Hasil untuk "Manners and customs (General)"

Sumiyana Sumiyana, Erna Fitri Komariyah

This study investigates the active role of commitment in explaining loyalty programs when customers get their satisfaction and trust through a Mobile Shopping Application (MSA). Moreover, it reveals the staging process of satisfaction and trust, nesting in customers’ commitment before affecting loyalty. This study challenges freshness. Firstly, it criticizes that customers’ loyalty, as suggested by some extant research, depends on their direct benefits from loyalty programs but because of their involvement with them. Secondly, it offers a new alternative model by complementing the extant research, which discusses loyalty programs, inducing the users’ enhanced commitment. Thirdly, it proposes that research designed using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which influences the users’ commitment, results in validity in conclusion by implementing the measurements of general and multidimensional commitments. Moreover, multidimensional commitment outperforms the general one. Finally, this research contributes that the functional role of users’ commitment has mediated between satisfaction and trust, and loyalty programs in using an MSA. Commitment requires satisfaction and trust but must also be developed through user loyalty. Furthermore, CBT’s interactional role is in developing customers’ commitment as the second contribution due to gaining some benefits from the firm that facilitated them. Plain language summary Purpose—This study investigates how users changed their cognitive processes to develop loyal behavior from their involvement. Furthermore, this study investigates the users’ cognitive staging changes to enhance their commitment to using an MSA. Method—This study employed two research methods. The first was a survey, and the other a quasi-experiment. This study used two approaches to investigate the users’ commitment: general and multidimensional commitments. Finally, this study was conducted sequentially on the three models in a mutually exclusive test. Conclusion—This study accomplished its three research objectives. The first was to present evidence that the existence and occurrence of customer commitment play a critical role in determining users’ loyalty. It means that customer satisfaction and trust affect their commitment first. Then, customer commitment influences their loyalty after they increase their commitment. Secondly, this research presented evidence that two types of customer commitment supported the causality between satisfaction, trust and loyalty. General and multidimensional commitment have a role in determining customers’ loyalty. This study inferred that although the types are different, they explain that their cognition influences customers’ loyalty, manifested in commitment. Implication—This research implies that an effective loyalty program makes social media users experience emotional bonding and commitment. This commitment improved when the users received rewards from the service providers. The users got enjoyment, entertainment, visual appeal, and social affiliation to reflect experiential values. Theoretically, this research implied that the loyalty program literature comprehended the e-commerce users’ commitment through a multidimensional approach with users’ identification and internalization of the loyalty program had to be loyal. Limitation—The measurements of general and multidimensional commitments possibly relate to the users’ personalities and cultures, creating doubt. Users’ personalities could influence the users’ commitment due to the varying levels of openness, introversion, masculinity, and other factors. Meanwhile, culture probably influences the users’ commitment because of variations in customs, mores, vogues, manners, and other communities adhere to. Moreover, this study did not control for the users’ income levels. The income per capita could affect the motivation for commitment.

Danka Milojković, Katarina Milojković, Hristina Milojković

Walking tourism, among the most attractive manners to observe a destination and satisfy the growing demand of visitors for outdoor activities, allows tourists to interact closely with local nature, people, tradition, culture, and heritage. Walking tourism needs low investments and can be developed anywhere. The impacts of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health contribute to the accelerated development of this form of tourism. By better understanding users, it is more likely to develop a product or service that works for them. Despite the efforts of urban areas to become greener and more attractive (Callaghan et al., 2021), rural areas have unique and pristine natural resources that cannot be created artificially. In addition, life in the village is still traditional, peaceful, and easy, customs are respected, and the cultural heritage has been preserved from the influence of the modern, high-tech age and global market trends (Štetić & Šimičević, 2017). When developing a nature tourism product, the focal question is related to real user needs. Such as the lack of information about user needs accounts for 35% of total reasons for start-ups’ failures (CBInsights, 2021), this logic can also easily apply to tourism destinations. To learn about user needs, the starting point is to research users and their motivations, triggers, and context for using the product or service. Considering the impact of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health, countryside walking tourism (CWT), with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism. Properly developed and managed, walking tourism brings social-economic benefits to destinations and gains a significant place in regional sustainable development (Milojković et al., 2023a). CWT, with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism (Milojković et al., 2023b). Understanding users and their needs-based CWT management reduces the risk of expensive failures, ensures timely delivery, sets up and manages a team to design, build, and maintain a product or service, and opens space for innovations. The research purpose is to perceive users of the countryside walking tours and their needs during those tours. Among the general scientific methods, the statistical method and the hypothetico-deductive method were used. The research data were collected using the questionnaire-based survey technique and processed by SPSS. The general results indicated that the management of CWT should target meeting user needs for visiting hidden and original places with a local guide, consuming and buying authentic food and drinks, and raising awareness and building communicative capacities of the local population. The research contribution is to improve the management of rural tourism destinations based on understanding users and their needs for countryside walking tours.

