Hassan Haji Amiri, Arash Seghfi Asl, Mehdi Ashjaie
The question of resource constraints is an issue for all industrialized, developed and developing countries. Therefore, saving on fossil energy consumption and sustainable development have become very important and common issues internationally. So as to conserve energy resources, prevent contamination of the land and the environment, reduce fossil energy use and co-exist with natural and state-of-the-art environments, one of the most important measures in architecture and urban planning, and the architects and urban planners have to adhere to the principles and rules. Special in the field of construction. Over the years, various guidelines, standards, and standards have been developed to optimize energy consumption in buildings, including the most noteworthy metrics today (LEED). The purpose of the present study is to identify the causal pattern of environmental sustainability principles based on the Leid's Code. The present study is of applied purpose and of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study consisted of Qom architects and experts. The sample size was 25 individuals. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, fuzzy DEMATEL model was used. The results of this study showed that amongst the biodiversity sustainability criteria based on the Leading Model of the Sustainable Site Criterion was identified as the most influential criterion and the Regional Priority and Innovation Criteria in the design as the most influential criterion. Energy, climate and water efficiency and indoor air quality of materials and materials were also identified as intermediate criteria.
Mirtha Graciela Villagra-Ferreira, María Lourdes Falcó-de Ayala, Patricia Johanna Cabrera
The objective of this study was to measure the perception of students in the last year of the Economics and Business careers of the Universidad del Norte, about the activities developed as university extension, based on a survey applied randomly to the students of the Central, Itauguá and Caacupé headquarters, during the first semester of the 2022 school year. The work corresponds to an investigation framed in the quantitative paradigm, of a descriptive, non-experimental and cross-sectional type. In this context, it could be verified that only 23% of the students want to do volunteer work, this is due to the fact that 77% of the students of the last year have a work activity and lack time. Regarding the preferences on the activities offered in the
university extension department, they focus on consulting and social service offered to various communities as support for them, followed by participation and support for courses, seminars and congresses, then participation in general cultural activities and, as a last activity, research and scientific publications. Uninorte students from the three campuses stated that they value the activities offered by the institution and consider them an enriching experience that increases the value of the professional profile, which is a way to grow as future professionals and support some communities.
Economic growth, development, planning, Human settlements. Communities
Introduction
This paper aims to investigate the commonly used, symbolic and visual metaphor “Chang” (Persian Harp) in Persian poetry. After reviewing the works of Persian poets, written from the 4th century AH to the present day, we found out that the word “Chang”, which originally refers to a musical instrument (Harp), has taken on different connotations throughout the history of literary styles and movements. Some of these connotations have been internalized by Persian poets and widely used by different historical schools of poetry and are still used in the works of contemporary poets. Among the various connotations of “Chang”, the concept of “senescence” is applied mostly. Using the cognitive theory of contemporary metaphor, in this article, the multiple related meanings of the literary term “Chang” and its visual schema in verses with analogical or metaphorical phrases will be analyzed.
Methodology
This research was conducted using a documentary analysis method and the qualitative analysis of the documentary. The data were collected through a desk research method. Also, the sample sentences were gathered from anthologies of greatest poets from the 4th century to the present day. In this regard, the various conceptualizations of “Chang” were examined and then, their metaphorical connotations were extracted and classified. It is worth noting that the literal sense of the word “Chang” (the musical instrument) is not considered here and the analysis is limited to the analogical or metaphorical aspects of the aforementioned term.
