Hasil untuk "Islamic law"

Gagan Bhatia, Hamdy Mubarak, Mustafa Jarrar et al.

LLMs are increasingly used for Islamic question answering, where ungrounded responses may carry serious religious consequences. Yet standard MCQ/MRC-style evaluations do not capture key real-world failure modes, notably free-form hallucinations and whether models appropriately abstain when evidence is lacking. To shed a light on this aspect we introduce ISLAMICFAITHQA, a 3,810-item bilingual (Arabic/English) generative benchmark with atomic single-gold answers, which enables direct measurement of hallucination and abstention. We additionally developed an end-to-end grounded Islamic modelling suite consisting of (i) 25K Arabic text-grounded SFT reasoning pairs, (ii) 5K bilingual preference samples for reward-guided alignment, and (iii) a verse-level Qur'an retrieval corpus of $\sim$6k atomic verses (ayat). Building on these resources, we develop an agentic Quran-grounding framework (agentic RAG) that uses structured tool calls for iterative evidence seeking and answer revision. Experiments across Arabic-centric and multilingual LLMs show that retrieval improves correctness and that agentic RAG yields the largest gains beyond standard RAG, achieving state-of-the-art performance and stronger Arabic-English robustness even with a small model (i.e., Qwen3 4B). We will make the experimental resources and datasets publicly available for the community.

Laura State, Alejandra Bringas Colmenarejo, Andrea Beretta et al.

Explainable AI (XAI) provides methods to understand non-interpretable machine learning models. However, we have little knowledge about what legal experts expect from these explanations, including their legal compliance with, and value against European Union legislation. To close this gap, we present the Explanation Dialogues, an expert focus study to uncover the expectations, reasoning, and understanding of legal experts and practitioners towards XAI, with a specific focus on the European General Data Protection Regulation. The study consists of an online questionnaire and follow-up interviews, and is centered around a use-case in the credit domain. We extract both a set of hierarchical and interconnected codes using grounded theory, and present the standpoints of the participating experts towards XAI. We find that the presented explanations are hard to understand and lack information, and discuss issues that can arise from the different interests of the data controller and subject. Finally, we present a set of recommendations for developers of XAI methods, and indications of legal areas of discussion. Among others, recommendations address the presentation, choice, and content of an explanation, technical risks as well as the end-user, while we provide legal pointers to the contestability of explanations, transparency thresholds, intellectual property rights as well as the relationship between involved parties.

Wisnu Uriawan, Imany Fauzy Rahman, Muhamad Zidan et al.

The rapid development of deepfake technology powered by AI has raised global concerns regarding the manipulation of information, the usurpation of digital identities, and the erosion of public trust in the authenticity of online content. These challenges extend beyond technical issues and involve complex moral dimensions, rendering conventional, technologically driven, and reactive management approaches insufficient to address underlying causes such as intent, ethical responsibility, and intangible social harm. In response to these challenges, this study aims to formulate a comprehensive Islamic ethical framework as a preventive approach to mitigate the misuse of deepfake technology. This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), selecting ten primary sources published between 2018 and 2025 to identify ethical gaps, regulatory needs, and appropriate normative solutions. The analysis demonstrates that integrating the principles of Maqasid al-Shariah, particularly hifz al-ird and hifz al-nafs, provides a strong normative foundation for governing the responsible use of digital technology. Based on the findings, this study proposes three strategic recommendations: regulatory reforms that recognize the intangible and psychological harms resulting from reputational damage; strengthened technology governance grounded in moral accountability and the values of adl, amanah, and transparency; and enhanced public digital literacy based on the principle of tabayyun. Overall, the findings suggest that the application of Islamic ethical principles shifts governance paradigms from punitive mechanisms toward preventive approaches that emphasize the protection of human dignity, the prevention of harm, and the promotion of the common good in the digital age.