Maria Alice Ribeiro Gabriel

O tema deste estudo é a violência contra mulheres retratada em romances tradicionais portugueses. A estrutura de baladas ou romances inclui fórmulas, motivos e temas derivados das culturas oral e escrita, antiga e moderna. Como tendência geral, romances incorporam fragmentos de épicos, contos de fadas, acalantos, canções e outras expressões narrativas em prosa e verso, além de experiências, linguagens, ideologias e práticas do cotidiano. Considerando romances repositórios de memórias culturais, históricas e sociais o propósito deste artigo é analisar alusões à violência contra mulheres em certos romances. O objetivo é examinar como essas baladas retratam tópicos como abuso físico e emocional. Esta análise comparativa e interdisciplinar baseia-se em obras de Leite de Vasconcellos (1886); Câmara Cascudo (1984; 1986; 2005); Manuel da Costa Fontes (1994; 2004); Casey Dué (2006); John Haines (2010); Ruth Finnegan (2017); Rafaelle Milani (2022); e Malyn Newitt (2023), dentre outros.

Gergana Avramova-Todorova

Walking tourism, among the most attractive manners to observe a destination and satisfy the growing demand of visitors for outdoor activities, allows tourists to interact closely with local nature, people, tradition, culture, and heritage. Walking tourism needs low investments and can be developed anywhere. The impacts of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health contribute to the accelerated development of this form of tourism. By better understanding users, it is more likely to develop a product or service that works for them. Despite the efforts of urban areas to become greener and more attractive (Callaghan et al., 2021), rural areas have unique and pristine natural resources that cannot be created artificially. In addition, life in the village is still traditional, peaceful, and easy, customs are respected, and the cultural heritage has been preserved from the influence of the modern, high-tech age and global market trends (Štetić & Šimičević, 2017). When developing a nature tourism product, the focal question is related to real user needs. Such as the lack of information about user needs accounts for 35% of total reasons for start-ups’ failures (CBInsights, 2021), this logic can also easily apply to tourism destinations. To learn about user needs, the starting point is to research users and their motivations, triggers, and context for using the product or service. Considering the impact of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health, countryside walking tourism (CWT), with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism. Properly developed and managed, walking tourism brings social-economic benefits to destinations and gains a significant place in regional sustainable development (Milojković et al., 2023a). CWT, with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism (Milojković et al., 2023b). Understanding users and their needs-based CWT management reduces the risk of expensive failures, ensures timely delivery, sets up and manages a team to design, build, and maintain a product or service, and opens space for innovations. The research purpose is to perceive users of the countryside walking tours and their needs during those tours. Among the general scientific methods, the statistical method and the hypothetico-deductive method were used. The research data were collected using the questionnaire-based survey technique and processed by SPSS. The general results indicated that the management of CWT should target meeting user needs for visiting hidden and original places with a local guide, consuming and buying authentic food and drinks, and raising awareness and building communicative capacities of the local population. The research contribution is to improve the management of rural tourism destinations based on understanding users and their needs for countryside walking tours.

