Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Yoav Tirosh

This article focuses on Vápnfirðinga saga (The saga of the people of Weapons’ Fjord), a somewhat less discussed member of the so-called Íslendingasögur. It will be argued that disability, health and embodied difference are in fact not only of interest to the author, but an organizing theme for the narrative as a whole. The article is structured around the plot’s advancement rather than thematically, a choice meant to show the discursive and practical development of attitudes towards embodied difference within the text. 

Michal Rubáš

Frank Meyer

I tidlig moderne tid fantes det et nettverk av private kunnskapssteder i Norge som utviklet, vedlikeholdt og formidlet kulturell, naturvitenskapelig og håndverksmessig kunnskap og kompetanse. Nettverket og dets knutepunkter har i liten gard vært gjenstand for historisk forskning. I denne artikkelen beskriver jeg Båseland eller Næs jernverk som et kunnskapssted i Christian Jacobs forstand, det vil si et sted for kulturell, naturvitenskapelig og håndverksmessig kompetanse. Først beskriver og analyserer jeg jernverket som kunnskapssted fra 1665 til 1800. Hvor kom kunnskapen til å drive jernverk fra? Hvilke typer kompetanse fantes på ulike nivåer, og hvordan fungerte samspillet mellom den kulturelle, den naturvitenskapelige og den håndverksmessig kunnskapen? Deretter oppsummerer jeg det vi vet om kunnskapsstedet Næs i tida etter 1799, da Jacob Aall overtok verket.

Tobias Rüttenauer, Kasimir Dederichs, David Kretschmer

Immigrant residential segregation can profoundly shape access to opportunities, immigrant integration, and inter-group relations. Yet we lack systematic evidence on how segregation varies across Europe, and what structural factors are associated with these patterns. This study addresses the gap by focusing on two questions: (i) how does immigrant-native segregation vary across urban areas in Europe, and (ii) which urban area- and country-level characteristics are consistently linked to segregation? Using harmonised 1x1 km grid-level data from the 2021/22 census, we calculate spatially weighted Dissimilarity Indices for all 717 Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) across 30 European countries. We combine these measures with rich data on demographics, the economy, housing, immigrant populations, and policy. To identify robust correlates of segregation, we apply a Specification Curve Analysis across 16,164 regression models. Segregation is higher in Western and Northern Europe compared to most of Eastern and Southern Europe. Moreover, we show that segregation is heavily driven by macro-spatial dynamics between diverse urban cores and relatively homogeneous suburban areas. At the urban area level, segregation is systematically linked to the demographic composition and spatial distribution of the local population, economic conditions, housing market characteristics, as well as the composition of the immigrant population. At the national level, established immigrant destinations are more segregated, while migration and integration policies are not consistently linked to segregation. These findings offer the most comprehensive comparative assessment of immigrant segregation across Europe to date, revealing how structural conditions relate to spatial integration.

G. Lusztig

The history of the canonical basis and crystal basis of a quantized enveloping algebra and its representations is presented

R. Folk

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries have long been considered as a formative period for modern Irish political traditions such as nationalism, republicanism and unionism. For Europe it was the time of a turnover in science moving from observation to experiment and from speculation to fact. Richard Kirwan was a well known natural philosopher in Europe and a respected man of science in his time. Throughout all the wars, he was connected with his colleagues in a network reaching across Europe and even to America. Using a few examples, this article is intended to provide an insight how the network worked in a time that was marked by political conflicts and revolutionary events in both science and social life.