Naseem Alsadi

This paper provides a brief overview of the ongoing financial revolution, which extends beyond the emergence of cryptocurrencies as a digital medium of exchange. At its core, this revolution is driven by a paradigm shift rooted in the technological advancements of blockchain and the foundational principles of Islamic economics. Together, these elements offer a transformative framework that challenges traditional financial systems, emphasizing transparency, equity, and decentralized governance. The paper highlights the implications of this shift and its potential to reshape the global economic landscape.

Runhua Wang, Jyh-An Lee, Jingwen Liu

Amid the surge of intellectual property (IP) disputes surrounding non-fungible tokens (NFTs), some scholars have advocated for the application of personal property or sales law to regulate NFT minting and transactions, contending that IP laws unduly hinder the development of the NFT market. This Article counters these proposals and argues that the existing IP system stands as the most suitable regulatory framework for governing the evolving NFT market. Compared to personal property or sales law, IP laws can more effectively address challenges such as tragedies of the commons and anticommons in the NFT market. NFT communities have also developed their own norms and licensing agreements upon existing IP laws to regulate shared resources. Moreover, the IP regimes, with both static and dynamic institutional designs, can effectively balance various policy concerns, such as innovation, fair competition, and consumer protection, which alternative proposals struggle to provide.

Mohammad Amaan Sayeed, Mohammed Talha Alam, Raza Imam et al.

Centuries-old Islamic medical texts like Avicenna's Canon of Medicine and the Prophetic Tibb-e-Nabawi encode a wealth of preventive care, nutrition, and holistic therapies, yet remain inaccessible to many and underutilized in modern AI systems. Existing language-model benchmarks focus narrowly on factual recall or user preference, leaving a gap in validating culturally grounded medical guidance at scale. We propose a unified evaluation pipeline, Tibbe-AG, that aligns 30 carefully curated Prophetic-medicine questions with human-verified remedies and compares three LLMs (LLaMA-3, Mistral-7B, Qwen2-7B) under three configurations: direct generation, retrieval-augmented generation, and a scientific self-critique filter. Each answer is then assessed by a secondary LLM serving as an agentic judge, yielding a single 3C3H quality score. Retrieval improves factual accuracy by 13%, while the agentic prompt adds another 10% improvement through deeper mechanistic insight and safety considerations. Our results demonstrate that blending classical Islamic texts with retrieval and self-evaluation enables reliable, culturally sensitive medical question-answering.

Siti Nur Asia, Muthoifin Muthoifin, Muhamad Subhi Apriantoro et al.

The fishing pool business opportunity is very wide open to get big and fast profits. This study aims to reveal analytically related to Islamic law contracts in the fishing business. The research methodology uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method with a historical juridical approach. The sequence of the research process starts with collecting data on several fishing businesses. The fishing business that has been collected is then recorded and economic activities are carried out in the fishing business. Furthermore, the results of existing economic activity data are analyzed by Islamic economic law. The results of the study concluded that, there are economic activities in the fishing business that is by Islamic economic law contracts such as buying and selling and leasing (al-ijarah). In the fishing business, all buying and selling contracts are carried out by the pillars of Islamic Shari'ah related to buying and selling as long as it does not resemble gambling where ma'kud 'alaih comes from other people. Likewise, with the al-ijarah contract in the fishing business, the al-ijarah system in the fishing business has fulfilled the pillars of Islamic sharia related to al-ijarah, namely some people have a contract (subject), consent qobul, and ujrah. The activities of al-ijarah in the fishing business also have ma'jur which is ijarah In the al-ijarah fishing effort, everything is carried out by the pillars of Shari'ah law as long as it does not resemble gambling where the ma'jur comes from other people. ma'kud 'alaih comes from other people. Likewise, with the al-ijarah contract in the fishing business, the al-ijarah system in the fishing business has fulfilled the pillars of Islamic sharia related to al-ijarah, namely some people have a contract (subject), consent qobul, and ujrah. The activities of al-ijarah in the fishing business also have ma'jur which is ijarah In the al-ijarah fishing effort, everything is carried out by the pillars of Shari'ah law as long as it does not resemble gambling where the ma'jur comes from other people.