Tisna Prabasmoro, Trisna Gumilar, Ladinata Ladinata

Makanan adalah salah satu simbol yang dapat secara menonjol merepresentasi identitas pribadi dan kelompok dan membentuk keunikan serta rasa kebersamaan dan keterikatan anggota dalam kelompok yang lebih besar. Masing-masing individu meleburkan diri mereka ke dalam komunitas dan masyarakat dengan mengupayakan (re)konstruksi diri. Artikel ini berhipotesis bahwa pendukung Persib—yang secara umum  dikenal dengan nama bobotoh—terus-menerus mencari cara baru untuk dapat mengekspresikan identitas mereka. Menggunakan kajian-kajian identitas yang berhubungan dengan persepsi akan tempat atau a sense of place, budaya kuliner, ruang fisik, pilihan dan gaya hidup, artikel ini membahas peran rumah makan yang berhubungan dengan Persib, dan menyoroti kemungkinan implikasi dari kegiatan makan bobotoh di rumah makan-rumah makan tersebut. Berfokus pada bagaimana Pawon Sunda Buhun Bobotoh dan 1933 Dapur dan Kopi—dua tempat makan dengan keunikan berbeda—turut me(re)konstruksi identitas bobotoh, artikel ini berargumen bahwa bobotoh juga mengandalkan kegiatan mengonsumsi makanan yang terkait dengan Persib/bobotoh untuk mengekspresikan, memelihara dan bahkan memperkuat identitas pribadi dan kolektif mereka.   Food is a symbol that can prominently represent personal and group identity and form uniqueness and a sense of bonding among members of a larger group. Individuals conform themselves to communities and society through self-(re)constructing efforts. The article hypothesizes that Persib’s supporters—commonly known as bobotoh—have continuously sought new ways to express their identity. Employing identity theories related to a sense of place, culinary culture, physical space, choices, and lifestyle, the article examines the roles of Persib-related eateries and highlights the possible implications of bobotoh’s dining out. Focusing on how Pawon Sunda Buhun Bobotoh and 1933 Dapur dan Kopi—two significantly different eating places—contribute to bobotoh’s self identity (re)construction, the article argues that bobotoh also rely on consuming food as a Persib/bobotoh-related activities to express, retain and even strengthen their personal and collective identity.

Raodah Raodah

Tata krama dalam adat istiadat orang Katobengke mencerminkan perilaku mereka dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dalam berinteraksi. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan bentuk-bentuk tata krama orang Katobengke dalam lingkup keluarga dan masyarakat, serta tata krama dalam berbagai upacara adat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi dengan penentuan lokasi secara purposive, wawancara mendalam dengan informan yang dipilih secara acak dari tokoh adat, parabela, imam kampung, dan warga Katobengke, serta teknik dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa tata krama orang Katobengke sangat dipengaruhi oleh norma adat yang berlaku, dan sesuai tuntunan parabela selaku ketua adat. Bentuk-bentuk tata krama dalam pergaulan dan kehidupan sehari-hari meliputi tata krama dalam menyapa dan bersikap, tata krama duduk, makan dan minum, berpakaian serta berinteraksi dengan masyarakat. Sedang tata krama dalam upacara adat (haruo) meliputi: Tuturangi Lipu Morikana, Posuo, upacara perkawinan, dan beberapa ritual adat yang masih berpegang teguh sesuai ajaran leluhur orang Katobengke. Manners in the customs of the Katobengke people reflect their behavior in daily life. This paper aims to find out and describe the form of Katobengke manners within family and community, as well as manners in various traditional ceremonies. The method used in this study is descriptive with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques are carried out through field observation by determining the location in a purposive manner, depth interviews with informans randomly selected from traditional leaders, parabela, village priests, and residents of Katobengke, as well as documentation techniques. The results of the study illustrate that manners of Katobengke people are strongly influenced by the custumory norms that apply and in accordance with parabela guidance as customary leader. The forms of manners in society and daily life include manners in greeting and behaving, manners of sitting, dressing, eating and drinking, as well as interacting with community; while manners in traditional ceremonies include Tuturangi Lipu Morikana, Posuo, marriage ceremonies, and some traditional rituals, which still adhere to the ancestors teaching of Katobengke people.

