training-data production. The model reveals the crucial role of market conditions. In small and emerging markets, an intervention can drive the data producers out of the market, so that the cost of fairness is maximal. Yet, in large and established markets, the cost of fairness can vanish (as a fraction of overall welfare) as the market grows. Our results suggest that "ethical" online data markets can be economically feasible under favorable market conditions, and motivate more models to consider the role of data production and distribution in mediating the impacts of ethical interventions.

Ben Hayes, Srivatsav Kunnawalkam Elayavalli, Leonel Robert

We study selflessness in the general setting of reduced free products of $C^*$-algebras. Towards this end, we develop a suitable theory of rapid decay for filtrations in arbitrary $C^*$-probability spaces. We provide several natural examples and permanence properties of this phenomenon. By using this framework in combination with von Neumann algebraic techniques involving approximate forms of orthogonality, we are able to prove selflessness for general families of reduced free product $C^*$-algebras. As an instance of our results, we prove selflessness and thus strict comparison for the canonical $C^*$-algebras generated by Voiculescu's free semicircular systems. Our results also provide new examples of purely infinite reduced free products.

Dirk Lauinger, Deepjyoti Deka, Sungho Shin

Electricity distribution companies deploy battery storage to defer grid upgrades by reducing peak demand. In deregulated jurisdictions, such storage often sits idle because regulatory constraints bar participation in electricity markets. Here, we develop an optimization framework that, to our knowledge, provides the first formal model of market participation constraints within storage investment and operation planning. Applying the framework to a Massachusetts case study, we find that market participation delivers similar savings as peak demand reduction. Under current conditions, market participation does not increase storage investment, but at very low storage costs, could incentivize deployment beyond local distribution needs. This might run contrary to the separation of distribution from generation in deregulated markets. Our framework can mitigate this concern by identifying investment levels appropriate for local distribution needs.

Zhangchi Chen, Zihao Ye, Weizhe Zheng

Astorg and Boc Thaler studied the dynamics of certain skew-product $f(z,w)=(p(z),q(z,w))$ tangent to the identity, with two real parameters $α>1$ and $β$ derived from its coefficients. They proved that if there exists an increasing sequence of positive integers $(n_k)_{k\geqslant 1}$ such that $(σ_k)_{k\geqslant 1}:=(n_{k+1}-αn_k-β\ln n_k)_{k\geqslant 1}$ converges, then $f$ admits wandering domains of rank one. They also proved that for $α>1$ with the Pisot property, the condition that $θ:=\frac{β\lnα}{α-1}$ is rational is sufficient for the existence of $(n_k)_{k\geqslant 1}$ such that $(σ_k)_{k\geqslant 1}$ converges to a cycle. They asked if this condition is necessary. When $α$ is an algebraic number, we answer the question of Astorg and Boc Thaler in the affirmative: the condition that $θ\in\mathbb{Q}$ is necessary and sufficient for the convergence of $(σ_k)_{k\geqslant 1}$ to a cycle. Furthermore, denoting by $P(x)\in\mathbb{Z}[x]$ the minimal polynomial of $α$, we prove that $θ\in\frac{1}{P(1)}\mathbb{Z}$ is necessary and sufficient for the convergence of $(σ_k)_{k\geqslant 1}$. Combined with the work of Astorg and Boc Thaler, our result provides explicit new examples of polynomial skew-products in $\mathbb{C}^2$ with wandering domains of rank one. We also prove related results on the distribution modulo one of linear recurrent sequences, generalizing theorems of Dubickas.

Yu Yuan, Xiaoke Xie, Yulei Xie

In recent years, with rising consumer demand, fresh products have gained increasing attention, leading to rapid growth in the fresh food market. However, due to their perishable nature and sensitivity to storage conditions, fresh products are vulnerable to damage during transportation. Improper handling, excessive transit times, and physical impacts can result in significant losses. As a result, enhancing the efficiency of fresh product distribution while maintaining quality has become critical to the further development of the fresh food industry. Using Y chain supermarket as a case study, this paper investigates the logistics of fresh product distribution, identifying current challenges and inefficiencies. Through literature review, expert interviews, and comparative analysis, the study offers strategic recommendations for optimizing fresh product delivery routes to improve distribution efficiency and product quality.