Rafiq Gheddar

As Islamic banks grow and evolve, pricing methods for their services have become essential to study and implement. This study highlights the significance of understanding the factors influencing Islamic banking service pricing in Algeria. The study aims to analyze how Islamic banks price their services, with a focus on cost, market, and value strategies. Additionally, it seeks to evaluate and recommend ways to enhance the current practices of banks operating in the national market. Algeria is experiencing rapid growth in Islamic banking, making it an ideal location to study this subject. The country is home to two Islamic banks, Al Baraka Bank and Al Salam Bank. Algeria was selected as a new market to allow the findings to be applicable to similar situations elsewhere. The research utilizes secondary data obtained from available information on Islamic bank service fees, comparing them with those of traditional banks. It also conducts financing simulations in both banks and compares them with the traditional theoretical framework. Data was gathered from various sources, including bank websites, annual reports, and previous studies. The research reveals that Algerian Islamic banks do not prioritize scientific methods in pricing their services. The results suggest that these banks operate within a traditional framework under the oversight of the central bank. The central bank's rules depend on the prices of services conventional banks offer. This shapes how customers perceive these banks as representatives of Islamic banking. Islamic banks can utilize the study's results to develop pricing strategies that are more effective and compliant with Islamic law. Regulators can utilize these findings to formulate enhanced policies to bolster the Islamic banking sector. The results also assist researchers in delving deeper into the realm of Islamic banking service pricing. This study refutes the hypothesis that Algerian Islamic banks have enhanced the efficiency of their service pricing by adopting models in line with Islamic finance principles, such as profit-sharing, while considering market conditions and service value. They should embrace more pragmatic and beneficial pricing strategies that align with Islamic law, cater to customer needs, and enhance their competitiveness and value in the national banking market.