Patricia Trindade Nakagome, Ligia Gonçalves Diniz

O eco, como se sabe, é uma reflexão do som que demora um pouco a chegar ao ouvinte após sua emissão. A leitura, de modo semelhante, é o processo que une o texto e seu sentido efetivado em cada pessoa. Em ambos, essa distância entre o verbalizado e o apreendido parece materializar uma mera identidade. Mas há sempre o desconhecido que caracteriza e separa os dois atos: a natureza da emissão, a característica do meio de propagação, a disposição da recepção.

Alison Shonkwiler

The ambitious goal of this book is to treat American writers less as writers than as “surveyors” of national customs. With coverage from the s to the present, with most of the focus on the s–s, wide-ranging hardly begins to describe this effort. Invoking enough primary texts to fill an anthology, Pfister’s announced method of “systemic reading” () is invested in often unexpected, cross-historical juxtapositions. Readings are arranged in three broad chapters: one, on the workings of “soft capitalism”; two, on capitalism’s modes of “incentive management” for individuals; and three, on American “dress-down” culture. This third chapter is perhaps the best showcase for Pfister’s cross-section of texts and writers. Its topic is the ways in which cultural colloquialism – for example, informality of manners and homespun dress – are used to affect, however misleadingly, that one is of the people. It is a version of the argument made by political writer Thomas Frank, who is named in the chapter’s initial framing, about the uses of democratizing rhetoric to uphold undemocratic hierarchies of power. This section of the book is also the most conventionally historicizing and author-focussed, offering an extensive reading of Mark Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (), though it broadens to touch on many writers, including Benjamin Franklin, Stephen Crane, W. E. B. Du Bois, Charles Chesnutt, Walt Whitman, and William Faulkner. The sections on soft capitalism and incentive management offer not so much a set of takeaway arguments as occasions for organizing a constellation of texts and contextualizations. The mix-and-match approach includes dozens of writers, ranging from Jonathan Edwards to Sherman Alexie in one chapter and from Lydia Hunt Sigourney and Herman Melville to Eugene O’Neill and Richard Wright in another. “Soft” capitalism essentially means everything that does not belong to the “hard” sphere of economics: it includes “styles of life,” “forms of self-expression,” emotional logics, and whatever cultural forms might be considered “compensatory” for the hard realities of wages, labor, and class (). The definition of incentive management is also quite general; it means capitalism’s creation of “personnel” through the avenues of the personal, or the ways in which capitalist workers are ideologically shaped through “structures of emotional attachment, gendered interdependencies, and domestic compensations” (). Together these chapters are meant to encompass

Erika Brtáňová

The very first attempts at travel literature include accounts of the journeys made two Humanist scholars Pavol Rubigal and Ján Dernschwam, whose lives and activities were associated with Slovak mining towns. Both of the humanists joined the Hungarian delegation that travelled to Constantinopole to deliver political messages to the sultan. Their works, which represent a type of documentary literarture, also reflect on the countries on the Balkan peninsula, especially Serbia and Bulgaria. In his Latin-language poem Opis cesty do Konštantínopola/The Account of the Journey to Constantinopole (Hodoeporicon itineris Constantinopolitani, Wittenberg 1544), written in elegiac couplets, Pavol Rubigal provides a negative picture of the Serbs, whose manners and customs are conditioned by the harsh enviroment. His point of view is influenced by the disagreements between the Serbian and Hungarian representations. Bulgaria seems to be a more civilized country and the Bulgarians´ decent behaviour is explained as the result of their deep Christian conviction. Cestovný denník do Konštantínopola a Malej Ázie/The Constantinopole and Asia Minor Travel Diary (Tagebuch einer Reise nach Konstantinopel und Kleinasien, 1553 – 1555) by Ján Dernchwam develops the type of travelogue which is exemplified by The Travels of Marco Polo in medieval literature. Nature and culture are often seen by the author from the perspective of his other (Slovak) homeland. When exploring Serbia and Bulgaria, he adopts the approach of confrontation. He takes notice of similarities (language, confession) and differences (landscape, inhabitants). The novel Ladislav (1838) by Karol Kuzmány seems like a travelogue featuring elements of fiction. As a whole it focuses on the subject of mother country and nation and develops the idea of Slavic togetherness, with regard to which it promotes the struggle of the Serbian nation for freedom as well as their literary culture. By means of the apotheosis of Serbia Kuzmány tries to stimulate the development of Slovak national life and culture.

