Hasil untuk "Human ecology. Anthropogeography"

Irina F. Lobasheva, Ekaterina A. Fakhrazieva

The article analyzes the art space of Kazan as one of Russia’s cultural centers through the lens of contemporary exhibition art projects initiated by museums, exhibition halls, and galleries. It addresses both the organization of significant large-scale exhibitions in the 2020s and their scientific and creative aspects, as well as their profound semantic resonance and broad social impact. The publication is accompanied by a historiographical review that focuses on key monographs, scientific articles, online reviews, and interviews related to the historical study of the city’s cultural landmarks and their role in shaping the artistic environment of Kazan. Through selected exhibition projects, the publication reveals a palette of some current collective exhibition projects, as well as exhibitions of individual artists whose art is of particular interest. As a result, these exhibitions identify the priority contemporary themes, the moods of the artists and the audience, the latest approaches to exhibition design, and the main trends and directions in the city’s art scene. It is noted that along with the permanent museum exhibitions of classical examples of visual art, the city successfully creates and develops projects by contemporary artists in various fields. It is this area, its changes and progress, that has particularly interested and attracted the attention of the authors, and as a result of the mutual collaboration between a teacher and a student, this publication has been created. A more detailed and in-depth analysis has been conducted on the following exhibitions: “Noah’s Ark” (2023), which provides a comprehensive analysis of individual works by various artists, and two exhibitions of the “Kazan Time” project. Artists of the 1990s at the Contemporary Art Gallery of the Republic of Tatarstan (2025), featuring the creative individuality of such masters as Evgeny Golubtsov and Oleg Ivanov, and “Our Avant-Garde” at the Benois Wing of the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg (2025), focusing on the phenomenon of the popularity of the ‘fathers’ of Russian avant-garde. The article raises questions about the future development of visual arts and the role of young artists in the 21st century. The modern development of the Kazan Art School and its role in the formation of Tatarstan’s visual arts are also discussed.

Matthew Scott Luskin, Lindsey Arnold, Adia Sovie et al.

Abstract Fragments and edges account for most remaining forest habitats globally. Apex predators and megaherbivores often decline in these degraded habitats while smaller generalist omnivores can persist or thrive in forest edges, especially if they can utilize nonnative resources (“cross‐boundary food subsidies”). Outcomes for small‐medium carnivores (mesopredators) remain unclear or idiosyncratic. We tested responses of a widespread and common forest mesopredator to edges and the composition of the adjacent nonforested areas using 91 camera trapping surveys in Southeast Asia. Leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis and Prionailurus javanensis) showed a hump‐shaped relationship with forest cover and a positive association with oil palm plantations, but they did not increase near other types of nonnative land cover. Leopard cats' success in edges appears due to their hunting abundant rodent prey inside oil palm plantations, providing natural pest management for farmers. Abundant leopard cats also hunt and suppress native small vertebrates, which may trigger negative ecological cascades and suppress biodiversity in forest edges.

