Hasil untuk "History of Portugal"

Guilherme Sousa

Maysa Espindola Souza

No início do século XX, a administração colonial criou nas suas colônias a Secretaria dos Negócios Indígenas com o objetivo de  administrar a mão de obra dos trabalhadores africanos. Na Guiné Portuguesa, a instituição também julgava conflitos envolvendo  patrões e serviçais gerando um conjunto significativo de processos administrativos e judiciais. Estes processos expõem aspectos importantes acerca das relações de trabalho por contrato a que foram  submetidas as populações locais. Os processos também demonstram como os trabalhadores acessaram o sistema de justiça  colonial reclamando direitos de trabalho. Na intersecção entre história do direito e história do trabalho, este artigo analisa processos buscando compreender a agência e a resposta dos trabalhadores ao trabalho obrigatório imposto pela administração colonial. A  análise dos processos da Secretaria revela como os trabalhadores lutaram por redefinir as suas relações de trabalho e o uso que  fizeram do amplo sistema de justiça colonial, ambos temas pouco estudados pela historiografia da África Portuguesa.

G. Lusztig

The history of the canonical basis and crystal basis of a quantized enveloping algebra and its representations is presented

Muhammad Zubair Khan, Oleg E. Peil, Apoorva Sharma et al.

In the rapidly expanding field of two-dimensional materials, magnetic monolayers show great promise for the future applications in nanoelectronics, data storage, and sensing. The research in intrinsically magnetic two-dimensional materials mainly focuses on synthetic iodide and telluride based compounds, which inherently suffer from the lack of ambient stability. So far, naturally occurring layered magnetic materials have been vastly overlooked. These minerals offer a unique opportunity to explore air-stable complex layered systems with high concentration of local moment bearing ions. We demonstrate magnetic ordering in iron-rich two-dimensional phyllosilicates, focusing on mineral species of minnesotaite, annite, and biotite. These are naturally occurring van der Waals magnetic materials which integrate local moment baring ions of iron via magnesium/aluminium substitution in their octahedral sites. Due to self-inherent capping by silicate/aluminate tetrahedral groups, ultra-thin layers are air-stable. Chemical characterization, quantitative elemental analysis, and iron oxidation states were determined via Raman spectroscopy, wavelength disperse X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry measurements were performed to examine the magnetic ordering. These layered materials exhibit paramagnetic or superparamagnetic characteristics at room temperature. At low temperature ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic ordering occurs, with the critical ordering temperature of 38.7 K for minnesotaite, 36.1 K for annite, and 4.9 K for biotite. In-field magnetic force microscopy on iron bearing phyllosilicates confirmed the paramagnetic response at room temperature, present down to monolayers.

Ezequiel Saferstein

¿Qué sucede cuando una editorial de prestigio autodenominada “independiente”, con un público definido, se propone publicar un “best seller político” y ampliar su mercado de lectores? ¿Hay oposición entre las modalidades de producción de los grandes grupos y el resto de las editoriales? ¿Qué tensiones aparecen, teniendo en cuenta la historia de la editorial, la estructura de la empresa, su catálogo y sus agentes? Este trabajo se pregunta por el rol del editor de libros en el debate público y se focaliza en un caso: la editorial Siglo Veintiuno de Argentina y una de sus colecciones más recientes, Singular, que desde 2012 publica libros de coyuntura política escritos por autores del ámbito académico, periodístico y político. Valiéndonos de entrevistas a agentes de la editorial, así como de un análisis de su catálogo, exploramos cómo es el proceso que atraviesa una editorial de prestigio en su búsqueda de ampliar lectores, intervenir y competir en el campo editorial y el intelectual, en condiciones económicas y políticas particulares.

Giulia Daniele, Luís Nuno Rodrigues

This dossier gathers articles by five graduates from the Master in International Studies, based at ISCTE – University Institute of Lisbon. The students came from different disciplines and academic backgrounds, but in spite of their heterogeneous approaches and perspectives, they have found a common field, namely a critical analysis of some of the most contradictory and conflicted political and social dynamics occurring in the contemporary Middle East and affecting also neighbouring countries. All the authors have started their research due to personal interest and curiosity, with the aim of making the complexity of such diverse contexts in the region visible and intelligible.