Patrícia Infante da Câmara

Este ensaio parte dos romances A Árvore das Palavras e Mayombe para tentar estabelecer uma lógica causal, circular e cíclica de entendimento da violência, enquanto via de construção literária e cultural. Articula, a partir daí, conceções literárias e antropológicas para esboçar uma ideia de morte que não se esgota na sua leitura imanente, favorecendo antes uma visão mais ampla das suas potencialidades transformativas.

Leli Yulifar

Komunitas Kabuyutan Cipageran Cimahi layaknya “museum” hidup yang menghubungkan masa lalu dan kini. Karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui asal-usul dan eksistensi Kabuyutan Cipageran. Metode penelitian sejarah yang dimulai dari heuristik sampai dengan historiografi merupakan tahapan yang tidak mudah dilewati, mengingat keterbatasan sumber, terutama sumber tertulis. Melalui teknik pengumpulan data berupa sumber tertulis/dokumentasi, wawancara terhadap empat narasumber yakni  pupuhu (tokoh), budayawan, wakil  komunitas kabuyutan,  dan observasi di lapangan, ditemukan bahwa Kabuyutan Cipageran diduga kuat mulai ada sejak zaman Kerajaan Sunda yang eksis antara akhir abad ke-7 sampai  akhir abad ke-16. Mengacu pada perjalanan sejarahnya, Kabuyutan Cipageran merupakan salah satu bukti adanya tempat leluhur Sunda, dan replika kampung Sunda tempo dulu. Amanat leluhur Sunda yang sangat dihormati oleh generasi penerusnya, menunjukkan nilai-nilai tinggi dan strategis  dalam kebudayaan, khususnya kebudayaan Sunda. Hasil penelitian tersebut diharapkan dapat menjawab  asal-usul Komunitas Kabuyutan  dan  sebagai  bahan awal yang tertulis untuk penelitian selanjutnya.   Kabuyutan Cipageran Cimahi Community is like a living "museum" that connects the past and present. Therefore, this study aims to determine the origin and existence of Kabuyutan Cipageran. Historical research methods starting from heuristics to historiography are stages that are not easily passed, given the limited resources, especially written sources. From some techniques of collecting data; in the form of written or documentation sources, interviews with four speakers, pupuhu (figures), cultural observers, representatives of the Kabuyutan community, and observations in the field, it was found that Kabuyutan Cipageran was strongly suspected to have existed since the 7th century of Sunda Empire  to the end of the 16th century. Referring to its historical journey, Kabuyutan Cipageran is one proof of the existence of a Sundanese ancestral place, and a replica of the old Sundanese village. The mandate of Sundanese ancestors who are highly respected by their next generation shows high and strategic values in culture, especially Sundanese culture. The results of the study are expected to be able to answer the origins of the Kabuyutan Community as well as the starting written material for further research.

V.V. Trepavlov

The article contains a review of the book by S.S. Averkiev (1886–1963), which remained unpublished during the Soviet period, since such a topic was at that time unpopular, questionable, and therefore “inadmissible” for Soviet publishers. S.S. Averkiev saw the influence of the Tatars on various aspects of the social and cultural life of the Russian people in an extremely wide spectrum. This can even be judged by the chapters’ titles: “The Influence of Tatars on Administrative Management, Finances”, “The Influence of Tatars on Trade and Industry”, “Everyday Life”, “Manners and Customs”, “People’s Literature”. The author’s research enthusiasm often encouraged him to seek the Tatar “connection”, where borrowings actually took place from Persia and the Arab countries, from the peoples of Central Asia. Perhaps, the obsolete, pre-revolutionary general designation of Turkic-speaking peoples as Tatars to some extent affected the author in this respect. Averkiev does not insist that all selected cases and examples of borrowings were certainly associated with the Golden Horde and the later Tatar khanates. The topic of Averkiev’s book is not new at all. Attempts to identify the various manifestations of the civilizational connection between Russia and the East have been repeatedly made in historiography. As a rule, borrowings from the Golden Horde of the 13th–15th centuries and from the earlier Turkic states are considered a clear indicator of such a connection. Of course, indisputable examples exist: first of all, in the Russian titulature and social terminology, financial system of medieval Rus’, organization of the yam-service, and so on.

