Value-based approaches such as Value Sensitive Design (VSD) enable technology designers to engage with and integrate human values in technology through a tripartite methodology of conceptual, empirical, and technical investigations. However, VSD contains pitfalls in both translating values to requirements and a lack of normative grounding, leading to adaptations such as Jacobs' Capability Sensitive Design (CSD). Inspired by CSD and extensions of the design approach, we propose the concept of creating -Sensitive Design (-SD); a meta-framework to embed various political or ideological values as norms in a design research process. We exemplify this through \emph{Dependency}-Sensitive Design (DSD), combining ideas from Kittay's critiques of classical liberal theory within a practical VSD framework. Finally, we push for further work combining philosophy and design in areas beyond CSD and DSD.
Muhammad Fadel Adhyputra, Ziadul Fikri, Fika Febriana
Underage marriages still occur frequently in Indonesia, although regulations governing the minimum age of marriage have been stipulated in Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of marriage age limit regulations from the perspective of legal philosophy which focuses on the theory of sociological jurisprudence which sees law as a reflection of social norms in society. Using qualitative research based on literature study, this study examines various aspects of the regulation, and analyzes the influence of social norms on its implementation. The results of the analysis show that this regulation has not been fully effective due to a mismatch between the written law and social values that still support early marriage. Structural and cultural factors also influence the implementation of this regulation. In the perspective of sociological jurisprudence, the law will succeed if it is in harmony with the social values that live in society and law as social engineering must be able to balance individual, social and public interests. For this reason, a more comprehensive approach is needed, including tightening the regulation of marriage age limits, education, and empowerment, so that the law is not only a formal rule, but also a catalyst for social change that is effective and widely accepted by the community. Pernikahan di bawah umur masih sering terjadi di Indonesia, meskipun regulasi yang mengatur batas usia minimal pernikahan telah ditetapkan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas regulasi batas usia pernikahan dari perspektif filsafat hukum yang berfokus pada teori aliran sociological jurisprudence yang melihat hukum sebagai cerminan dari norma-norma sosial dalam masyarakat. Dengan penelitian kualitatif yang berbasis studi pustaka, penelitian ini menelaah berbagai aspek dari regulasi tersebut, serta menganalisis pengaruh norma sosial terhadap penerapannya. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa regulasi ini belum efektif sepenuhnya karena adanya ketidaksesuaian antara hukum tertulis dan nilai sosial yang masih mendukung pernikahan dini. Faktor struktural dan kultural juga turut memengaruhi implementasi aturan ini. Dalam perspektif sociological jurisprudence, hukum akan efektif jika selaras dengan nilai-nilai sosial yang hidup di masyarakat dan hukum sebagai social engineering harus mampu menyeimbangkan kepentingan individu, sosial, dan publik. Untuk itu, diperlukan pendekatan yang lebih komprehensif, termasuk memperketat regulasi batas usia pernikahan, edukasi, dan pemberdayaan, agar hukum tidak hanya sekadar aturan formal, tetapi juga menjadi katalisator perubahan sosial yang efektif dan diterima masyarakat secara luas.
Agam Ibnu Asa, Muhammad Mukhtasar Syamsuddin, Agus Wahyudi
et al.
The development of modern legal science requires a strong philosophical foundation to address the complexities of contemporary legal issues. The philosophy of law functions not only as a theoretical reflection but also as a fundamental basis for building legal theory and judicial practice. This study aims to examine the role of the philosophy of law in the development of legal science and theory, and how various schools of the philosophy of law, including Natural Law, Utilitarianism, the Historical School, Sociological Jurisprudence, Legal Realism, Critical Legal Studies (CLS), Feminist Legal Theory (FLT), Responsive Law, and Progressive Law, shape judges' worldviews in delivering criminal verdicts. This research uses a juridical-philosophical method with a conceptual and normative approach. The results show that the philosophy of law plays a central role in testing the validity, methodology, and truth within legal science. Moreover, the application of various legal thought schools enables judges to balance legal certainty with substantive justice, while considering social dynamics and the moral values of society. This study concludes that the philosophy of law is not only a theoretical framework but also serves as an integral worldview for judges in enforcing law that is just and responsive to social changes.