Fatema Al Saba, Charilaos Mertzanis, Ilias Kampouris

Purpose: This paper hopes to examine the effect of staff empowerment on jobs that fall inside the travel and tourism industry across eighty-four nations from the years 2000 to 2021 using yearly cross-country information gathered by the World Tourism Organization (WTO). Methods:The purpose of this study is to provide an approximation of the level of employee empowerment according to the limit to which companies that are active in the economic reality provide employees with training opportunities. The analysis accounts for the effect of economic situations, the development of infrastructure, and policy frameworks by controlling for the impact of several social, economic, and institutional variables. This allows the analysis to take into account the influence held by economic circumstances, growth in infrastructure, and policies and frameworks. Results:Our research shows that there is a substantial beneficial correlation involving employee training and employment in tourism-related industries across the board in every country. The robustness of these results is demonstrated by the fact that they are not affected by a variety of tests for sensitivity and endogeneity analyses. According to the findings of our research, modifications to employee training could not have a quick or solely linear effect on employment rates in the tourism sector. It has been observed that nonlinear effects can occur, in addition to the possibility of delays in the impact that training programs have on employment. In addition, a wide variety of social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical factors all have the potential to have an impact on the link between employee training and job placement in this sector. Implications: Employee training programs in the economy appear to be important tools in enhancing employee skills and therefore empower them to seek employment in the tourism sector.

Jelena Nikolajenko-Skarbalė, Rasa Viederytė-Žilienė

In the marketing landscape, there has been a noticeable shift from the well-established “customer retention” loyalty programs of the 2010s to the emerging trend of “customer attraction” programs in the 2020s. This study aims to investigate the underlying reasons behind these transformations and identify the key components shaping a contemporary customer’s loyalty towards brands. To accomplish this, an empirical research was undertaken, interviewing 129 representatives of the “EU-Conexus” network, which education and research institutions are located in Lithuania (i.e., Klaipeda University), Spain (i.e., Catholic University of Valencia), Croatia (i.e., University of Zadar), Romania (i.e., Technical University of Civil Engineering), Greece (i.e., Agricultural University of Athens) and France (i.e., La Rochelle Université). The study employed a quantitative methodology, using a standardised online questionnaire contained multiple-choice, single-choice 18 detailed closed questions. The collected research data were subsequently analysed using MS Excel software through the application of descriptive statistics data processing techniques. The findings of this study revealed that regular and annoying promotional material and “intricate” loyalty programs are usually irritating contemporary customers and can be a reason to leave a brand. Consequently, modern brands are encouraged to regularly rethink – re-evaluate and re-design – their loyalty marketing strategies to become relevant to customers’ needs. The study also highlighted the key components significantly influencing the loyalty of respondents: (i) high quality and responsibly priced goods and (or) services, (ii) well-organised customer service, (iii) a “rational” customer loyalty program, and (iv) an adequate number of promotional messages containing relevant content. Acknowledgment The authors are sincerely thankful to the “EU-Conexus” community for their benevolent and active participation in the research implemented in frames of this study.

Eugene Wickett, Matthew Plumlee, Karen Smilowitz et al.

Ensuring product quality is critical to combating the global challenge of substandard and falsified medical products. Post-marketing surveillance is a central quality-assurance activity in which products from consumer-facing locations are collected and tested. Regulators in low-resource settings use post-marketing surveillance to evaluate product quality across locations and determine corrective actions. Part of post-marketing surveillance is developing a sampling plan, which specifies where to test and the number of tests to conduct at a location. With limited resources, it is important to base decisions on the utility of the samples tested. We propose a Bayesian approach to generate a comprehensive utility metric for sampling plans. This sampling plan utility integrates regulatory risk assessments with prior testing data, available supply-chain information, and valuations of regulatory objectives. We develop an efficient method for calculating sampling plan utility. We illustrate the value of the utility metric with a case study based on de-identified post-marketing surveillance data from a low-resource setting.

Arash Fahim, Nizar Touzi

The aim of this paper is to address the effect of the carbon emission allowance market on the production policy of a large polluter production firm. We investigate this effect in two cases; when the large polluter cannot affect the risk premium of the allowance market, and when it can change the risk premium by its production. In this simple model, we ignore any possible investment of the firm in pollution reducing technologies. We formulate the problem of optimal production by a stochastic optimization problem. Then, we show that, as expected, the market reduces the optimal production policy in the first case if the firm is not given a generous initial cheap allowance package. However, when the large producer activities can change the market risk premium, the cut on the production and consequently pollution cannot be guaranteed. In fact, there are cases in this model when the optimal production is {\it always} larger than expected, and an increase in production, and thus pollution, can increase the profit of the firm. We conclude that some of the parameters of the market which contribute to this effect can be wisely controlled by the regulators in order to diminish this manipulative behavior of the firm.