Hamed Javadi, Seyed Gholam Reza Moosavi, Nasrin Farahmandrad

IntroductionHarsh ecological conditions, including water scarcity, have limited vegetation life in desert areas. Consequently, the cultivation of drought-resistant plants compatible with desert areas and their expansion, while creating suitable vegetation, increases biodiversity, controls desertification and is oriented towards the sustainability of desert ecosystems. Cannabis is a drought-tolerant plant which, because of its great genetic diversity, has the ability to grow in different climates, particularly in semi-desert areas. Appropriate agricultural management enhances the vegetation, production and productivity of agricultural products. In this context, it is important to study planting date and plant density as factors impacting production. Planting dates must be chosen to allow sufficient time for each stage of growth and development. The use of optimal plant density may improve plant growth and increase plant yield by reducing intra-plant competition. Results of search on two densities of cannabis plants of 8 and 16 plants per m-2 in Birjand, the highest seed yield was obtained from a density of 16 plants per m-2. Finding on densities of 50, 150, and 250 plants per m-2 in Mashhad, and 30, 90, and 150 plants per m-2 in Shirvan reported that as the density of cannabis plants increased, the flowering date decreased in both regions. Given the arid and semi-arid climate of South Khorasan, planting plants compatible with the climate of the region, such as cannabis, can increase vegetation cover while producing an acceptable yield. The objectives of the current research are to study the effect of agricultural management on the growth characteristics of the forgotten cannabis plant in semi-arid climate of Birjand. Material and MethodsThe current research was carried out in Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research if South Khorasan, located at 59′ 13° east longitude and 53° 32′north latitude, and 1491m above sea level. South Khorasan province has a desert and semi-desert climate. Before preparing the soil to determine the required amount of chemical and organic fertilizers, the soil in the field was analyzed. Data on temperature changes and the total number of sunny hours of various months during the cannabis growing period were received from the Birjand weather station. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments investigated included planting date on three levels of May 12, May 27 and June 11 as the main plot and plant density at three levels of 22.2, 11.1 and 7.4 plants per m-2 as the sub plot. In this research, the phenological characteristics including the number of days to emergency, days to flowering, days to seed filling, days to physiological maturity, length of vegetative period, length of reproductive period, length of flowering period, and morphological characteristics including plant height, number of main stem branches, stem diameter and seed yield were investigated. Statistical analysis of the data was done using SAS software and the comparison of averages was done based on Duncan's 5% multiple range test. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the impact of planting date on all morphophenological traits was significant, with the exception of stem diameter. The delay in planting between May 12 and June 11 significantly reduced the length of phenological stages, and vegetative growth of cannabis, and ultimately caused a 48% decrease in seed yield. Late cultivation, due to the increase in temperature, the plant completes its vegetative growth faster. The delay in planting by shortening the period of effective growth, reducing the photosynthetic potential of the plant, and coinciding with the period of seed filling with low temperatures and shortening of the day has led to a decrease in the quantity and the filling speed of the seeds, and subsequently the yield of the seeds decreases. It has been reported that a 20-day delay in seeding from 10 May led to a 46% decrease in seed yield under climatic conditions in Azerbaijan. The effect of plant density on morphological traits, number of days until flowering of female plants, days until seed set, days until physiological maturity, length of vegetative period, length of flowering period and seed yield were significant. The increase in density from 7.4 to 22.2 plants per m-2, while delaying flowering, increased seed yield by 15.4%. Increased plant density due to higher plant height and increased number of plants per unit area increased seed yield. Results of search on two densities of cannabis plants of 8 and 16 plants per m-2 in Birjand, the highest seed yield was obtained from a density of 16 plants per m-2. To achieve proper yield performance, and develop cannabis cultivation- as a plant compatible with the semi-desert region- the planting date of May 12 and the density of 22.2 plants per m-2 can be used.

Georgia Day, Richard A. Fuller, Cassandra Nichols et al.

Abstract The biodiversity crisis poses a real and present global threat to humanity. The acceleration of species and ecosystem decline coupled with climate change suggests that as it stands, nature cannot absorb the pressure humanity is placing on the planet. Bold new approaches to biodiversity conservation are needed. Promoting an engaged community is an important part of achieving conservation outcomes. Research shows that citizen science has the potential to elicit conservation engagement. However, research has not specifically explored how intensive citizen science expedition programs contribute to change. Here we use transformative learning theory as a tool to investigate how participation in citizen science programs influences conservation engagement. We analysed evaluation surveys of Earthwatch Institute citizen science participants (N = 608) and conducted in‐depth interviews (N = 11), to examine the links between citizen science experiences and engagement outcomes. We discovered that while nature‐based components of citizen science programs attract participants and create a salient environment for transformation, these are not objectively associated with engagement outcomes. Strengthened awareness was associated with learning, social interactions and cultural experiences, whereas intentions to engage in conservation action was only influenced by experiencing a sense of contribution. Rather than focusing only on learning and nature experiences, our results suggest that the elements of citizen science programs which support social change may require allowing participants to develop a sense of contribution amid an interactive social environment. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Zakaria Bziker