Starting from Greg Moore's description about Physical Mathematics, a framework is proposed in order to understand it, based on Gilles Châtelet's philosophy. It will be argued that Châtelet's ideas of inverting, splitting, augmenting and virtuality are crucial in the discussion about the nature of Physical Mathematics. Along this line, it will be proposed that mirror symmetry is a natural study case to test Châtelet's ideas in this context. This should be considered as a first step in a long term project aiming to study the relations among mathematics, physics and philosophy in the construction of a global understanding of the structure of the universe, as it was envisioned by Grothendieck in the late 80's of the last century and it was started to be developed independently by Châtelet in the beginning of the 90's. The main suggestion of the essay is that it is in the relations between mathematics, physics and philosophy that new knowledge arises.
Vidya Venkatesan, Aomawa L. Shields, Russell Deitrick
et al.
Eccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars. The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectral energy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parameterization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, our simulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global water ice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. When no eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to their M-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally, the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting a snowball state with a smaller increase in instellation compared with planets on circular orbits; this enables eccentric planets to exhibit warmer conditions along a broad range of instellation. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating an albedo parameterization for the formation of CO2 ice into climate models to accurately assess the habitability of eccentric planets, as we show that, even at moderate eccentricities, planets with Earth-like atmospheres can reach surface temperatures cold enough for the condensation of CO2 onto their surfaces, as can planets receiving low amounts of instellation on circular orbits.
Algorithmic decision-making and similar types of artificial intelligence (AI) may lead to improvements in all sectors of society, but can also have discriminatory effects. While current non-discrimination law offers people some protection, algorithmic decision-making presents the law with several challenges. For instance, algorithms can generate new categories of people based on seemingly innocuous characteristics, such as web browser preference or apartment number, or more complicated categories combining many data points. Such new types of differentiation could evade non-discrimination law, as browser type and house number are not protected characteristics, but such differentiation could still be unfair, for instance if it reinforces social inequality. This paper explores which system of non-discrimination law can best be applied to algorithmic decision-making, considering that algorithms can differentiate on the basis of characteristics that do not correlate with protected grounds of discrimination such as ethnicity or gender. The paper analyses the current loopholes in the protection offered by non-discrimination law and explores the best way for lawmakers to approach algorithmic differentiation. While we focus on Europe, the conceptual and theoretical focus of the paper can make it useful for scholars and policymakers from other regions too, as they encounter similar problems with algorithmic decision-making.
P. Pham, Prof (Dr.) Vaibhav Goel Bharti, Dr. Champalal Mandrele
Abstract Modern legal systems worldwide are increasingly faced with a perceived crisis of legitimacy and effectiveness. Critics point to its all-encompassing punitiveness, procedural detachment, and lack of engagement with the causes of social and ecological misery. This study argues for a reconsideration of Buddhist philosophy, often neglected in the category of personal ethics, as a rich and, surprisingly, marketable theory of law. The analysis goes beyond a comparative study and establishes a coherent theory of Buddhist Jurisprudence by aligning core doctrinal propositions with the functional implications of modern secular law. Analysis begins to uncover the jurisprudential potential in Buddhist foundational teachings. It suggests the Four Noble Truths as a diagnostic and prescriptive model for a legal system, and it theorizes law as not an instrument of sovereign fiat, but as a force for the end of systemic suffering (dukkha-nirodha). The central teachings of interdependence (paṭicca-samuppāda) and non-self (anattā) are scrutinized solely to reframe ideas of legal responsibility, personhood, and rights. Moreover, the early monastic law of the Vinaya is investigated not simply as an interesting historical tidbit but as a subtle proto-legal system, critiquing its focus on intent, due process, and reparation. Based on this theoretical foundation, the study establishes a hybrid legal model. It examines in some depth how a Dhamma approach would transform core areas, such as penal theory, where physical rehabilitation and moral rehabilitation are more critical than punishment; the law of obligations, basing tort and contract in relation-based responsibility and right livelihood; and environmental law, basing a rigorous egocentric jurisprudence on the law of interdependence. The final part addresses the challenges of practical implementation, examining possibilities for incorporating these values through experiments in restorative justice, legislative “Dhamma impact assessments,” and redesigned legal education, apparently adeptly balancing a transformative vision with political pragmatism. Finally, Buddhist Jurisprudence presents a critical and timely model, one that envisions a legal system capable of promoting collective flourishing through compassion, wisdom, and a steadfast commitment to repairing harm.