Elisa Leonardelli, Sara Tonelli

The online diffusion of information related to Europe and migration has been little investigated from an external point of view. However, this is a very relevant topic, especially if users have had no direct contact with Europe and its perception depends solely on information retrieved online. In this work we analyse the information circulating online about Europe and migration after retrieving a large amount of data from social media (Twitter), to gain new insights into topics, magnitude, and dynamics of their diffusion. We combine retweets and hashtags network analysis with geolocation of users, linking thus data to geography and allowing analysis from an "outside Europe" perspective, with a special focus on Africa. We also introduce a novel approach based on cross-lingual quotes, i.e. when content in a language is commented and retweeted in another language, assuming these interactions are a proxy for connections between very distant communities. Results show how the majority of online discussions occurs at a national level, especially when discussing migration. Language (English) is pivotal for information to become transnational and reach far. Transnational information flow is strongly unbalanced, with content mainly produced in Europe and amplified outside. Conversely Europe-based accounts tend to be self-referential when they discuss migration-related topics. Football is the most exported topic from Europe worldwide. Moreover, important nodes in the communities discussing migration-related topics include accounts of official institutions and international agencies, together with journalists, news, commentators and activists.

Pavel Koten, David Čapek, Steinar Midtskogen et al.

A meteor outburst consisting of at least 22 meteors above the Baltic sea and southern Scandinavia that occurred on 30 October 2022 was recorded using multiple cameras. A bright fireball was followed by fainter meteors over a 10 second period. All the meteors were travelling on parallel trajectories. The goal of this study is to determine the atmospheric trajectories and photometric masses of meteors and to use these data to determine the specifics of the progenitor meteoroid break-up and cluster formation. Double and triple-station observations using video cameras were used for the calculation of the atmospheric trajectories and photometric masses of the meteors. Their relative positions and mass distribution were then used to determine the time and cause of the meteoroid fragmentation. The relative position of the cluster particles in the atmosphere and the distribution of their masses best correspond to the separation of the smaller fragments from the mass-dominant fragment 10.6$\pm$1.7 days before the collision with Earth, assuming a meteoroid bulk density of 1000 kg.m$^{-3}$. The ejection velocities are in the range 0.16-0.61 m.s$^{-1}$. The directions of the ejection velocities are bounded by a cone with an apex angle of $43^\circ$. The axis of this cone has ecliptic coordinates of $l=154^\circ$ and $b=26^\circ$ and is $66^\circ$ away from the direction to the Sun. Thermal stresses appear to be the most likely cause of such meteor cluster formation.

Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius, Nina Baranowska, Philipp Hacker et al.

This brief paper provides an introduction to non-discrimination law in Europe. It answers the questions: What are the key characteristics of non-discrimination law in Europe, and how do the different statutes relate to one another? Our main target group is computer scientists and users of artificial intelligence (AI) interested in an introduction to non-discrimination law in Europe. Notably, non-discrimination law in Europe differs significantly from non-discrimination law in other countries, such as the US. We aim to describe the law in such a way that non-lawyers and non-European lawyers can easily grasp its contents and challenges. The paper shows that the human right to non-discrimination, to some extent, protects individuals against private actors, such as companies. We introduce the EU-wide non-discrimination rules which are included in a number of EU directives, and also explain the difference between direct and indirect discrimination. Significantly, an organization can be fined for indirect discrimination even if the company, or its AI system, discriminated by accident. The last section broadens the horizon to include bias-relevant law and cases from the GDPR, the EU AI Act, and related statutes. Finally, we give reading tips for those inclined to learn more about non-discrimination law in Europe.

Sarah Timme

Frederike Felcht, Clemens Räthel

S. Halink

In the course of the twentieth century, the glorified image of Viking Age Scandinavia exerted an increasing attraction on intellectuals and nation builders in remote parts of Europe, especially those which self-identified as peripheral, marginalized, and ‘northern’. In the Dutch province of Friesland, the cultivation of a Frisian national identity went hand in hand with an antagonizing process of self-contrastation vis-à-vis the urbanized heartland in the west of the country. Fueled by these anti-Holland sentiments, the adoption of Nordic identity models could serve to create alternative narrative molds in which to cast the Frisian past. In this article, I will chart this process of cultural “nordification” from its initial phase in the writings of Frisian Scandinavophiles to contemporary remediations of Frisian history in popular culture and public discourses. In this context, special attention will be paid to the reception history of the pagan King Redbad (d. 719) and his modern transformation from ‘God’s enemy’ to beloved national icon.

