Abstract. During 1901 to 1912 – known as the ‘heroic period’ of Arctic and Antarctic exploration, great inroads were made not only geographic but also scientific to our knowledge of the continent. At Amundsen’s Expedition through the Northwest Passage measurements of the geomagnetic field and visual auroras were carried out for 19 months at Gjøahavn (geographic coordinates 68° 37’ 10’’ North (N); 95° 53’ 25’’West (W). Scott’s Discovery Expedition – at Cape Armitage, McMurdo (coordinates 77.86° S; 166.69° E), Antarctica, carried out same type of measurements. Their observations were carried out geomagnetically conjugate to Gjøahavn. In addition, measurements were overlapping in time during the year 1903–04. However, these two stations are located at different longitudes so there is a difference in local time between the stations of about 6 hours. Gjøahavn and Cape Armitage are conveniently located for separating disturbances in the polar cap regions caused by solar electromagnetic radiations or solar wind. The observations were carried out for seven moths per year. This gave a unique possibility to compare conjugate characteristics of polar cap auroras. Comparing conjugate geophysical data introduce some difficulties. During the winter season at Gjøahavn, they had bright summer in Antarctica, and vis versa. Thus, simultaneous temporal, and spatial ionospheric variations can be marked different. Still, the diurnal and seasonal variations were similar. The quantity of the data from Cape Armitage was larger because there they had continuous watch of the sky. The main findings regarding polar cap auroras are: Low intensity bands – also called streamers, are the dominating form. The number of events in 1903 was nearly twice that in 1902 and 1904. A marked midwinter maximum was observed at both stations. Many displays were observed poleward of the oval. A large fraction was associated with weak magnetic disturbances. The polar cap auroral forms: Theta arcs, poleward moving substorm arcs (PSA), and transpolar arcs (TA), have special geomagnetic signatures, so they can be mapped even if they are not observed visual. According to recent satellite measurements they are probably caused by polar rain and/or photoelectrons.
Fatemeh Molaei Tavani, Mozhgan Behshid, Azad Rahmani
et al.
Ethical decision-making and professional behavior are essential skills in nursing profession, hence educational programs should be designed to enable future nurses to tackle problems related to ethical decision-making. This descriptive, correlational and analytical study aimed at determining the ability of Iranian nursing students to make ethical decisions as well as relationship between such decisions and professional behavior. The present study used census to select 140 freshmen from the School of Nursing and Midwifery of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire, the Nursing Dilemma Test (NDT) comprising two indices of “nurse’s principled thinking” and “practical consideration”, as well as the Nursing Students Professional Behaviors Scale (NSPBS). The mean scores obtained were 41.3±5.7 for “nurse’s principled thinking”, 21.3±3.7 for “practical consideration”, and 119.07±11.79 for professional behavior. Relationships of professional behavior with “nurse’s principled thinking” and “practical consideration” were insignificant (P>0.05). According to the present study’s findings, nursing students’ weakness in applying ethical concepts to decisions and professional behaviors was due to a gap between scientific material learned and clinical practice. Hence, novel training strategies and programs should be designed to reduce such theory-practice gap
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
Juan Carlos Muñoz, María del Mar Vales Flores, Favio Martín Montané
Muchos textos y cursos de Biomecánica comienzan con una introducción histórica. Esta suele describir las aportaciones de un gran número de personas que, a lo largo de muchos siglos, han sido fundamentales para el desarrollo de esta ciencia. En estas presentaciones se afirma a menudo que el término Biomechanik (Biomecánica) parece haber sido utilizado por primera vez en 1887 por el Dr. Moriz Benedikt, en Über Mathematische Morphologie und Biomechanik. Sin embargo, este término fue utilizado previamente por el fisiólogo William Preyer en 1873 y 1883. En este breve artículo, mostramos estas primeras menciones y las enmarcamos en el contexto de otros términos, Biostatik (Biostática) y Biodynamik (Biodinámica), utilizados en ese momento. Finalmente, como resultado secundario de la investigación, encontramos el que podría ser el primer libro de texto que aborde específicamente la Biomecánica como un nuevo objeto de conocimiento científico.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, History of medicine. Medical expeditions