Rosyadi Rosyadi

This paper aims to reveal the existence of traditional art ofgondang which is a representation of a living tradition among the farmers in the rural areas of West Java. Gondang art stems from a tradition of ritual nutu (pound rice using a pestle and mortar) are sacred. Behind the sanctity of this tradition, there is another side that is capable of creating merriment, joy and cheerfulness, so that this tradition then elevated to an art, the art of traditional tutunggulan which is an instrumental art. Art aesthetic element is reinforced with the inclusion of singing elements. Then,gondang art is created as the development of tutunggulan art. On the appearance of gondang art, the element of the sacred has been much reduced; otherwise the entertainment element is more prominent so the gondangart becomes contemporary performing arts once highly favored by the Sundanese people, especially in rural areas. Now the existence of the art of gondangis in the middle of degraded and endangered, marginalized by the types of modern art. The method that the writer used in this research is descriptive method that relies on qualitative data.

Sabine Vollmer

Regina Zilberman

Any Rahmayani

Abstrak Penelitian ini menyajikan tentang dinamika industri keramik tradisional Cina di Sakkok, sebuah wilayah di Kota Singkawang, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat sepanjang abad ke-20. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah keberadaan industri keramik tradisional Cina di Sakkok yang sedang digarap sebagai aset ekonomi dan pariwisata bagi Singkawang. Permasalahan pokok yang dibahas adalah dinamika industri keramik tradisional Cina di Sakkok, Singkawang dalam perspektif sejarah. Tujuan dari kajian ini yaitu menggambarkan tentang tradisi pembuatan keramik tradisional Cina di Sakkok, menguraikan perintisan industri keramik tradisional Cina pada awal abad ke-20 dan menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi industri ini. Metode yang digunakan metode heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ciri tradisional keramik Cina yang terlihat pada bahan bakunya, peralatan proses proses pembentukan, penglasiran,dan pembakaran, motif dan desain, serta alat pembakaran yang disebut tungku naga. Perubahan yang terkait dengan ketersediaan bahan baku, bahan penunjang dan teknik pembakaran serta kondisi sosial politik membawa dampak bagi keberlangsungan industri keramik tradisional Cina dari Singkawang ini. Abstract This study presents the dynamics of traditional Chinese ceramics industry in Sakkok, Singkawang, in the Province of West Kalimantan during the 20th century. The background of this research is the existence of traditional Chinese ceramics industry in Sakkok which is being worked on as an economic and tourism asset for Singkawang. The main problem for this study is the historical perspective of the dynamics of traditional Chinese ceramics industry in Sakkok. The purpose of this study is describing the tradition of producing traditionalChinese ceramics in Sakkok, outlining pioneering in the industry in the early 20th century, and explaining the factors affecting it. The author used heuristic, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results showed that the characteristics of traditional Chinese ceramics are depicted in the raw materials, equipment, processes of formation, glazing, and burning, motifs and designs, as well as burning tool called dragon furnace. Changes related to the availability of raw and auxiliary materials, burning techniques as well as the social and political conditions have impact on the sustainability of traditional Chinese ceramic industry in Singkawang.