Zubair Amir Nur Rashid, Nur Mardia Mazri

Consumer jurisprudence is a branch of the broad jurisprudential debate covering the utilization and use of all natural resources and their contents. Traditional Chinese Medicine as an alternative medicine uses natural resources as a source of medicine. The Mantidis Ootheca in Traditional Chinese Medicine is a substance that comes out through a special accessory gland on the abdomen of the mantis mother and then produces a foamy and hardened structure like polystyrene. It is believed to have various benefits including treating cloudy urine, kidney health, helping in treating Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and others. However, there is an issue involving the status of the Mantidis Ootheca from the perspective of Islamic law since the egg case is produced from the liquid that comes out through the mantis stomach. The focus of this paper was to clarify the Islamic legislation regarding the use of Mantidis Ootheca in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products from the standpoint of the consumer jurisprudence discussion. The researcher utilized a qualitative method by referring to books of fiqh and usul fiqh to find out the law of using Mantidis Ootheca in products and the liquid flowing from its stomach in medicine. This study emphasize on analyzing the application of rukhsah and istihalah in medicine in unraveling the problem of treatment using Mantidis Ootheca. Standards from halal authorities such as the Department Standards of Malaysia are also reviewed for pharmaceutical manufacturing rules including the requirement of safety assessment. Meanwhile, the researcher also consulted scientific studies to know the benefits, uses and side effects of Mantidis Ootheca in the medical field. According to the study's findings, the use Mantidis Ootheca in medicine is not halal since they are tainted with impurities (najāsah). The egg case that come from mantis are considered disgusting, according to scholars, and should not be eaten. Still, its use in pharmaceuticals needs to be evaluated from the perspective of medical jurisprudence by looking at its level of need in the field. Until now, its use is not reached to an emergency demand as there are still alternative treatments for the related diseases. Frequently it has been consumed as a health supplement rather than the primary component in medications. It also does not meet the safety standards determined by the jurists and according to the MS 2424: 2019 ruling based on current research showing that there is no comprehensive report on toxicity aspects and adverse side effects to users. The study of the pharmaceutical industry should continue to be pioneered by Muslims to ensure the use of halal ingredients in medicine.   Abstrak Fiqh kepenggunaan merupakan suatu cabang daripada perbahasan ilmu fiqh yang luas meliputi pemanfaatan dan penggunaan segala sumber alam dan seisinya. Perubatan Tradisional Cina sebagai suatu perubatan alternatif banyak mengambil sumber alam semula jadi sebagai sumber perubatan. Sarung telur mentadak atau Mantidis Ootheca dalam Perubatan Tradisional Cina ialah suatu bahan yang keluar melalui kelenjar aksesori khas pada perut ibu mantis seterusnya menghasilkan sebuah struktur berbuih dan mengeras seperti polisterin. Ianya dipercayai mempunyai pelbagai khasiat antaranya merawat air kencing yang keruh, kesihatan ginjal, membantu dalam merawat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) dan lain-lain. Namun, timbul isu melibatkan status sarung telur tersebut dari perspektif hukum Islam memandangkan sarung telur itu terhasil daripada cecair yang keluar melalui perut serangga. Kertas ini ditulis bertujuan menjelaskan hukum penggunaan sarung telur mentadak dalam perubatan menurut perspektif perbahasan fiqh kepenggunaan. Pengkaji menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dengan menjadikan kitab-kitab fiqh, usul fiqh dan fatwa-fatwa di Malaysia sebagai rujukan bagi mengetahui hukum penggunaan mentadak dan cecair yang keluar dari perut mentadak dalam perubatan. Kajian ini juga menumpukan analisis terhadap aplikasi konsep darurat dan istihalah dalam perubatan dalam merungkai permasalahan rawatan menggunakan sarung telur mentadak. Piawaian badan halal berautoriti seperti Jabatan Standard Malaysia turut diteliti untuk mengetahui peraturan dalam penghasilan produk farmaseutikal termasuk aspek penilaian keselamatan yang perlu dipatuhi. Selain itu, pengkaji turut merujuk kajian-kajian saintifik untuk mengetahui khasiat, kegunaan serta kesan sampingan telur mentadak dalam bidang perubatan. Hasil kajian mendapati penggunaan telur mentadak adalah tidak halal kerana mengandungi unsur najis. Telur yang keluar daripada serangga dianggap suatu yang menjijikkan menurut pandangan ulama serta tidak boleh dimakan. Walau bagaimanapun, penggunaannya dalam perubatan perlu dinilai dari perspektif fiqh perubatan dengan melihat tahap keperluannya dalam bidang tersebut. Sehingga kini, penggunaannya tidak mencapai tahap darurat kerana masih terdapat rawatan alternatif bagi penyakit-penyakit yang berkaitan. Malah penggunaan Mantidis Ootheca dalam farmaseutikal hanya melibatkan unsur tambahan yang membantu aspek kesihatan dan bukannya sebagai ramuan utama dalam penghasilan sesuatu ubat-ubatan.  Ia juga tidak menepati piawaian keselamatan yang digariskan oleh fuqaha dan ketetapan MS 2424:2019 berdasarkan kajian semasa yang menunjukkan tiada laporan yang tuntas mengenai aspek toksikologi dan kesan sampingan berbahaya kepada pengguna. Kajian terhadap industri farmaseutikal ini sewajarnya terus dipelopori oleh umat Islam bagi memastikan penggunaan bahan yang halal dalam perubatan.

بی بی رحیمه ابراهیمی

در تلاش برای تبیین احکام، حقوق و تکالیف زوجین، بهترین مسیر، تعیین اصل و قاعده است و حلِّ بسیاری از مسائل اختلافی و صدور احکام برای مسائل جدید با تأسیس قاعده ممکن خواهد شد. براساس آیات قرآن، به‌ویژه آیۀ شریفۀ «لَهُنَّ مثلُ الذی علیهِنَّ بِالمعروفِ» خداوند معیار «معروف» را در اختیار قرار داده است تا مسلمانان باتوجه‌به آن قوانین موردنیاز را تصویب کنند. معنای اصطلاحی معروف در حوزۀ خانواده مطابقت با چهار عنصر «عقل»، «شرع»، «اخلاق» و «عرف» است و وجود عنصر «عرف» به‌تنهایی، چنانچه با مخالفت جدی سایر عناصر مواجه نباشد،‌ کافی است. این نوشته با به‌کارگیری روش توصیفی‌تحلیلی و به‌شیوۀ اسنادی پس از بررسی دقیق معنای معروف و کشف معنای اصطلاحی آن در حوزۀ خانواده،‌ به تبیین مفاد قاعده، مستندات، گستره قلمرو و نوعی یا شخصی‌بودن معیارِ معروف پرداخته است.