S | Adaptive Immunity and Autoimmunity 007 Comorbidities and Complications among Pemphigus patients: a retrospective cohort study F El Hadadi, L Mezni, K Senouci, M Meziane, L Benzekri and N Ismaili Dermatology, Mohammed V University, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco Pemphigus is a chronic bullous disease with a poor prognosis, especially in case of a mucocutaneous involvement. Due to immune disturbance and skin barrier deficiency, complications are frequent. We performed a retrospective cohort study based on medical records of 303 hospitalized pemphigus patients in the Dermatology department of Ibn Sina University Hospital between 1990-2020. Data collected include: age, history, mean duration of disease before consultation, bedridden duration, clinical phenotype, death. The mean age was 53 year-old, average duration of disease was 13.5 months, bedridden duration was 75 days, steroids were used in 55%, steroids + azathioprine in 45%. Among 303 patients: 42,5% developed complications, they were distributed as follow: infectious 75.4% (50 candidiasis, 36 herpes-simplex, 10 pseudomonas aeuroginosa, 1 varicella-zoster, 7 Covid, 4 erysipelas, 20 patients died due to a severe septic shock), vascular 25.4% (9 venous thrombosis, 8 high blood pressure, 4 acute ischemic stroke), osteoarticular 18.2% (20 osteoporosis), endocrine dysfunction in 17.4% (12 diabetes, 10 Cushing syndrome), psychiatric and ocular complications in 8.7% each: mainly 10 depression, 7 cataract and 3 glaucoma. Patients with pemphigus vulgaris were more likely to develop complications (59 versus 35 pemphigus erythematosus). The risk of complications was closely related to pre-existing comorbidities: 10 patients with diabetes, 10 tuberculosis, 6 cardiovascular disease, 6 thyroid dysfunction, 2 atopic dermatitis, 1 hidradranite suppurativa, 6 neoplasms (1 ovary cancer, 1 breast cancer, 2 myelodysplasia, 1 papillary thyroid cancer, 1 squamous-cell carcinoma). Our study demonstrated the role of anterior comorbidities, the late time of consultation and the long-term use of steroids in the promotion of various complications. A special care provided by a multidisciplinary team is therefore required to prolong survival and improve the quality of life. S150 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2021), Volume 141 008 Autocrine IL-9/IL-9Ra signaling induces a pathogenic phenotype in TH2 cells NL Bertschi, F Luther, C Bazzini, O Steck and C Schlapbach Department of Dermatology Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland IL-9 is a common gamma-chain cytokine, for which a range of pleiotropic functions have been proposed. However, an overarching role in humans remains elusive. IL-9 and its receptor, IL-9Ra, are specifically expressed by pathogenic TH2 cells (pTH2) residing in the skin, suggesting an important function of autocrine IL-9 signals in cutaneous immunity and allergy. Yet, the regulation of IL-9Ra expression on pTH2 cells and the autoand paracrine functions of IL-9 remain incompletely understood. Here, we confirmed that IL-9Ra is strongly enriched in CRTh2+ memory TH2 cells isolated from blood and skin. Since previous data showed that these cells are associated with the expression of the transcription factor PPAR-g, we hypothesized that PPAR-g controls IL-9Ra expression. Indeed, we found that PPAR-g inhibition downregulates the expression of IL-9Ra at the RNA as well as the protein level in TH2 clones. To decipher the autocrine function of IL-9 on TH cells, we isolated human TH cells from blister fluid of acute atopic contact dermatitis (aACD), expressing high levels of IL-9Ra. Transcriptional profiling of these cells in presence and absence of recombinant IL-9 showed that approx. 