Nora Grundtner

By covering the body with animal skin, the fundamental differences between human and animals can change. Wearing the fur of a wild animal, such as a bear, is generally seen as a sign of strength; can wearing luxurious pelts consequently be understood in the same way? The discrepancy between nature and culture is obvious. Pelt, on the one hand, is a sign of a fully established cultural process, but nevertheless it is the skin of a beast which the fictional protagonists of the courtly society wear. The central question of this article is how the motif of wearing animal skin, and especially pelt, is used in a literary text. Can the apparent difference between roughly tanned animal skin and costly pelts be more than a status symbol? The article discusses the oscillation between humans and animals by means of wearing fur or pelt in the late medieval tale Aristoteles und Phyllis. Also, to consider human-animal discourse more generally, the ambiguity of the Middle High German term vel will be discussed by the example of passages of pelt wearing figures in the work of Wolfram von Eschenbach.

This Cambridge Companion offers readers a comparative cultural history of north-western Europe in the crucial period of the eleventh century: the age of William the Conqueror. Besides England, Normandy, and northern France, the volume also explores Scandinavia, the North Sea world, the insular world beyond the English Channel, and various parts of Continental Europe. This Companion features essays designed specifically for those wishing to advance their knowledge and understanding of this important period of European history using a holistic and contextual perspective, deliberately shifting the focus away from William the man and onto the rich and fascinating culture of the world in which he lived and ruled. This was not the age created by William, but the age that created him. With contributions by leading international experts, this volume provides an inclusive and innovative study companion that is both authoritative and timely.

G. S. Potapov, Yulia S. Kolosova

The focus of this study is to summarize the data on the distribution and foraging preference of Bombus (Megabombus) consobrinus Dahlbom, 1832 in the European North of Russia. The range of B. consobrinus in this region mostly repeats the disjunctions of the range of Aconitum septentrionale that is also known in Scandinavia. In other regions of Northern Eurasia, the close relationship of B. consobrinus with Aconitum is not obvious. This bumblebee species may be regarded as oligolectic in Northern Europe and the European North of Russia. We assume the presence of a coadaptive relationship of this bumblebee species with A. septentrionale in this region that presumably have been caused by the complex history of B. consobrinus in the European North.

Marko Kovačević, Hilde L. Sommerseth

Sammendrag Denne artikkelen er en nærstudie av tuberkulosedødelighet i Tromsø by i en periode med sterk befolkningsvekst og tettere bosetting. Fra og med 1878 har vi tilgang på en tilnærmet fullstendig registrering av individuelle dødsårsaker i begravelsesprotokollene for Tromsø, og sammenstilt med folketellingene av 1875, 1885, 1900, 1910 og 1920 har vi rekonstruert Tromsøs befolkning etter kjønn og alder for å kunne beregne dødelighetsrater basert på de som til enhver tid var under risiko for å dø i perioden 1878 til 1920. Våre funn viser at kvinner i aldersgruppen 15 til 49 år hadde en høyere dødelighet av tuberkulose, sammenliknet med menn, spesielt i tiårene før århundreskiftet. Hva som forårsaket disse tuberkulosedødsfallene er komplekst, men vi søker her å løfte frem tre forhold som kan bidra til en økt forståelse av både alder- og kjønnsforskjellene, nemlig mangelen på pasteurisering av melk, arvet motstandsdyktighet og migrasjon.

Jiřina Malá

Sofie Vanherpen

ABSTRACT: During the last few decades an increasing number of Old Norse scholars have drawn from memory studies in their analyses of texts. Yet, so far, these studies have not sufficiently considered other genres of literature besides the Íslendingasögur, such as post-medieval poetry and folk literature, in the discussion of memory. This article looks at the relation between genre and the ways in which the foremother figure Auðr djúpauðga is remembered in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century forms of popular culture as diverse as rímur, popular poetry, such as kappakvæði, vikivakakvæði, and other types of folk poetry, prayers, and þjóðsögur. The article demonstrates how various authors have created and recreated the foremother figure Auðr djúpauðga in accordance with their chosen genres.

Gunnar D. Hatlehol