Holli Sargeant, Ahmed Izzidien, Felix Steffek

This paper addresses a critical gap in legal analytics by developing and applying a novel taxonomy for topic classification of summary judgment cases in the United Kingdom. Using a curated dataset of summary judgment cases, we use the Large Language Model Claude 3 Opus to explore functional topics and trends. We find that Claude 3 Opus correctly classified the topic with an accuracy of 87.13% and an F1 score of 0.87. The analysis reveals distinct patterns in the application of summary judgments across various legal domains. As case law in the United Kingdom is not originally labelled with keywords or a topic filtering option, the findings not only refine our understanding of the thematic underpinnings of summary judgments but also illustrate the potential of combining traditional and AI-driven approaches in legal classification. Therefore, this paper provides a new and general taxonomy for UK law. The implications of this work serve as a foundation for further research and policy discussions in the field of judicial administration and computational legal research methodologies.

Muhamad Hasan Sebyar

Harmonization between customary law and Islamic law (fiqh) has long occurred in our homeland. This study aims to illustrate the harmonization between Islamic legal institutions and customary institutions. This research is an empirical legal research, empirical legal research is research whose object of research is the practice of legal events or occurrences. The approach used in this study is a socio-legal approach, that used to analyze the social interactions between the Panyabungan Religious Court and customary institutions in implementing age dispensation. The results of this study show that this harmonization had run well between Islamic legal institutions and customary institutions. There is harmonization of existing norms or rules that apply in society. In substance making Islam more widespread in society and the state, from the understanding of classical jurisprudence to other legal products namely qadla, Islamic Law in substance continued to develop and acquire all regulations towards the rule of Islamic law as a whole. The similarity of certain functions within the customary law system, the Islamic legal system, and the national legal system according to the scope of their duties determines the extent to which harmonization occurs. The method of harmonization between Islamic law and customary law can be achieved in three ways, namely first; Harmonization of understanding, Second; Harmonization is carried out actively,Third; Passive harmonization.

Muhammad Alfarizi, Rafialdo Arifian

Purpose − Analyze the psychology of patients related to halal healthcare tools that impact their loyalty intentions to Sharia hospitals in Indonesia for health visits and the implications of word of mouth on the community. Methodology − The research employed quantitative techniques by utilizing cross-sectional survey information gathered from Sharia hospital patients in Indonesia, selected through convenience sampling methods. The study analyzed a total of 229 patient responses through the application of structural equation modeling. Findings − Sharia facilities, doctor-nurse services, medical expertise and administrative conduct as indicators of halal health services affect patient satisfaction in sharia hospitals. However, there is resistance to the influence of the medical facility atmosphere on satisfaction caused by the concentration of patients in medical services and solving health problems. Patient satisfaction affects loyalty which in turn gives a positive word of mouth effect. Implications − Islamic hospitals should prioritize patient assessment and satisfaction by reviewing their physical facilities, cleanliness, comfort, and spiritual needs. Medical personnel should enhance communication and sharia-compliant practices. Digitalization and improved service standards are essential, requiring adaptability and technology integration. Regular evaluations and external monitoring are vital. The government should collaborate with relevant ministries and organizations to intensively monitor and improve the quality of sharia hospitals. Originality − This study develops new knowledge on indicators of special services for sharia hospitals according to halal standards by integrating the outputs of satisfaction, loyalty and Word of Mouth (WoM) outputs which have been separated so far but have a chronological sequence in line with existing marketing theory.