800 genes are differentially expressed in response to IL-9. Pathway analysis indicated that the upregulated genes are associated with conventional TH2 immune response. Strikingly, we observed a strong induction of genes specifically associated with the pathogenic TH2 phenotype, such as IL9, IL17RB, HPGDS, and PDGR2. In summary, we discovered that PPAR-g a transcription factor closely linked to the pathogenic TH2 phenotype regulates IL9Ra expression and that autocrine IL-9 signals promote pathogenic features of TH2 cells. Together, our data provide a functional explanation for the consistently observed coexpression of PPARG, IL9, and IL9R in single cell transcriptomic data and suggest that TH2 cells might induce their pathogenic phenotype through autocrine IL-9 signaling. 009 Human desmocollin 3-specific IgG antibodies are pathogenic in a humanized HLA-class II transgenic mouse model of pemphigus C Hudemann, R Maglie, B Beckert, D Didona, T Schmitt, R Tikkanen, T Hashimoto, J Waschke, M Hertl and R Eming 1 Department of Dermatology and Allergology, PhilippsUniversität Marburg, Marburg, Germany, 2 Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Institute of Biochemistry, Giessen, Germany, 3 Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, München, Germany and 4 Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan Pemphigus is a potentially lethal autoimmune bullous skin disorder, which is associated with IgG autoantibodies against desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and Dsg1. Notably, a subset of pemphigus patients presents with a similar clinical phenotype in the absence of anti-Dsg IgG, suggesting the presence of serum IgG reactive with desmosomal components other than Dsg1 or Dsg3. We and others have previously shown that such patients have serum IgG autoantibodies against desmocollin 3 (Dsc3), a component of desmosomes, that induce loss of keratinocyte adhesion ex vivo. Moreover, Dsc3 hypomorphic mice show a severe blistering phenotype of the mucous membrane which is highly characteristic in pemphigus. These findings prompted us to study induction and regulation of anti-human Dsc3 IgG in humanized mice transgenic for HLA-DRB1*04:02, which is a highly prevalent haplotype in pemphigus. We here show that IgG from sera of Dsc3 immunized mice induce acantholysis in a dispase-based keratinocyte dissociation assay via the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and epidermal growth factor receptor. Passive IgG transfer from mice immunized with recombinant human Dsc3 into neonates did not induce intraepidermal loss of adhesion presumably due to the lack of homology between human and mouse Dsc3. Ex vivo stimulation of splenocytes from Dsc3-immunized mice with human Dsc3 leads to a significant proliferative interferon-g and interleukin 4 T cell response, which is restricted by HLA-DR/DQ. These findings suggest that induction of pathogenic anti-Dsc3 IgG is associated with Dsc3-specific T cells that recognize Dsc3 in association with HLA-DRB1*04:02. 010 Innate and adaptive immunity to Staphylococcus aureus contribute to the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation C Braun, C Badiou, P Bouschon, V Patra, W van Wamel, M Iwata, S Nakajima, T Henry, B Horvat, F Vandenesh, J Nicolas, G Lina, A Nosbaum and M Vocanson 1 Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI, INSERM U1111), Lyon, France, 2 Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands and 3 Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory dermatosis associated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) dysbiosis. The immunological mechanisms by which S. aureus contributes to AD remain poorly characterized. We developed a mouse model of AD-like skin inflammation induced by repeated applications of different clinical strains of S. aureus, to explore the role of innate and adaptive immunity in AD. The intensity of the S. aureus-induced AD-like skin inflammation depended on the clinical strain and required the activation of the S. aureus quorum sensing. In addition, the dermatitis was hampered in inflammasomeor monocyte/ macrophage-deficient animals, but not in T-cell-deficient mice, suggesting a major role of innate immunity. However, in wild type mice, a robust memory T and B cell response was detected in the weeks following S. aureus application, with an accumulation of resident memory T cells at the sites of previous dermatitis. An exaggeration of the inflammatory response was also detected after local re-exposure to S. aureus, but only in mice with an altered skin barrier. This study demonstrates the complementary role of innate and adaptive immunity in the development of an AD-like dermatitis after exposure to S. aureus. 