M. Rosália Mendes, Luis F. Mendes, A. Bivar-de-Sousa

An annotated list concerning most of the representatives of superfamilies Papilionoidea and Zygaenoidea (Lepidoptera) from Portugal deposited in the National Natural History Museum (Museum Bocage) in Lisbon, Portugal the 28th March 1978, when it was almost completely consumed by the fire, is presented. It is based in a non-published study held by the former co-author when she achieved a scientific probation under the orientation of the fourth co-author (†). The “Querci’ Collection”, also destroyed by this disaster, is excluded as it has been previously studied and the results published; further, most of the specimens of genera like to Melitaea Fabricius, 1807 (Nymphalidae) could not be identified due to inexistence of specialized bibliography. Samples concerning 1272 specimens included in 79 species are reported. The district and circumscription, as well as the UTM 10 X 10 kilometres coordinates of each one of the collecting localities are reported and the present-day conservation status of each one of the species / subspecies in Portugal is referred. For each species, data on the host plants of the caterpillars are provided.

Michael A. Garrett

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is a research activity that started in the late 1950s, predating the arrival of "Big History" and "Astrobiology" by several decades. Many elements first developed as part of the original SETI narrative are now incorporated in both of these emergent fields. However, SETI still offers the widest possible perspective, since the topic naturally leads us to consider not only the future development of our own society but also the forward trajectories (and past histories) of many other intelligent extraterrestrial forms. In this paper, I present a provocative view of Big History, its rapid convergent focus on our own planet and society, its oversimplified and incomplete view of events in cosmic history, and its limited appreciation of how poorly we understand some aspects of the physical world. Astrophysicists are also not spared - in particular those who wish to understand the nature of the universe in "splendid isolation", only looking outwards and upwards. SETI can help re-expand all of our horizons but the discovery of extraterrestrial intelligence may also require its own practitioners to abandon preconceptions of what constitutes intelligent, sentient, thinking minds.

Arnaud Mazier, Alexandre Bilger, Antonio E. Forte et al.

In this paper, we develop a framework for solving inverse deformation problems using the FEniCS Project finite element software. We validate our approach with experimental imaging data acquired from a soft silicone beam under gravity. In contrast with inverse iterative algorithms that require multiple solutions of a standard elasticity problem, the proposed method can compute the undeformed configuration by solving only one modified elasticity problem. This modified problem has a complexity comparable to the standard one. The framework is implemented within an open-source pipeline enabling the direct and inverse deformation simulation directly from imaging data. We use the high-level Unified Form Language (UFL) of the FEniCS Project to express the finite element model in variational form and to automatically derive the consistent Jacobian. Consequently, the design of the pipeline is flexible: for example, it allows the modification of the constitutive models by changing a single line of code. We include a complete working example showing the inverse deformation of a beam deformed by gravity as supplementary material.

Inês Olaia

The 1383-1385 dynastic crisis has been studied by generations of historians. This article aims to contribute to the debate through a florescent historiographical field that does not seem to have been used to analyse the main narrative of the events, written by Fernão Lopes: the History of Emotions. We will study the emotional palette expressed by the kingdom’s official chronicler and perceived by his Portuguese medieval readers in an attempt to understand how it sustains the rise to the throne of the Master of the Military Order of Avis. The work is structured around three royal couples and the emotions expressed and provoked by them: Leonor Teles and D. Fernando as the bad example because of their emotional imbalance that drives the kingdom to chaos and the inadequacy of the roles they play to what is expected from them; Juan I of Castile and Beatriz of Portugal who arise despair and negative emotions; João I and Philippa of Lancaster who help to restore normality by their balanced and positive performance. In each of these cases the first element mentioned is dominant on the references.

Tomislav Malvić, Marija Bošnjak, Josipa Velić et al.