Discussion
The musical instruments, as represented in literary works of different cultures and ethnicities, convey certain cultural codes and represent various symbolic meanings. By studying the use of musical instruments in the literature, myths or folklores of a culture, one can understand what beliefs it represents and what messages it transports to future generations. Persian poets have portrayed the word “Chang” through dynamic images and figures of speech. For Persian poets, “Chang” was not an inanimate object, but rather an animated creature. Due to its curved shape, Persian Harp (Chang) is also recognized as “arched Harp”. This exceptional aspect of Iranian harp, has inspired great Persian poets to create countless numbers of similes and metaphors. “Synesthesia”, as Europeans call it, is a rhetorical device through which one can describe a sense in terms of another and is capable to convey a wide range of meanings (Shafiei Kadkani, 1991, p. 271). Among senses engaged in “synesthesia”, the sense of sight (visual perception) has a high potential to express the figure, size and color of the objects. The point of resemblance between “Chang” and the hunchbacked elderlies has to do with its appearance: Persian “Chang” is curved and because of this quality, many Persian poets have made a resemblance between this musical instrument and the elderlies’ curved back.
Also, the concept has been used in opposition to the upright posture of the young. Furthermore, the curvature of “Chang” has been applied as a metaphor to describe the imaginary resemblance between the elderly and firmament. Percepting time as an object is another example of metaphorizing a metaphysical idea (Golfam and Zafaranloo, 2009, p. 124). Here, Chang is an object which, due to its curved structure, bears a resemblance to an old person (time as an old experienced elderly).
Also, the concept has been used in opposition to the upright posture of the young. Furthermore, the curvature of “Chang” has been applied as a metaphor to describe the imaginary resemblance between the elderly and firmament. Percepting time as an object is another example of metaphorizing a metaphysical idea (Golfam and Zafaranloo, 2009, p. 124). Here, Chang is an object which, due to its curved structure, bears a resemblance to an old person (time as an old experienced elderly).
Making a comparison between the curvature of “Chang” and the curved elderly, was started in the course of 6th AH. There are hardly any examples of such comparisons in poems from 4th and 5th century AH. The first generation of the Persian poets, such as Rudaki and Ferdowsi, used “Chang” in a literal sense and the figurative usage of the term was rare during this era. It is noteworthy that during 5th century, poets were more inclined to use metaphors and similes, but using “Chang” as a figure of speech was still infrequent. However, in the course of the 6th and 7th AH centuries, analogizing “Chang” to senescence became popular among poets and emerged to be the source of several splendid literary images. Khaqani Shervani, one of the greatest poets in 6th century, is well known for creating splendid Chang-related images. During the 8th and 9th centuries, sonneteers like Hafez and Jami invented novel metaphors and in doing so, they added more creative concepts to the old image of “Chang” as an old person with a hunchback. In fact, by mapping the curvature of Chang to the concept of old firmament, they coined a new metaphor. Persian poets of the 13th century reproduced the same metaphors and similes in their works.
For the 7th century poets, “Chang” played the role of a spiritual advisor, a concept that was replicated in the poetry of the next generation (for example in Hafez’s sonnets). Traditional Persian poets claimed that the stature of “Chang” is arched because it is sad and because it has been mourning for it’s separated beloved for a long time. Such conceptualization started from the poetry school in the 5th century.
The other poetical cause attributed to the curved structure of “Chang” has to do with its humiliation and its posture that brings to mind a servant who is bowing to his master or is bowing respectfully. These concepts have been frequently used in Sanai and Saadi’s poetry. In several Persian works, “Chang” is depicted as a company for wine. In some couplets, “Chang” is described as a sincere person who contrasts hypocritical piety. In order to play a “Chang”, a musician should embrace it. Many poets mentioned this unique characteristic in their poems and described it as a characteristic which distinguishes “Chang” from other musical instruments.
Conclusion
In this study, the polysemic functions of a literary concept (i.e., Chang) and its schema were analyzed through a contemporary approach to cognitive metaphor. In Persian poetry, “Chang” is portrayed as an animated creature and even as human being. To transfer this imaginary interpretation, poets have utilized similes and metaphors. These concepts have repeatedly appeared throughout the history of poetry style and have reoccurred in the contemporary poetry discourse. Similes and metaphors for “Chang”, are generally related to human’s sense of sight.
The schemas of “Chang”, represented throughout different eras of Persian poetry, are divided into three categories. Among these, the most important one is the resemblance between the arched structure of “Chang” and the curved stature of an elderly man. The concept of “Chang” as an old person, has given rise to other imaginary concepts including: “Chang” as an old firmament and as an elderly who gives advice to the young.