A través del presente artículo se pretende efectuar un análisis respecto a la aplicación de la excepción de improcedencia de acción en la etapa intermedia y su colisión con el supuesto de sobreseimiento regulado en el literal b del numeral 2 del artículo 344 del Código Procesal.
El estudio tendrá como punto de partida el antiguo régimen procesal penal aplicado en la República del Perú, para luego considerar la normativa comparada de otros países, algunos de ellos de influencia acusatorio-garantista en cuanto a la aplicación del proceso sancionatorio penal punitivo, tales como el Código Procesal chileno de 2002, el Código de Procedimiento Penal colombiano de 2004, el Código Procesal Penal de la Nación Argentina de 2014, el Código Procesal Penal de Paraguay de 1998, el Código de Procedimiento Penal de Ecuador de 2000, el Código Orgánico Procesal Penal de Venezuela de 2001, el Código de Procedimiento Penal de Bolivia de 1999, el Código Procesal Penal de Costa Rica de 1998, los Códigos Procesales Penales de El Salvador, el Código Procesal Penal de Panamá de 2008 y el Código Procesal Penal de Honduras de 2002.
Posteriormente, se efectúa una descripción de las notas esenciales de la excepción de improcedencia de acción y del sobreseimiento desde el punto de vista de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia para, finalmente, comparar los supuestos de aplicación de ambas instituciones y arribar a las conclusiones respectivas para un mejor entendimiento de estas.
Public law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
We distinguish two different concepts of time that play a role in physics: \textit{geometric time} and \textit{creative time}. The former is the time of deterministic physics and merely parametrizes a given evolution. The latter is instead characterized by real change, i.e. novel information that gets created when a non-necessary event becomes determinate in a fundamentally indeterministic physics. This allows one to give a naturalistic characterization of the present as the moment that separates the potential future from the determinate past. We discuss how these two concepts find natural applications in classical and intuitionistic mathematics, respectively, and in classical and intuitionistic logic, as well as how they relate to the well-known A- and B-theories in the philosophy of time. We acknowledge that we do not offer here a unified concept or a new philosophy of time. However, we contend that none of the existing philosophical accounts fully integrate both the geometric and creative concepts of time.
The early history of string theory is marked by a shift from strong interaction physics to quantum gravity. The first string models and associated theoretical framework were formulated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the S-matrix program for the strong interactions. In the mid-1970s, the models were reinterpreted as a potential theory unifying the four fundamental forces. This paper provides a historical analysis of how string theory was developed out of S-matrix physics, aiming to clarify how modern string theory, as a theory detached from experimental data, grew out of an S-matrix program that was strongly dependent upon observable quantities. Surprisingly, the theoretical practice of physicists already turned away from experiment before string theory was recast as a potential unified quantum gravity theory. With the formulation of dual resonance models (the "hadronic string theory"), physicists were able to determine almost all of the models' parameters on the basis of theoretical reasoning. It was this commitment to "non-arbitrariness", i.e., a lack of free parameters in the theory, that initially drove string theorists away from experimental input, and not the practical inaccessibility of experimental data in the context of quantum gravity physics. This is an important observation when assessing the role of experimental data in string theory.
Andrea Dotta Brenes, Cristian Salazar Segura, Alonso José Solís Molina
Con el fin de abordar la temática de la paz, se genera el presente escrito, partiendo de la pregunta generadora: “¿Qué es la paz y cómo practicarla?” Dirigida hacia población adulta en condición de discapacidad cognitiva, estudiantes del Programa de Inclusión de Personas con Discapacidad Cognitiva a la Educación Superior (PROIN) de la Universidad de Costa Rica. La discapacidad cognitiva que tienen se considera “leve” o “media”, siendo que no les restringe el desenvolvimiento social ni la autosuficiencia física. Se desarrolló un grupo focal con ocho personas que vieron imágenes ejemplificadoras (incluidas en los anexos), utilizadas para conocer la percepción de los y las participantes, sobre cómo diferencian visualmente qué es paz y qué no lo es. Partiendo de esta base, se desarrollaron discusiones sobre paz, guerra y resolución de conflictos según las perspectivas de las personas participantes. Se exponen las respuestas dadas por las y los estudiantes, así como una expresión final de qué es lo que consideran paz, utilizando dibujos, fotos, imágenes o sus pasatiempos. Se concluye cuáles perspectivas tienen de los temas de interés, cómo abordan en sus cotidianidades las situaciones de conflicto y cómo buscan la paz en sus núcleos familiares y ambientes cotidianos.