Ella Anastasya Sinambela, Elok Imroatul Azizah, A. Putra

Currently consumers have a high concern for the environment. This concern has an impact on products that consumers use in everyday life such as skincare. Simple is a skincare brand from England that has been in production since 1960. Simple has always stated that its products are environmentally friendly products. The competition that occurs in similar businesses makes Simple implement its marketing strategy for data to increase the intention to repurchase Simple skincare products. This study aims to determine the effect of green product, green price, and distribution channel on the intention to repurchase Simple face wash soap. The population of this quantitative research is the consumers of Simple face wash soap. Researchers used 100 respondents. The research data was then processed using multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The results showed that green products have a significant effect on the formation of repurchase intentions. Furthermore, the green price has also been shown to have a significant effect on the formation of repurchase intentions. The results also show that the formation of repurchase intentions is also influenced by the distribution channel.

Rouven Seifert, Cord Otten, Michel Clement et al.

Digital technologies allow versioning a product (e.g., a movie) for different physical and digital sequential distribution channels to target heterogeneous consumer segments, thereby creating exclusive offers. Extant literature on sequential distribution for movies largely concentrates on the theater-to-home-video window length (e.g., DVD), thus, neglecting digital distribution channels, particularly the potential of exclusive digital offers when multiple subsequent home video channels are available. We empirically examine the impact of exclusive digital movie offers on demand in digital and physical distribution channels. We fit a system of equations to a unique sample of 260 movies distributed in theaters, digital purchases, digital rentals, and physical purchases channels. Overall, the results indicate substantial profits from exclusive offers. Rather than sales cannibalizations, we find positive cross-channel demand spillovers from exclusive digital offers to delayed physical purchases. Exclusive home video offers outperform mere reductions in the theatrical exclusivity period; thus, implementing exclusive digital home video releases is a promising alternative to avoid conflict-prone reductions of the overall theater-to-home-video release window. Our findings are also relevant to industries that use different online and offline release windows (book publishers) or give exclusive access across different platforms (game publishers).

Shaoying Ma, Shuning Jiang, Meng Ling et al.

Background: Retailer price promotions are an important marketing strategy to attract consumers. However, there is scarce evidence on how retail price promotions are being implemented by e-cigarette online stores, particularly for e-liquid products that are not often found in brick-and-mortar stores and sold in lower prices compared to other types of e-cigarettes. Objectives: We collect data on e-liquid price-promotion activities from online stores using web scraping. From February to May 2021, we scraped the price promotion data of over 14,000 e-liquid products, from five popular online vape shops that sell nationwide in the US. We present descriptive analyses of price promotion on those products, assess price promotion practices in online stores, and discuss components of the final purchase price paid by online customers. Findings: Of the 14,000 e-liquid products and over, 13,326 (92.36%) were on sale, and each online store on average offered discounts from 9.20% to 47.53% for these products. The distribution of the after-discount price was largely similar across the five stores, and there is evidence that each store had adopted different price-promotion strategies. Conclusion: Despite low prices, price promotions are common for e-liquid products, which may undermine the effect of e-cigarette pricing policies such as excise tax that are designed to raise e-cigarette prices.

H. Kurniawan

This study aims to analyze the effect of the marketing mix, brand image, halal label, and word ofmouth on syrup purchasing decisions at cafes in Surabaya. By analyzing these factors, it is hoped that thecompany can determine the right strategy to increase sales. This study applied the quantitative researchmethod by distributing questionnaires as a data collection method. The sample in this study amounted to 52respondents using the convenience sampling technique. The results showed that product, price, promotion,distribution, and brand image had a significant effect on syrup purchasing decisions, while halal labels andword of mouth did not significantly affect syrup purchasing decisions at cafes in Surabaya. This relates tothe context of the research that respondents answered for products that they do not consume themselves,but products that are used in business processes or business procurement.

M. Reverberi

This article focuses on a newly defined category of insect as food: packaged processed insects (PPIs). PPIs integrate dry insects (in pieces or in powder) in packaged food products such as snacks, pasta, or baked goods. PPIs have been on the market for a few years, and they are still far from being mainstream. The commercial challenges they face, all of which are addressed in this article, include production costs, certifications and regulations, marketing communication, and retail distribution and consumer targeting. The western preconception of insect eating, which has been extensively covered in the existing literature, is also taken into account, but from the food makers’ angle: how to deal with it when selling PPIs. Eleven PPI makers have contributed to this article by agreeing to a standardised interview protocol about their PPI products. Their names and a summary of the information collected is found in Supplementary material S1.