The other similes or metaphors that are stemmed from the concept of the curved “Chang” are as follows: the curvature of a sorrowful lover that is far from his beloved; the curvature of a humiliated person; the curvature of a servant; the curvature of a servant who is bowing to his master or is bowing respectfully. Other figures of speech about “Chang” have to do with other characteristics of this musical instrument; for example, the resemblance between the strings and the beloved’s lock of hair or vise versa, the resemblance between the poor material of its horizontal foot with the ragged garment of a poor dervish, the opposition of the poor material that covers the columns of a “Chang” and the silk strings which represent an image of two faced or hypocrite people.
Also, there are several examples in Persian literature that depict the truthfulness of “Chang” against the insincerity of the pious people. Persian literature is replete with images in which the aforementioned musical instrument is depicted as somebody whose hair is tonsured. Finally, Persian poets have referred to the way a musician holds a “Chang”, claiming that this quality shows the superiority of “Chang” over other musical instruments.
Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture, Fine Arts
Context: response surface analysis (RSA) is an approach that allows examining the extent to which combinations of two predictive variables relate to one outcome variable. The method is particularly interesting in cases where (in)congruence between the two predictive variables is a central consideration of the study. Objective: the purpose of this article is to provide a tutorial on applying RSA. Method: the method’s conceptual background and an illustrative example are provided so that the reader can understand some of the basic principles of the technique. This tutorial’s target audience is researchers who use mathematical modeling but are not yet familiar with the method. Results: the technique has the potential for application in various research questions in the field of Administration. Conclusions: besides providing a tutorial on how to use the investigated technique, the study demonstrates its relevance in the analysis of congruence and incongruence between the scores.
Este artigo tem a finalidade de analisar as implicações da estrutura de financiamento da educação à garantia do direito a educação. Problematizam-se as bases de cálculo para a distribuição de recursos da educação que ainda não são suficientes para superar as desigualdades educacionais regionais, principalmente dos municípios com pouca capacidade de arrecadação. As análises têm como base uma revisão teórica e a legislação educacional no que se refere às bases de financiamento da educação. Denota-se que as estratégias dos governos com a criação dos fundos para realizar a distribuição dos recursos da educação não contribuíram para elevar a qualidade da oferta educacional como tem sido propagado.
Special aspects of education, Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand
The significant increase in oil palm areas has resulted in more concerns to the environmental issues - as majority of farming activities were not conducted in sustainable ways. To address the environmental issues, the Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) organization has formulated principles and criterias (PnC) for sustainable practices of the oil palm plantation as a guideline, whereby it has to be adhered by all parties involved, including the smallholders. The study is therefore conducted to analyze the sustainable management implementation among smallholders in North Sumatra. In total, 320 and 137 schemed and independent smallholders from four oil palm plantations centers in North Sumatra were interviewed in 2012 and 2018 to see their progress. The levels of implementation for each group were determined based on their scores for each of the criteria, and were compared with the independent sample t-test. The influencing factors for implementation levels were estimated by using multinomial logit model. The results showed that the level of implementation for both schemed and independent smallholders were still low in both 2012 and 2018. Education, experience and participation were identified as factors that significantly influenced their sustainable management implementation levels. Therefore, it is suggested that trainings should be emphasized to improve the sustainable management implemenatation among oil palm smallholders.
Di tengah harga saham yang tidak kunjung membaik, mulai pertengahan tahun 1992 banyak perusahaan mencari sumber lain untuk membiayai investasinya dengan menawarkan obligasi pada bulan Juni. Kemudian disusul perusahaan-perusahaan lain termasuk PLN yang permintaan obligasinya sampai oversubscribed.
Economic growth, development, planning, Regional economics. Space in economics
Gimena Zamora Rueda, Cynthia Gutiérrez, Gabriela Mistretta
et al.