011 Investigating the role of skin-resident T cells in pemphigus vulgaris in humans CL Zimmer, A Polakova, D Didona, J Hinterseher, L Zwiorek, C Möbs, W Pfützner and M Hertl 1 Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany and 2 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune blistering disease, in which autoantibodies against desmogleins (Dsg) 1 and Dsg3 interfere with epidermal cell-cell adhesion, thereby causing blister formation and erosions of the skin and/or mucous membranes. Autoreactive Dsgspecific T cells play a central role in the PV pathogenesis. However, little is known about T cells in PV skin lesions and a detailed phenotypical and functional analysis is currently missing. Therefore, we aimed to comprehensively characterize T cells residing in lesional and perilesional skin of PV patients as well as matched peripheral blood compared to healthy controls. Skin biopsies were enzymatically digested followed by phenotypic analysis using multicolour flow cytometry. Preliminary results suggested a predominance of CD4 T cells as well as an enrichment of regulatory T cells in the skin of PV patients compared to healthy controls. Investigating the permanent residence of these cells, we found all tissue-residency markers to be expressed on T cells in skin. However, the expression of such markers, particularly CD69, was diminished in T cells from PV l
Cognitive nature of metaphor in the language of
Olga Kobylyanska’s works. The purpose of the article is to analyze the
structural and semantic features of metaphor in the Olga Kobylyanska’s artistic
discourse. The relevance of the article is determined by the need of further in-
depth study of Olga Kobylyanskaya idiostyle in order to form a cognitive-
pragmatic conception of the writer's artistic discourse. The novelty of
scientific work is due to the fact that the cognitive nature of metaphor in the
language of the O. Kobylyanska’s works is studied for the first time. Research
methods. In the article as the main general scientific methods of analysis and
synthesis are used, as well as linguistic – descriptive, structural and
comparative and historical methods.
Conclusions. Olga Kobylyanska's artistic discourse is characterized by
the convergence of linguistic means, in particular, her works are full of
metaphors of different nature. We recorded one-word and multi-words
metaphors. One-word metaphors are dominated by addresses. In multi-words
metaphors the semantic load falls on one of the components of the syntactic
construction. Many metaphors describe the mental state of human. Often the
metaphor is complemented by comparison, inversion, oxymoron etc.
In creating of metaphorical constructions the writer uses the following
images: soul, heart (to convey the psycho-emotional state of the characters),
bread (to denote the property status), lilies (means pure girl’s love), dirty spot
(to denote difficult memories), the sun in souls (to depict joyful events).
Metaphors contain a number of verbs used figuratively.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Social Sciences
The purpose of this article is to
reveal the original and common characteristics in ideological,
thematic and artistic discourses of A. Gide and V. Vynnichenko's
prose. The questions of the applied aspects of the literary analysis
of the diaries and prose of these writers are carried out by means of
a comparative analysis of the texts “Treatises”, “Counterfeiters”,
“Prometheus ill-chained”, “Prophet” in order to find out the
components and connections of worldview systems, methods of
resolving ethical conflict, as well as genre support works of
Ukrainian and French writers. The novelty of the article lies in the
fact that the comparative study of the systemic comparison of the
prose phenomena of A. Gide and V. Vynnychenko on the material
of the texts “Treatises”, “Counterfeiters”, “Prometheus is ill-
chained”, “Prophet” is carried out for the first time. Research
methods: comparative, descriptive, biographical. Conclusions. A.