Geomathematics is extremely important in geosciences, particularly in the geology. The key for any geomathematical analysis is the definition of a typical model to be applied for further prognosis, either through deterministic or stochastic approaches. The selection of the appropriate procedure is presented in this paper. Two different geomathematical subfield datasets were used in subsurface geological mapping and palaeontology and different biostatistics applications, representing important geomathematical subfields in the Croatian geology. The different subsurface interpolation methods tested, validated and recommended for application were used to obtain the best possible outcome in reservoir modelling, in the cases with small datasets. Cross-validation may be chosen as the main selection criteria, applied to the Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin System (CPBS). Recent advances in biostatistics applied in palaeontology and case studies from Croatia are also presented, where biometric studies are of significant importance in fossil biota. Data, methods and problems in geosciences are vast subjects, and address a wide spectrum of fundamental science. Because geology includes subsurface and surface geology, and very different datasets regarding variable and number of data, we have chosen here two representative case study groups with original samples from Northern Croatia. Subsurface mapping has been presented on limited petrophysical datasets from the Northern Croatian, Miocene, hydrocarbon reservoirs. Biostatistics have been presented on very different samples, allowing us to achieve paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the size of relevant fossils, such as dinosaurs or other species and their paleoenvironments. All examples highlight examples of the valuable application of geomathematical tools in geology. The results, cautiously validated and correlated with other, non-numerical (indicator, categorical) geological knowledge, are of enormous assistance in creating better geological models.

Márcia Almeida Oliveira

In a dictatorial or repressive context, movement can be said to be one of the most fundamental and disruptive forms of (aesthetic) resistance. Through exile, migration, travel or correspondence, bodies, ideas and objects are permanently displaced, searching constantly for lines of flight that are impossible to pin down by any political regime. When associated with art, the elusive and ever changing nature of movement can transform objects into events, creating an affective network of images, words, objects, ideas and relations. The ideological potential of movement can be found acutely in artist’s publications, or art in the form of printed matter, such as artist’s books or mail art, which have the potential to circumvent physical limitations imposed by repressive apparatuses. Also, movement triggers imagination to put together all the elements of the network thus constructed and put into motion, also entailing (different levels of) collaboration. This exercise entails taking a closer look to the material and historical circumstances of these objects that become deeply imbedded with ideology. So, by looking at the triangulation movement-time-history, I aim to investigate some ways women artists have used printed matter to revised, confront and debunk totalizing narratives, such as women’s role in society, capitalism, slavery, colonialism, etc., that have been sustained by and have themselves sustained the repressive and dictatorial regimes that operated in Portugal and in Brazil.

Mikhail G. Katz

We compare several approaches to the history of mathematics recently proposed by Blasjo, Fraser--Schroter, Fried, and others. We argue that tools from both mathematics and history are essential for a meaningful history of the discipline. In an extension of the Unguru-Weil controversy over the concept of geometric algebra, Michael Fried presents a case against both Andre Weil the "privileged observer" and Pierre de Fermat the "mathematical conqueror." We analyze Fried's version of Unguru's alleged polarity between a historian's and a mathematician's history. We identify some axioms of Friedian historiographic ideology, and propose a thought experiment to gauge its pertinence. Unguru and his disciples Corry, Fried, and Rowe have described Freudenthal, van der Waerden, and Weil as Platonists but provided no evidence; we provide evidence to the contrary. We analyze how the various historiographic approaches play themselves out in the study of the pioneers of mathematical analysis including Fermat, Leibniz, Euler, and Cauchy.

Galina I. Sinkevich

The history of the development of the concept of complex numbers from the 16th to 19th centuries. The origin and refinement of the geometric and physical meaning of complex numbers, the emergence of vectoral analysis.