El contenido de humedad del bagazo es un parámetro fundamental para el control del caudal de agua de imbibición y la regulación de los equipos de molienda. La metodología tradicional mediante el secado de bagazo en estufa resulta lenta para atender las necesidades y requerimientos de fábrica. Por ello, el presente trabajo tiene por objetivo mostrar la metodología de secado de bagazo por microondas ensayadas en el Laboratorio de Ensayos y Mediciones Industriales (LEMI) de la EEAOC. Se trabajó con 20 muestras de bagazo recolectadas durante la zafra 2014 de distintos ingenios bajo dos metodologías, la tradicional con estufa eléctrica, y la propuesta por microondas. Los resultados obtenidos del contenido de humedad por medio de la estufa fueron en promedio de 55,00%, mientras que con el uso de microondas resultó de 54,84%. Se realizó un análisis estadístico para validar la metodología propuesta y se obtuvieron errores estándares entre las metodologías analizadas inferiores al 1%, con desviación estándar inferior al 10%. Se concluye que el método de secado por microondas mostró ser ventajoso en comparación con el método de estufa, resultando adecuado para la determinación del contenido de humedad en muestras de bagazo, con el beneficio de que el tiempo de ejecución es de dos horas, sensiblemente menor que en la metodología tradicional de ocho horas en estufa.
The reviewed book meets the increase expectation of studying traditional ecological knowledge of the Hungarian-speaking Csángó [Tsango] ethnics, comparing it to Western science, and thus bringing further substantial proof of how traditional ecological knowledge can complement and help deepen scientific findings.
<p>Munderikadavu is rich in avifaunal diversity. A total of 82 species of birds from 36 families belonging to 13 orders were recorded in the wetland including wetland dependant species. Lowland vegetation had the highest species richness (46 species) followed by upland (41 species), aerial (38 species), emergent vegetation (22 species) and paddy fields (21 species). Open water had the lowest species richness. Upland vegetation had the highest species diversity (H′-3.19) followed by aerial (H′-2.52). There was more species overlap between emergent and low land vegetations (Cm-0.7). The threats in Munderikadavu wetland were dumping of waste and conversion of cultivation land into shrimp farming area. Thus land use changes need to be regulated in order to conserve the wetland and bird community. </p><div> </div>
Ecology, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution
Miguel Angel Vago, Juan Carlos Rodriguez, Claudio Miliozzi
El propósito es presentar la experiencia pedagógica llevada a cabo en el
desarrollo de la materia Actuación Profesional del Contador Público
Independiente, como asignatura del último año de la carrera de Contador
Público en la Universidad Nacional del Sur. Se describen las estrategias y
herramientas utilizadas, para luego arribar a las conclusiones sobre los
resultados obtenidos y formular propuestas superadoras. El eje de la
experiencia fue una actividad específicamente práctica, orientada al
desempeño del Contador Público, cuya realización requirió de los
conocimientos teóricos-prácticos aprendidos durante el desarrollo de la
carrera, de modo integral en una simulación de hechos propios de una actividad económica empresarial para ir más allá de la aplicación de normas contables sobre casos concretos. Se utilizaron distintas estrategias pedagógicas que se diferencian de los métodos clásicos de trasmitir conocimientos y evaluar sus resultados.
Labor. Work. Working class, Economic growth, development, planning
The paper aims to improve the methodology of measuring efficiency of Latvian banks. Efficiency scores were calculated with application of non-parametric frontier technique Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Input-oriented DEA model under Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) assumption was used. Potential model variables were selected based on the intermediation and profitability approach. Fourteen alternative models with different inputs-outputs combinations were developed for the research purposes. To substantiate the variables selection for DEA model the received data was processed, using such methods, as correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, analysis of mean values, and two-samples Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The research results assisted the authors in providing general recommendations about the variables selection for DEA application in the Latvian banking sector. The present research contributes to the existing analytical data on bank performance in Latvia. The empirical findings provide a background for further studies, in particular, the efficiency of Latvian banks could be analysed in the extended time period.