Gide and V. Vynnychenko represening twentieth century social
and literary ideal in French and Ukrainian literature “Intellectual”
line of development of modernism. A. Gide tried to draw
conceptual generalizations and conclusions from observations of
personality. He not only assimilated the experience of his literary
predecessors and contemporaries, but also somewhat ahead of
them, directing intellectualism into the mainstream of
existentialism. At the same time, V. Vynnychenko, accumulating
the experience of the “philosophy of life,” became, in a sense, a
representative of the “atheistic existentialism” movement and at the
same time enriched the existential-humanistic traditions of
Ukrainian philosophical culture.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Social Sciences
Introduction:People are increasingly embarking on expeditions into remote wilderness environments and subjecting themselves to increased medical risk. Medical provisions for the management of anticipated injuries and illnesses must be selected carefully due to financial and size and weight constraints on expeditions. Literature suggests decisions surrounding medical resource provisioning are rarely made using evidence-based methods.Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the medical provisions taken on expeditions against the medical provisions recommended as best practice in published treatment protocols for the management of conditions encountered on expeditions.Methods:Firstly, a mixed methods study approach was used to develop a conceptual model linking injuries and illnesses with the medical resources (equipment and medications) recommended for their management. In the second part of the study, injuries and illnesses reported in four studies from the published literature were analyzed using the conceptual model.Results:Expected medical resources for the injury and illness burden were compared to the medical resources included in published equipment and medication lists. It was found that medical resources taken on expeditions were both significantly underequipped (p<0.01) compared with the list of provisions recommended by the treatment protocols, but also included a range of resources that were not indicated as part of best practice.Discussion:These findings suggest that unnecessary over-provisioning and under-provisioning risks are being assumed on expeditions. Further research supporting the development of a medical provision recommender system may provide a more evidence-informed method of matching medical resource requirements to anticipated injury and illness profiles on expeditions.
This will be my first trip to Iran, yet like many other Chinese, I do not feel like a stranger in your ancient and beautiful country, thanks to the Silk Road that linked our two great nations for centuries and to the many legendary stories of our friendly exchanges recorded in history books. Over 2,000 years ago, during the Western Han Dynasty in China, the Chinese envoy Zhang Qian’s deputy came to Iran and received a warm welcome. Seven centuries later, during the Tang and Song dynasties, many Iranians came to China’s Xi’an and Guangzhou to study, practice medicine and conduct business. In the thirteenth century, the famous Iranian poet Saadi wrote about his unforgettable travel to Kashgar, Xinjiang. In the fifteenth century, a renowned Chinese navigator, Zheng He, from the Ming Dynasty led sevenmaritime expeditions that took him toHormuz in southern Iran three times. The much-prized Persian carpet is woven out of a fusion of China’s silk and Iran’s sophisticated techniques, and the exquisite blue and white porcelain is produced—thanks to a mixture of Iran’s “smaltum” (a type of material containing cobalt, unique to Iran) and China’s advanced skills. Via Iran, China’s lacquerware and pottery as well as papermaking, metallurgy, printing, and gunpowder-making skills were spread to the west end of Asia and further on to Europe. From Iran and Europe,
Fatemeh Nayeri, Fariba Asghari, Mamak Shariat
et al.
Attitudes of physicians toward neonates with poor prognosis greatly influence their decisions regarding the course of treatment and care. The present study aimed to investigate factors contributing to attitudes of medical practitioners toward poor prognosis neonates. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study. Questionnaires for assessing subjects’ attitudes toward care of very poor prognosis neonates were administered to all neonatologists, pediatricians, neonatology assistants, and pediatric residents (a total of 88 individuals) working in the NICUs of Imam Khomeini Hospital. Participants’ attitudes were determined through analysis of responses to seven questions on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”.