Pedro Teles

Background: The analysis of the Sars-CoV-2 epidemic is of paramount importance to understand the dynamics of the coronavirus spread. This can help health and government authorities take the appropriate measures and implement suitable politics aimed at fighting and preventing it. Methods: A time-dependent dynamic SEIR model inspired in a model previously used during the MERS outbreak in South Korea was used to analyse the time trajectories of active and hospitalized cases in Portugal. Results: The time evolution of the virus spread in the country was adequately modelled. The model has changeable parameters every five days since the onset of mitigation measures. A peak of about 22,000 active cases is estimated, although the official value for recovered cases is out of date. Hospitalized cases could reach a peak of about 1,250 cases, of which 200/300 in ICU units. Conclusion: With appropriate measures, the number of active cases in Portugal can be controlled at about 22,000 people, of which about 1,250 hospitalized and 200/300 in ICU units. This seems manageable by the country national health service with an estimated 1,140 ventilators.

Ionut Jianu

The main goal of the paper is to extract the aggregate demand and aggregate supply shocks in Greece, Ireland, Italy and Portugal, as well as to examine the correlation among the two types of shocks. The decomposition of the shocks was achieved by using a structural vector autoregression that analyses the relationship between the evolution of the gross domestic product and inflation in the period 1997-2015. The goal of the paper is to confirm the aggregate demand - aggregate supply model in the above-mentioned economies.

Federico Navarrete Linares

This article presents an interpretation of the visual and written histories of the conquest of New Spain produced by authors and painters from Tlaxcala during the 16th century as highly formalized elaborations of the cultural memory of these events being constructed by the elites of that Indigenous city at that time. By reconstructing the ritual and performative aspects of these discourses, it seeks to recover the complexity of Indigenous historical genres, and of the social memories they underpinned. It also argues that the Tlaxcalan memory of the conquest was highly successful and spread to numerous Indigenous communities over New Spain, lasting until the end of the Colonial period and beyond, until it was undermined by the Nationalist history of the conquest produced by the elites of independent Mexico.

Javier Luis Álvarez Santos

Este trabajo presenta una investigación acerca de la actuación de la administración mediata ante eventualidades en puertos  volcados al Atlántico. A través de un análisis de la documentación municipal de Lisboa y de Tenerife hemos realizado un estudio  comparativo entre ambos territorios durante el siglo XVII. A partir de la acción de los miembros del gobierno local analizamos los  mecanismos empleados para resolver las amenazas y los intereses que subrayasen dentro de la oligarquía. Del mismo modo,  abordamos la consolidación de las vías de comunicación entre distintas administraciones, ya fueran castellanas o portuguesas,  como elemento esencial para preservar la seguridad y el abastecimiento. Finalmente, este estudio tratará las conexiones que se  forjaron entre gobiernos locales dependientes de sus vínculos transoceánicos a partir del análisis de la élite lusa que llegó a formar  parte del Regimiento Tenerife y los lazos que construyeron con otras administraciones de su entorno portugués. 

Jacob Hauser, Barak Shoshany

If time travel is possible, it seems to inevitably lead to paradoxes. These include consistency paradoxes, such as the famous grandfather paradox, and bootstrap paradoxes, where something is created out of nothing. One proposed class of resolutions to these paradoxes allows for multiple histories (or timelines), such that any changes to the past occur in a new history, independent of the one where the time traveler originated. We introduce a simple mathematical model for a spacetime with a time machine, and suggest two possible multiple-histories models, making use of branching spacetimes and covering spaces respectively. We use these models to construct novel and concrete examples of multiple-histories resolutions to time travel paradoxes, and we explore questions such as whether one can ever come back to a previously visited history and whether a finite or infinite number of histories is required. Interestingly, we find that the histories may be finite and cyclic under certain assumptions, in a way which extends the Novikov self-consistency conjecture to multiple histories and exhibits hybrid behavior combining the two. Investigating these cyclic histories, we rigorously determine how many histories are needed to fully resolve time travel paradoxes for particular laws of physics. Finally, we discuss how observers may experimentally distinguish between multiple histories and the Hawking and Novikov conjectures.

Peyman Nasehpour

In this note, we investigate the history of algebra briefly. We particularly focus on the history of rings, semirings, and the distributive law.