Cryptocurrency is a new economy of transacting value whose use case is undeniable. Its only requirement is to be human, and it is borderless. In Morocco, cryptocurrency is erasing borders and gaining popularity. However, the general public opinion on this new innovation is unclear. This study aims to elucidate the popularity of this technology in the Kingdom by means of a small survey. The present study also investigates areas related to cryptocurrency, such as people’s trust in banks. The results from the survey are contrasted with other countries to obtain a global perspective regarding Morocco’s placement in the cryptocurrency adoption spectrum. The results also suggest that Morocco has the potential to adopt this technology. Notably, 9% of the sample population claim that they have owned, or still own, some sort of cryptocurrency. However, the country faces legal obstructions and financial restrictions that impede the progress of cryptocurrency adoption.

Simron J Singh, Simran Talwar, Megha Shenoy

Global material extraction has tripled since the 1970s, with more than 100 billion tonnes of materials entering the world economy each year. Only 8.6% of this is recycled, while 61% ends up as waste and emissions that is the leading cause of global warming, and large-scale pollution of land, rivers, and oceans. This paper introduces Socio-metabolic Research (SMR) and demonstrates its relevance for ecological economics scholarship in India. SMR is a research framework for studying the biophysical stocks and flows of material and energy associated with societal production and consumption. SMR is widely conducted in Europe, US, and China. In India, it is still at an infant stage. In this paper, we review pioneering efforts of SMR in India, and make the case for advancing the field in the sub-continent. The crucial question is whether India can source materials and energy necessary for human development in a sustainable manner.

Sebastian Dederichs, Peter Dannenberg

Nicht erst seit der Covid-19-Pandemie nimmt der Online-Lebensmitteleinzelhandel in Deutschland zu und bringt neue, teilweise hybride, Betriebsformen und Vertriebsmodelle hervor. Hiermit gehen bisher kaum untersuchte räumliche Veränderungen der einzelnen Wertschöpfungsschritte einher, beispielsweise in den Bereichen vorgelagerte Logistik, Filialstruktur und Warenübergabe. Anhand von drei ausgewählten Fallbeispielen (Picnic, Wochenmarkt24 und Rewe) wurden neuere Betriebsformen und deren räumliche Logistik- und Vertriebsstrukturen identifiziert und unterschiedliche Standortfaktoren aufgeführt. Diese beinhalten neben den typischen Faktoren der Standortwahl für Distributionslager (Nähe zu Kunden, Arbeitskräften und Lieferanten) auch spezifische betriebsformen- und vertriebsmodellabhängige Faktoren, wie eine stärkere Verkürzung der ,letzten Meile‘, eine Mindest- oder Maximalverdichtung von Haushalten im Einzugsgebiet oder die Nähe zu einer (landwirtschaftlichen) Erzeugerstruktur.

Sayuri Ichikawa

Thomas Hoeren

A review essay of the book: Ulrike Müßig, Reason and Fairness. Constituting Justice in Europe, from Medieval Canon Law to ECHR (Leiden: Brill, 2019)