Presence of anomalies incompatible with an acceptable quality of life, birth weight, gestational age, responses to neonatal diagnostic tests, certain types of diseases, parental marital status and practitioner predictions about patient prognosis were the factors contributing to practitioners’ attitude (P-value < 0.005). However, no significant relationship was found in connection with religious beliefs, socioeconomic status, opinions of consulting physicians, hospital treatment protocols, standards of the Association of Neonatal Physicians, and ethics committee expectations (P-value > 0.005). It can be concluded that the attitudes of practitioners toward intensive care of poor prognosis neonates is determined by the medical condition of the neonate rather than socio-demographic characteristics.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
1 Fournier JA. Gangrene foudroyante de la verge. Med Pr 1883; 4: 589–97. 2 Adams JH, Culkin DJ, Mata JA, Bocchini JA, Venable DD. Fournier’s gangrene in children. Urology 1990; 35: 439–41. 3 Grzybowski A. A short history of Fournier’s gangrene. Arch Dermatol 2009; 145: 182. 4 Hebler. Brand des hodensaches. Med Zeitschr Experim Med Chir 1848; 41: 188–9. 5 Waugh MA. Alfred Fournier 1832–1914: His influence on venereology. Br J Vener Dis 1974; 50: 232–6. 6 Fournier JA. Gangrene foudroyante de la verge (Overwhelming Gangrene) trans. Alexander S Corman. Dis Colon Rectum 1988; 31: 984–8. 7 Fournier JA. L’ Hérédité Syphilitique. Paris: G Masson; 1891. 8 Fournier JA. La Syphilis Héréditaire Tardive, Vol. 63. Paris: G Masson; 1886. 9 Ibn Sina. Al-Qanum fi’l-Tibb 1593. Rome: Typgraphia Mediciea; 539–43. 10 Madineh A, Mohammad S. Avicenna’s canon of medicine and modern urology: part II, bladder calculi. Urology 2009; 6: 63–8. 11 Baurienne H. Sur une contuse qui s’est termineé par le sphacèle de le scrotum. J Med Chur Pharm 1764; 20: 251–6. 12 Luttrell E. A case of gangrene after castration successfully treated with giving alkalis and acids separately. Memoirs of the Medical Society of London Instituted in 1773, 1787; 1: 60–65. 13 Hubbard L. Case of Gangrene of the Scrotum. Cases and Observations by the Medical Society of New Haven County Instituted in the year 1784. 1788; 21–24. 14 Pringle J. Observations on the Nature and Cure of Hospital and Jayle Fevers in a Letter to Doctor Mead, Physician to His Majesty the King, 1st edn. London: A Millar & D Wilson; 1750; 45. 15 Pringle J. Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Camp and Garrison in Three Parts with an Appendix Containing Some Papers of Experiments Read at Several Meetings of the Royal Society, 2nd edn. London: A Millar, D Wilson & T Durham; 1753; 329–30. 16 Cullen W. A Treatise of the Materia Medica, Vol. II, 1st edn. Dublin: Luke White; 1789; 60. 17 Robertson R. A Physical Journal Kept on Board His Majesty’s Ship Rainbow during Three Voyages to the Coast of Africa and West Indies in the Years 1772, 1773 and 1774, 1st edn. London: E & C Dilly; 1777; 121–3. 18 Robertson R. Observations of Fevers and Other Disease which Occur on Voyages to Africa and the West Indies, 1st edn. London: John Murray; 1792; 121–3. 19 Short B. Robert Robertson (1742–1829): Fever Specialist, 18 Century Medical Experimenter, Naval Health Reformer and Senior Physician in the Royal Navy Medical Department. Sydney: University of Sydney; 2013. 20 Dawson GP. Observations on the Walcheren Diseases, Which Affected the British Soldiers in the Expedition to the Scheldt, 1st edn. Ipswich: Battely; 1810; 47–8. 21 Stephens BJ, Lathrop JC, Rice WT, Gruenberg JC. Fournier’s Gangrene: Historic (1764–1978) versus contemporary (1979–1988) difference in etiology and clinical importance. Am Surg 1993; 59: 149–54. 22 Yalamarthi S, Dayal S. Fournier’s Gangrene lectures and tutorials Royal College of Surgeons. Edinburgh. [cited 2018 Feb 1]. Available from URL: http://www.edu.rcsed.ac.uk./lectures/ It33.htn
Eugen Strouhal was born on 24 January 1931, into the family of medical doctor Eugen Strouhal and his wife Antonie Strouhalová. His paternal grand-father was Vincent Strouhal, who served as a dean of the Faculty of Arts, and later as the Rector of the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, and is considered the founder of experimental physics in the Czech Lands. After graduating from high school, Eugen Strouhal started studying at the Faculty of General Medicine at Charles University, where he completed his studies of medicine in 1956. During the following three years he studied prehistoric archaeology at the Faculty of Arts and History of the same university. He started his professional career as a physician working for the State Spa Resort of Františkovy Lázně. Between the years of 1957–1960, he taught at the Faculty of Medicine at Charles University in Pilsen. In 1961, he became a member of the Czechoslovak Institute of Egyptology at the Charles University in Prague, where he worked for the following eight years. As an archaeologist and expedition doctor, he took part on three field seasons of the Czechoslovak expeditions to Lower Nubia, within the framework of the UNESCO rescue campaign. He also co-organised the joint Czechoslovak-Egyptian anthropological expedition to Nubia in 1965 to 1966 and in 1967. The task of these expeditions was to document the physical state of the populace to be resettled from the territory submerged by the rising water of the Aswan High Dam. Besides the rescue exploration in Lower Nubia, he also participated on the archaeological works at Abusir, Egypt, namely within the Old Kingdom mastaba of the vizier Ptahshepses. In 1968 Strouhal decided to leave the Faculty of Arts and accepted an offer from Erich Herold (1928–1988), the then director of the Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures. In 1969, Strouhal became the first head of the newly created Ancient Near East and African Department – a post that he occupied until 1992. During his time in office, Strouhal organized the only comprehensive collection of Egyptian (as well as Nubian) antiquities in Czechoslovakia. At the very beginning, all Egyptian items then kept in various departments of the National Museum were concentrated in the new department. Later on, sets of Egyptian and Near Eastern antiquities as well as DOI. 10.1515/anpm–2017–0016