Taufiqur Rahman, Alan Su'ud Ma'adi

The focus of this research is to examine the utilization of zakat in controlling the covid-19 pandemic which is analyzed through the maqashid sharia approach in BAZNAS and LAZISMU Pamekasan Regency.This research includes field research that uses qualitative methods with qualitative descriptive research properties. The method of data collection using interviews, observation and documentation. Then the primary and secondary data obtained were analyzed using qualitative data analysis with three processes, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing.The results of this study that the utilization of zakat in the Amil Zakat Agency (Baznas) and Lazismu Kab. Pamekasan plays a role in controlling the Covid-19 pandemic in Pamekasan Regency by distributing it to three sectors: First, Health, Second, Economy, Third, Education in the form of consumptive and productive. Then the role of its utilization has been in accordance with the objectives of the stipulation of zakat in the aspects of worship and the economy that reaches maqashid sharia.

Anahita Seifi, Najmeh Razmkhah

Artificial intelligence is the science of empowering machines to perform actions similar to human activities. In other words, artificial intelligence is considered a science and a set of computer technologies designed to think, reason and imitate human behavior.Artificial intelligence is considered a new technology that has influenced various aspects of human life, from the economy to health and employment.Activists in the field of artificial intelligence always talk about the capabilities of this technology. According to them, the development and expansion of artificial intelligence is a great tool to deal with human problems and dilemmas. For example,  the increase in temperature, decrease in biodiversity, deforestation, floods, droughts, air pollution, and garbage accumulation are all among the environmental problems that have plagued humanity, problems that require immediate and effective solutions. For this purpose, resorting to artificial intelligence and its capabilities in environmental care has been proposed as one of the scientific and technical solutions to deal with these environmental challenges.The capabilities of artificial intelligence in agricultural management, measuring the amount of greenhouse gases, managing and monitoring the optimization of energy consumption, recycling waste, and strengthening and optimizing the public transportation system are all among the potential capabilities of artificial intelligence in the protection of the environment.But on the other hand, the process of designing, producing, supplying, and resorting to artificial intelligence has been associated with various challenges such as high energy consumption, extensive use of rare metals, and destruction of mineral resources, as well as increasing waste production and environmental pollution. These problems have caused serious doubts about the capabilities of this technology considering the growing trend to resort to artificial intelligence. This has led to environmental activists raising the question of whether this technology will provide a toolbox for a sustainable future for humans.Concerns regarding the performance of artificial intelligence and the widespread global support for this technology on the other hand prompted the world community to respond to these doubts, by regularizing the processes of research, development, production, and supply of artificial intelligence.One of these attempts is preparing the First Draft of the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in September 2020 By the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).This draft, which was prepared in the form of 8 sections with the efforts of UNESCO international experts, with the aim of creating an international framework in the field of ethical and legal issues related to artificial intelligence systems, is approved at the 41st annual meeting of UNESCO, which was held in November 2021, with the votes of 193 member countries of this organization as the first international document that specifically considers the ethical norms and human rights of artificial intelligence..This document will not be binding but it is significant because it will be the first international document that specifically considers the ethical norms and human rights of artificial intelligence.The drafters of this recommendation talked about four human values which the 1st is respecting, encouraging and ensuring the basic principles of human rights, the second is , protecting the environment,  the third is protecting biodiversity and the fourth, is  living in peace and reconciliation.This draft demanded all the activists in the field of artificial intelligence to participate in the activities and adhere to principles such as proportionality, safety, fairness, responsibility, and accountability.But when looking at the draft text it seems that in some cases it contains ambiguities and defects, especially environmental discussions.These defects lead to several questions such as: “Has UNESCO's ethical draft been able to address the challenges in the environment sector, to provide effective regulations and solutions?” and “Considering the important and ever-increasing role of private companies active in the production and supply of artificial intelligence systems, have the authors of the draft been able to act successfully regarding attributing responsibility, methods of compensation for environmental damages, and commitment to observe the precautionary principle?” This article aims at working on these subjects, questions, and ambiguities with an analytical-descriptive method.

Arash Ghafouri, Hasan Naderi, Mohammad Aghajani asl et al.