Risa Nopianti

Abstrak Cingcowong sebagai sebuah ritual tradisional yang berasal dari masyarakat agraris Desa Luragung Landeuh, Kabupaten Kuningan, merupakan wujud aktifitas kolektif masyarakat yang bersumber pada kepercayaan terhadap roh-roh gaib yang dipercaya memiliki kekuatan mampu mendatangakan hujan untuk mengatasi kekeringan, khususnya pada lahan pertanian yang disebabkan oleh kemarau berkepanjangan. Seiring dengan berkembangnya pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap konsep keagamaan dan nilai-nilai spiritual, ritual Cingcowong yang dahulu dianggap memiliki nilai sakral, saat ini mulai luntur dan berganti dengan nilai-nilai yang bersifat profan. Pada perkembangannya saat ini Cingcowong tidak saja dianggap sebagai ritual sakral tetapi juga dianggap sebagai bentuk budaya yang bersifat hiburan karena telah bertansformasi dalam bentuk kesenian khususnya seni tari Cingcowong. Adanya perubahan paradigma terhadap nilai-nilai sakral ke profan dalam ritual Cingcowong oleh sebagian besar masyarakat, selain disebabkan oleh faktor eksternal perubahan fungsi, juga disebabkan oleh adanya faktor internal dalam ritual Cingcowong itu sendiri. Faktor internal tersebut berkaitan dengan perubahan dalam hal pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup yang dihadapi oleh para pelakunya, sehingga ritual Cingcowong menjadi komersial. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui metode kualitatif dengan pemaparan deskriptif analitik untuk menghasilkan gambaran dan analisa lengkap terhadap fenomena yang diajukan.   Abstract Cingcowong is atraditional ritual of agrarian community in Desa (village) Luragung Landeuh, Regency of Kuningan. It is a manifestation of collective activities that has root in belief on spirits which is believed to have power to make rain during drought. As the community have more knowledge about religious concepts and spiritual values, cingcowong ritual which was considered sacred is beginning to vanish, turned into profane values. Today cingcowong is also considered as a form of entertaining culture due to its transformation into a kind of art, especially cingcowong dance. The switch of paradigm was caused by external factor in term of its function, and internal factors as well. The internal factors are related to changes in subsistence faced by the community sothat cingcowong has become commercial. The author conducted a qualitative research method with a brief descriptive analytics exposition to produce comprehensive overview and analysis of the phenomenon proposed.

Irvan Setiawan

ABSTRAK Kampung Seni Jelekong telah lama menapakkan kiprahnya dalam bidang industri kreatif berbasis kebudayaan. Hasil yang dicapai adalah ketenaran Jelekong hingga ke mancanegara sebagai kelurahan di Kecamatan Baleendah Kabupaten Bandung yang memproduksi lukisan dan kerajinan wayang golek. Berdasarkan pengalaman tersebut, Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Bandung memberikan predikat Desa Wisata melalui SK Nomor 556.42/Kop.71 – Dispopar/2011. Pengalaman yang telah dicapai sebagai kampung seni tentunya harus melalui proses yang cukup panjang. Di samping itu juga ada kiat-kiat tertentu yang menjadi pedoman mereka untuk tetap menekuni industri berbasis kebudayaan tersebut. Kiat-kiat yang tentunya harus memperhatikan unsur hobi, kemahiran, dan sektor pendapatan yang mereka terima selama bekerja sebagai seniman di Kelurahan Jelekong. Penelitian yang menggunakan metode deskripsi dengan pendekatan kualitatif ini menemukan adanya aspek ketekunan, strategi pemasaran, dan pola pembagian kerja yang bervariasi. Aspek ketekunan dicapai oleh para pelopor seni yang secara intensif mengajarkan pada warga Jelekong untuk berkecimpung dan mencari nafkah melalui pemberdayaan produk seni. Strategi pemasaran menuntut kreativitas mereka semaksimal mungkin baik melalui modifikasi karya seni maupun memperbanyak relasi mulai dari strategi door to door hingga membuka galeri seni. Pola pembagian kerja yang fleksibel, yaitu segi kualitas dan kuantitas seniman menjadi tolak ukur besaran pendapatan yang mereka terima untuk nantinya digunakan mencukupi kebutuhan mereka sehari-hari.    Abstract Jelekong has been famous for its creativity in culture-based industry, especially in producing wayang golek paintings and handicrafts. It was awarded Desa Wisata (Village of Tourism) by the government of Regency of Bandung in 2011. This village has certain tips that guide them running the business, tips that combine many elements like hobby, skill, and income that  they receive during they are working as artists in the village. By conducting descriptive method and qualitative approach, the author finds that combination of persistence, marketing strategy and division of work are indirect factors for the artists to rely on art as their main income.