An Internet browser search for “stem cell treatment” will bring up an amazing assortment of claims and professionally prepared overt advertisements for therapy of many chronic diseases and disabilities [1, 2]. Among others, the most common include cardiovascular disorders including acute myocardial infarction, stroke, spinal cord injuries, Parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, cerebral palsy, erectile dysfunction, diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, osteoarthritis, burns, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (LandouzyDejerine syndrome), liver disease, kidney disease, and psychiatric illnesses, including autism. Not only are some so-called “stem cell clinics” promoting treatment of disease, but some are targeting otherwise healthy patients for cosmesis, including hair regrowth, breast augmentation, cosmetic anti-aging treatment, and nonsurgical face lifts, or health enhancement including “enhanced sexual function”, “regain of youthful vigor”, “increased feelings of energy”, and “increased mental capacity”. Currently, only the treatment of well-defined hematological diseases using bone marrow transplantation is widely used in clinical practice [3-6]. This clinical use of stem cells has been approved by responsible government authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) using approved protocols that are subject to scrutiny and supervision. Other stem cell therapies have been approved by the U.S. FDA or are undergoing registered clinical trials, but their use has been much less widespread [7, 8]. Research in utilizing stem cells for treatment or replacement, also known as regenerative or reparative medicine, is an exciting field. It is. However, it is also still in its infancy, but rapidly evolving and showing great promise. Stem cells can be obtained from blood, bone marrow, tissues (e.g. adipose, skin, and placenta), umbilical cords, fetuses, or embryos, and then cultured. These cells offer much promise for future therapies [3, 9, 10]. Most, if not all, stem cells need to be chemically or physically manipulated or transformed to make them able to perform complex new functions. An undifferentiated stem cell needs to be transformed into a functional cell, such as a nerve, muscle, fat, bone, or blood cell before it is of any use in therapy [11]. Completely new technologies, based on innovative and complex molecular and genetic experimentation, must be developed before the virtual miracle expected in stem cell treatment can be realized. To understand the complexity of what we expect from a stem cell, a colony of such cells, infused intravenously or injected directly into brain or spinal cord, must then find their way to the site where these cells are needed. They must be able to defend themselves or hide from attacks of the patient’s immune system. If infused intravenously, they must not become stuck in the liver or lung on their way to the injured target site. There, they must then be transformed start to reproduce and be able to function. Up to dozens of commercial clinics worldwide are advertising some stem cell treatments without any scientifically acceptable substantiated evidence that the treatments are safe and effective. Such clinics are usually located in countries that have lax laws dealing with such practices, or lax enforcement of existing laws. These countries may not provide for supervision or licensing of such activities allowing the laws to be evaded, corrupted, or skirted around by what is now a very lucrative and growing industry [1, 12, 13]. Documented success and failure data from some such clinics cannot be found in the scientific literature. However, testimonials abound in the media and material offered by such clinics [1, 14]. Testimonials can be elicited from patients, but these alone are not sufficient evidence of effectiveness or safety. The evidence that “some patients seem to have benefited from the treatment” is not sufficient. The evidence must be subject to the stricter rules of scientific enquiry and must be verified, and this can only be done by long-term peer reviewed and unbiased follow-ups. Many of the diseases treated by this group of very profitable providers have slowly progressive natural histories, remissions, and exacerbations. To determine efficacy and safety requires studies of large numbers of patients for long periods of time [15]. Patients who seek “last chance” experimental treatments for terminal or otherwise incurable conditions, after having apparently exhausted other avenues, are especially vulnerable to medical charlatans who openly prey on the vulnerable with Editorial DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0801.255
Починок Лариса, Маковська Оксана.