E. Mahdavie Nezhad, S. Z. Hosseini, H. Maleki Nezhad et al.

In water systems, precipitation is considered as input and evaporation as the output of the system. Water availability can be estemated from the relationship between these two factors. Therefore, evapotranspiration is the most important factor after precipitation in hydrological cycle. Evapotranspiration is influenced by climatic parameters such as temperature, wind, humidity and sunshine hours. In this research, changes in PET and effective climatic parameters, influencing on PET changes including temperature, wind, humidity, and solar radiation were investigated. For this purpose, PET in 14 weather stations of Yazd province were calculated using the FAO-Penman-Monteith method. Due to the lack of sunshine hours data in some stations, regeneration of the incomplete data was done by using regression method. Due to the lack of wind speed data at some stations, their reconstruction by using data from other stations was done by applying three methods of Inverse Distance Weighted, Kriging and Cokriging. After calculating potential evapotranspiration, PET data were zoned and their monthly and annual trends tested by Mann-Kendall test. Despite occurrence of climate change and increasing of temperature in 13 stations out of the 14 stations, it is expected an increase in potential evapotranspiration in past few decades, while, there is a decreasing trend in PET. Investigating on the effective parameters in potential evapotranspiration showed that wind speed has declined in the last few decades, and despite of an increase in temperature, potential evapotranspiration rate reduces in 64.3% of the stations. General trend of evapotranspiration was -0.86 in this period, which indicates a decrease in evapotranspiration in the Yazd province.

Amirmohim Mohimi, Maryam Fadaei Qotbi, Ali Esmaeily et al.

Objective: Over the past few decades, the increase of world’s urban population has resulted in uncontrolled urban expansions. Accordingly, determining urban development and sprawl should be taken into consideration. Methods: This article aims at measuring the level of urban sprawl of the city of Kerman using remote sensing data from period of 1352 to 1397. For this purpose, 10 remotely sensed images were selected with an acquisition date interval of 5 years and the pre-processing, proccessing and classification methods were applied to the RS images using ENVI software. Afterwards, for different periods, built-up areas were extracted and assessed by these three indices: “Degree-of-freedom”, “Degree-of-sprawl” and “Degree-of-goodness”. For better interpretation, the city was divided into 8 triangles with same area in line with 8 geographic directions. Results:The findings show that during 1392-1397, Kerman had the most growth of built-up areas while during 1372-1377 this growth had the minimum extent. Moreover, during these 45 years, the most growth of built-up areas were accrued at the western zone of the city while northern zone had the minimum growth. Nevertheless, as the matter of fact, during 1387-1392, the city had the most sprawl expansion, while during 1352-1355, it had the minimum extent. Furthermore, during these 45 years, the most sprawl expansion were accrued at the eastern zone of the city while northeastern zone had the minimum sprawl expansion. Conclusion: Broadly speaking, intensity of urban sprawl in the city of Kerman is explicit and indices of this study demonstrate it accurately.

Jorge Alberto Montejano-Escamilla

Con la emergencia de nuevos algoritmos para el análisis de redes y la aparición de bases de datos económicas desagregadas a nivel de unidad, se plantea un método distinto a los anteriormente reportados en la literatura especializada para detectar centralidades urbanas. La primera parte define la centralidad urbana y presenta una disertación teórica sobre la condición policéntrica. Posteriormente, se muestran los métodos anteriormente usados para la medición de las centralidades y se describen las nuevas herramientas empleadas en esta investigación. Finalmente, se presentan algunos resultados de este método aplicado como caso de estudio en la ciudad de México.

Dalva Maria da Mota, Heribert Schmitz, Amintas da Silva Júnior

This work assesses the intertwining of legal systems, involving actors who have different relationships to natural resources in a context of competition for land ownership in one of the last remaining areas where the native fruit species, mangabeiras (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), occurs in the municipality of Barra dos Coqueiros, state of Sergipe, Brazil. The main results show that both the mangaba gatherers and the landowner have resorted to formal law (state law) to enforce their own interests. The landowner's legal victory abolished open access to mangabeira trees and imposed private access to this resource which has influenced the restructuring of customary rules (local laws). The obstacles encountered in attempts to secure control over this resource by formal legal means contrast with the persistence of customary laws, despite changes in the access system. Moreover, this intertwining demonstrates a complex legal pluralism and the permeability of the different legal systems within this context.