Mullā Ṣadrā’s attempt to reconcile philosophy and mysticism has faced him with several difficulties, of which some are noticed by him and some could be explained according to his taste and principles. One of the difficulties is the incompatibility of the mystical theory of Unity of Existence with the law of contradiction. This perception of presence, which claims the oneness of creatures with the Creator and at the same time their duality, challenges the logical-philosophical law of noncontradiction.The purpose of this paper is to answer the question of what solution could Mullā Ṣadrā have for such a problem. Although he has emphasized on the theory of Personal Unity of Existence in his late works, it seems that the theory of Analogical Unity of Existence –despite Ṣadrā’s lack of clarification– was a solution from his side to get rid of this problem. The authors’ descriptive method and critical analysis, however, indicates the insufficiency of this theory for solving this paradox. The logic of belief, also, cannot be a a solution for this problem. The authors, finally, have shown that on the basis of Mullā Ṣadrā’s principles in the issue of mental existence, the rule of impossibility of coexistence of two contradictories in immaterial worlds has been narrowed down and the possibility of coexistence of some incommensurable things is available in that arena. This way, he can solve the paradox of the unity of existence. All in all, it is clear that Mullā Ṣadrā neither wanted nor - –considering his intellectual foundations– was capable of accepting dialetheism and the violation of the law of noncontradiction.
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
se replantean algunas bases del debate sobre el pluralismo cultural para no limitarlo al ciudadano del estado sino llevándolo también al homo oeconomicus.
Abstract For nearly thirty years, the theory and science of Psychological Jurisprudence (PJ) have been used to address a range of complex and controversial issues in crime, law, and justice. As a matter of epistemological and ontological commitments, PJ’s research agenda is sourced in an Aristotelian-derived virtue ethic. This ethic advances eudemonic existence. This existence extolls human flourishing and excellence and it recognizes that these eudemonic possibilities (i.e., flourishing and excellence) emerge from within relational habits of evolving character. Evidence of these habits is found within a society’s expressions of culture. These expressions include the symbols of shared consciousness, the discourses of inter-subjectivity, and the institutional and communal practices of mutual power. However, what has yet to be specified in the academic literature, is how PJ’s method of inquiry functions as a useful approach for undertaking qualitative research. In Section one, we summarize the philosophy of science (i.e., the science of being/becoming) that informs PJ’s methodology and we identify the hermeneutical process (i.e., critical textual analysis, CTA) that operationalizes this science. In Section two, we delineate the elements of PJ’s virtue-based deconstructionist method of inquiry, and we explain how these elements form a design for undertaking replicable aretaic research. In Section three, we provisionally discuss the type of findings that PJ-as-method produces, and we suggestively explain how these findings are relevant to existing debates about crime control and justice policy research, education, and training.
Abstract In the latter half of the 20th century, with the development of philosophy studies, Western jurisprudence also witnessed a linguistic turn in its field. A series of academic schools appeared consecutively, such as the school of semantic analysis, the school of new rhetoric, the school of legal interpretation, and the school of structural semiotics. Their analytical paradigms, which were skeptical of the views of legal languages in traditional theories of jurisprudence, are interdisciplinary and multidimensional in nature and characteristics. Normally, there are three methods used in the linguistic turn of Western jurisprudence, that is, the method of symbolic restoration, the method of structural and functional analysis, and the method of legal hermeneutics. Promoted by the linguistic turn, two traditions of legal semiotics also developed. One is the legal theory based on Greimasian semiotics, and the other is based on Peircean semiotics. The linguistic turn in jurisprudence still represents a breakthrough and innovation in the paradigm of legal theoretical studies, as it leads to a re-examination of language, which is no longer treated as a tool but as a philosophical afterthought in relation to the human being.