Принципи укладання словника медичних термінів
з онімним компонентом.
У статті висвітлюється проблема укладання
енциклопедичного словника медичних термінів з
пропріальним компонентом, розглядаються основні
принципи побудови словникової статті медичного
терміна з власною назвою і критерії відбору інформації, необхідної для формулювання дефініції. Крім
того, визначаються типи пропріативів, які повинні
стати частиною такого словника. Осучаснення словників галузевих терміносистем є безперервним процесом, оскільки відображає всі зміни, які постійно
відбуваються у науці. Медична онімна лексика є
універсальним пластом наукової мови, що спрощує
міжнародне спілкування, саме тому стаття енциклопедичного словника повинна надавати не лише
дефініцію, а й історичні, біографічні, географічні дані,
а інколи, навіть, ілюстративний матеріал.Ключові слова: енциклопедичний словник,
медичний термін, словникова стаття, пропріатив,
епонім, топонім.Potchynok Laryssa, Makovska Oksana.
PRINCIPES DE COMPILATION DU DICTIONNAIRE DES TERMES MÉDICAUX
AVEC UN COMPOSANT ONYMIQUE.
L'article développe le problème de la
compilation du dictionnaire encyclopédique de
termes médicaux avec le composant du nom
propre, analyse les principes de formation de
l'entrée du dictionnaire de terme médical avec
un nom propre et les critères de sélection de
l’information nécessaire pour formuler une
définition. En outre, on détermine les types des
noms propres qui devraient faire partie du
dictionnaire. Le renouvellement des dictionnaires terminologiques de branche d’activité est
un processus continu, car il reflète tous les changements qui constamment ont lieu dans la
science. Le vocabulaire médical onymique est
une couche de lexique scientifique universelle
qui facilite la communication internationale,
c’est pourquoi l'entrée du dictionnaire
encyclopédique doit présenter non seulement la
définition, mais aussi, des données géographiques, historiques, biographiques, et parfois
même des illustrations.
Mots-clés: dictionnaire encyclopédique, terme médical, entrée du dictionnaire, nom propre,
éponyme, nom de lieu.
Починок Лариса, Маковская Оксана.
ПРИНЦИПЫ СОСТАВЛЕНИЯ СЛОВАРЯ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ТЕРМИНОВ С
ОНИМНЫМ КОМПОНЕНТОМ.
В статье раскрывается проблема составления энциклопедического словаря медицинских терминов с проприальным компонентом, рассматриваются основные принципы построения словарной статьи медицинского термина с именем собственным и
критерии отбора информации, необходимой
для формулирования дефиниции. Кроме того,
определяются типы проприативов, которые
должны стать частью такого словаря.
Оновление словарей отраслевых терминосистем является непрерывным процессом,
поскольку отражает все изменения, которые постоянно происходят в науке. Медицинская онимная лексика – это универсальный пласт научной речи, упрощающий международное общение, поэтому статья энциклопедического словаря должна предоставлять не только дефиницию, но и исторические, биографические, географические данные,
а иногда даже иллюстративный материал.
Ключевые слова: энциклопедический
словарь, медицинский термин, словарная
статья, проприатив, эпоним, топоним.
History of medicine. Medical expeditions, Social Sciences