Nowadays, one of the main challenges for Question Answering Systems is to answer complex questions using various sources of information. Multi-hop questions are a type of complex questions that require multi-step reasoning to answer. In this article, the IslamicPCQA dataset is introduced. This is the first Persian dataset for answering complex questions based on non-structured information sources and consists of 12,282 question-answer pairs extracted from 9 Islamic encyclopedias. This dataset has been created inspired by the HotpotQA English dataset approach, which was customized to suit the complexities of the Persian language. Answering questions in this dataset requires more than one paragraph and reasoning. The questions are not limited to any prior knowledge base or ontology, and to provide robust reasoning ability, the dataset also includes supporting facts and key sentences. The prepared dataset covers a wide range of Islamic topics and aims to facilitate answering complex Persian questions within this subject matter

Deng Wang

Whether the first law of black hole mechanics is correct is an important question in black holes physics. Subjected to current limited gravitational wave events, we propose its weaker version that permits a relatively large perturbation to a black hole system and implement a simple test with the first event GW150914. Confronting the strain data with the theory, we obtain the constraint on the deviation parameter $α=0.07\pm0.11$, which indicates that this weaker version is valid at the 68\% confidence level. This result implies that the first law of black hole mechanics may be correct.

Ammar Kareem, Dawood Aldoori

Deng Wang

The Hubble law (HL) governs the low-redshift (low-z) evolution of the distance of an object. However, there is a lack of an investigation of its validity and effective radius for a long time, since the low-z background data with a high precision is scarce. The latest Type Ia supernovae sample Pantheon+ having a significant increase of low-z data provides an excellent opportunity to test the HL. We propose a generalized HL and implement the first modern test of the HL with Pantheon+. We obtain the constraint on the deviation parameter $α=1.00118\pm0.00044$, confirm the validity of linear HL with a $0.04\%$ precision and give the transition redshift $z_t=0.03$ and luminosity distance $D_{L,t}=123.13\pm1.75$ Mpc, which means that HL holds when $z<0.03$ and breaks down at a distance of $D_L>123.13$ Mpc. Comparing the ability of Type Ia supernovae and HII galaxies in testing the HL, we stress the uniqueness and strong power of Type Ia supernovae in probing the low-z physics.

ابوالقاسم خدادی, علی خالدی

در ادبیات حقوق کیفری، قصد مجرمانه به عنوان رکن اصلی مسؤولیت کیفری و عنصر تقصیر (خطای جزایی) به عنوان امری استثنایی شناخته می‌شود اما قانون‌گذار در قانون مجازات اسلامی مصوب 1392 نظریه تقصیر را به عنوان مبنای مسؤولیت کیفری توسعه داده است. به طوری که می‌توان گفت از این پس، عنصر تقصیر همتای عنصر عمد باید به عنوان ارکان دوگانه مسؤولیت کیفری شناخته شود. این مقاله تلاش دارد با شناسایی مصادیق این توسعه، بسط نظریه تقصیر درقانون مجازات اسلامی 1392 را به اثبات برساند. به موجب این توسعه، برای احراز رابطه سببیت، نظریه سنتی مسؤولیت سبب مقدم با پذیرش نظریه تقصیر تعدیل یافته است. تحول دیگر آنکه مسؤولیت کیفری اشخاص حقوقی و مسؤولیت کیفری ناشی از فعل هر دو بر پایه تقصیر در قانون اخیرالذکر شناسایی شده است. تحقق مسؤولیت کیفری پزشک نیز در گرو احراز تقصیر او در امر معالجه و درمان قلمداد گردیده و در نهایت قتل ناشی از تقصیر نیز از مصادیق قتل شبه عمد بر شمرده شده و به موجب این امر، از دامنه مصادیق قتل خطای محض کاسته شده است. این مقاله با روش مطالعه اسنادی و با تکنیک تحلیل منطقی، پس از بررسی و نقد نمونه‌های متعدد در قانون مجازات اسلامی 1392 دیدگاهی را ارائه می‌کند بر این مبنا که از مهمترین تحولات نظام کیفری ایران، توسعه مسؤولیت کیفری تقصیری است.