Mehmet Nasih Tağ

There is a renewed debate about whether multidivisional firms allocate resources efficiently across their divisions. This paper contributes to the literature on this debate by developing and testing a conceptual framework that links resource allocation efficiency to three forms of firm-level diversity: diversity in industry-specific knowledge, diversity in industryspecific investment opportunities, and diversity in operations. Regression analysis of a large sample of multidivisional firms shows that resource allocation efficiency tends to decrease as diversity in either industry-specific knowledge or industry-specific investment opportunities increases. Moreover, it appears that the negative relationship between the diversity in industry-specific investment opportunities and allocation efficiency weakens and may even turn positive when the diversity in industry-specific knowledge is low. On the other hand, the diversity in operations does not appear to affect allocation efficiency. These results are robust to the potential bias due to sample selection. Combined with related theory, the results suggest that firm diversity could have either a detrimental or a positive effect on a firm’s performance.

Cecilia Rocha, Melody Mendonça, Do Huy Nguyen et al.

Despite recent improvements in health, Vietnam continues to face significant problems with food security and chronic malnutrition among children. In the Northern Mountainous Region, small-scale farmers and ethnic minority groups are particularly hit hard. Anemia is present in almost half the local population of children under two, and close to 20% of children experience stunted growth. Anemia and stunting can cause irreversible deficiencies in learning and child development. Fortification of food products that are complementary to breast milk has been identified as an option to intervene and tackle chronic child malnutrition, particularly in situations requiring rapid results. Our paper describes how the ECOSUN project addressed food security and chronic child malnutrition in northern Vietnam (Lào Cai, Lai Châu, and Hà Giang provinces) using a food-system approach to design and implement a viable and sustainable value chain for fortified complementary foods. Through public-private partnerships, the project procured locally grown crops from small-scale women farmers to produce affordable fortified complementary food products in a small-scale food processing plant. Social marketing campaigns and nutrition education counseling centers supported product distribution through local vendors while emphasizing and promoting the value of fortified foods for healthy child development. The ECOSUN project also aimed to contribute to the broader goal of transforming the local economy. The process, lessons, challenges, successes, and methods employed to assess and test the delivery mechanisms of the project can offer insights to researchers, program implementers, and decision-makers involved in research-integrated development projects embedded in local socio-ecological systems. 

Maxim Korneyev, Ivan Berezhniuk, Volodymyr Dzhyndzhoian et al.

The war in Ukraine dealt a crushing blow to the country’s economy. The relevance of the topic is due to the marketing ability to be an effective tool for restoring and developing business in Ukraine. The paper aims to define the state and prospects for developing business and its marketing component during the war in Ukraine. The research analysis demonstrates that the share of business representatives who completely or partially ceased their activities during the first three months of the war decreased from 75.3% in March to 49.0% in May (compared to February 24, 2022), which is indicative of the gradual resumption of business in Ukraine. At the same time, it was found that in May 2022, the food retail, non-food retail, household appliances, and electronics sectors partially resumed their work. The best renewal rates are observed in the jewelry sector, and the worst – in the entertainment sector. A study of marketing activities in Ukraine shows that the most positive changes regarding gradual renewal are observed in digital marketing. The paper highlights the key consequences of hostilities for Ukrainian business and its marketing activities: supply chain disruption, reduced purchasing power, changes in consumer demand, stockpiling, and a state of uncertainty among business representatives. In addition, the study offers general approaches to adapting marketing and SMM during the war to preserve, restore, and further develop business in Ukraine.

Ozan Büyükyılmaz

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between the positive (self-enhancing, affiliative) and negative (self-defeating, aggressive) use of humor of leaders and the organizational creativity of employees. The moderating role of organizational tenure in the relationship between humor styles and organizational creativity is also examined. The data used in the research are gathered by questionnaire from 335 employees working in different organizations. Research hypotheses are tested by hierarchical regression analysis. As a result of the research, a positive relationship is determined between the use of self-enhancing and affiliative humor of leaders and organizational creativity, and a negative relationship is determined between the use of aggressive humor and organizational creativity. The findings also indicate that organizational tenure has a moderation role in the relationship between affiliative humor and organizational creativity and between aggressive humor and organizational creativity.

C. Phonthanukitithaworn, A. Sae‐Eaw, Huacheng Tang et al.

Abstract The adverse environmental impact associated with producing animal foods (e.g. chick, pork, beef, and fish) presents an opportunity for insect foods to meet the rising global demand for meat products. This paper investigates consumer behavior relating to edible insect products among young adult consumers from China and Thailand. A sample of 616 young adults was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The empirical results revealed edible insect phobia, neophilic tendency, and marketing strategies to be the primary constructs influencing the consumption of edible insects. The SEM results suggest marketing strategies to be the most crucial mediator affecting an individual’s insect consumption, including attractive advertising and promotion strategies and accessible distribution channels. Our results also revealed edible insect phobia to be significantly higher among Chinese consumers compared to Thai consumers. Among several implications, the marketers may use a promotional tool such as buy one get one free to stimulate insect consumption.