Heffner Krystian, Solga Brygida

The authors of the article develop the concept of a migration region. The experiences of the Opolskie Voivodship in the sphere of external migration function as a field of reference. The issues connected with the factors preconditioning the formation of such a region are of utmost interest to the authors.

Patrício Aureliano Silva Carneiro

  O presente artigo discute alguns fatores responsáveis pela reprodução de uma nova geografia das desigualdades no Brasil. A apropriação desigual da técnica e da renda, forjada e viabilizada pela modernização da agricultura, pela concentração fundiária, pelo êxodo rural e metropolização da pobreza e pelos privilégios do Estado outorgados à agricultura de exportação, constitui a base da construção e da sustentação de uma nova escassez socialmente produzida no país.

Ángel Martínez García-Posada

Central Park was the first American public park, pioneer in the adaptation of an European model following the style of picturesque and English gardening, the result of a group of transformations that intensified the landscape effects: over the ground there was a designed and drawn territory copying the nature and below it an efficient technologic system. The park gathers the skills of two kinds of non-built sites in the city: the image or recreation of nature in the urban reality and the potentiality of a place without occupation, a paradigm of the identification of a social and democratic use of leisure time. This space reserved in the middle of a rural landscape when the city was just an abstract prevision grip-shaped and that place only an useless mixture of swamps and rocks, was transformed as in the project of two founders of landscape architecture; today has become a relevant territory free of construction towards the compact city where is contained, a unique example of juxtaposition of nature and city.

Ulrich Hatzfeld, Peter Jakubowski

On 2nd in July 2007 Federal Minister for Urban Affairs, Wolfgang Tiefensee, invited the public to take part in a public dialog on new accents for urban development in Germany by announcing the policy initiative “Towards a national Urban Development Policy in Germany”. The initiative is supported by the Federal State, the Länder and the cities. Main intention of the initiative is to enhance a public discourse on urban development in Germany as well as to create innovations to ensure the social relevance and the productivity of cities in an environment of rapid economical and societal change. The article describes the basic conditions for urban development which have changed in the past years and concludes with regard to the European Level that a national urban development policy is required in Germany.

Paweł Kliber, Krzysztof Malaga

W artykule rozpatrzymy dwa neoklasyczne modele wzrostu gospodarczego typu Solowa-Swana z deficytem budżetowym i bez deficytu budżetowego dla gospodarki Polski i dla polskich regionów utożsamianych z województwami powstałymi w 1998 r. Modele wzrostu typu Solowa–Swana, pomimo swojej prostoty i typowych dla nurtu neoklasycznego założeń , stanowią ciągle układ odniesienia dla makroekonomicznych modeli wzrostu gospodarczego nowej generacji, zwanych umownie modelami endogenicznego wzrostu gospodarczego. Przedmiotem naszego zainteresowania będzie w szczególności ocena tempa zbieżności regionalnych ścieżek wzrostu i ścieżek wzrostu gospodarki Polski do stabilnych stanów równowagi w modelach wzrostu Solowa-Swana z deficytem budżetowym i bez niego. Wyznaczenie wartości PKB na pracującego w stabilnych stanach równowagi jest możliwe przy bardzo silnych założeniach przyjmowanych w modelu Solowa–Swana. Zastosowane przez nas metody kalibracji parametrów obu modeli wzrostu, zgodne z logiką modeli, determinują wyniki końcowe. W szczególności mają one wpływ na tempo zbieżności ścieżek wzrostu do stabilnych stanów równowagi, jak również na wartości kapitału fizycznego i PKB na efektywnie zatrudnionego w stabilnych stanach równowagi. Traktując wartości PKB na pracującego w stabilnych stanach równowagi jako docelowe wartości długookresowe, udzielimy odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak zmieni się regionalny rozkład PKB na efektywnie pracującego w latach 1998–2000 w stosunku do regionalnego rozkładu PKB na pracującego w stabilnych stanach równowagi.

Maurice E. Perret

No abstract available.

H. Haefner

No abstract available.