Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

V. Antoniadis, S. Shaheen, J. Boersch et al.

A. V. NESMYANOVYCH, Т. V. KALINICHENKO

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26565/2074-8922-2025-85-08 The article is dedicated to a retrospective analysis of the historical formation and development of information design, with the identification of guiding principles for its application in the activities of pedagogical workers within the domestic education system. The methods employed included: a historical-logical analysis of philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, and specialized literature on the problems of design development, as well as the systematization and generalization of the obtained information. In a situation of constant updating of educational content and the need for rational use of time in preparing learners, pedagogical design becomes a universal model of action. The main foundation for pedagogical design is information design. Information design, in its formation and development, has gone through certain stages and phases that can be characterized as "proto-design." However, in 1907, an industrial union of leading artists, engineers, and industrialists was founded in Germany. In fact, from this year, the rapid development of design began, which in the 1970s led to the emergence of the English term «information design», introduced to denote an interdisciplinary field of human research and practical activity. The application of information design in education and the development of multimedia educational products allows educators to: add illustrations to ready-made educational material to ensure more successful understanding and retention of this material and to motivate learners; activate the cognitive function of material presented in multimedia form, encouraging learners to participate in scientific research, independent information gathering, and the discovery of new knowledge. The principles of information design are vital for the effective transmission and understanding of educational information because they help create a clear and easy-to-use design, improve orientation within the information field, and simplify the comprehension of educational content. The guiding principles for information design are: emphasis (or highlighting), contrast, balance, alignment, repetition, and usability. Further research could consider the selection and classification of information design methods, as well as the development of organizational and pedagogical conditions for implementing information design into pedagogical practice. In cites: Nesmyanovych A. V., Kalinichenko T. V.  (2025). Theoretical bases of information design: history of formation and the principles of application in education. Problems of Engineering Pedagogic Education, (85), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.26565/2074-8922-2025-85-08  (in Ukrainian)

Zeynep Ayaydin, Nida Ozcan, Cigdem Mermutluoglu et al.

Aim: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has been suggested to trigger the production of autoimmune antibodies and contribute to the development of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. This study aims to investigate the presence of ANCA among COVID-19 patients. Methods: This cross-sectional, prospective analysis included 200 COVID-19 patients with positive polymerase chain reaction test results for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 and no history of autoimmune disease, recruited between June 2021 and November 2022. The control group included 50 age-matched healthy blood donors. The ANCA profile was assessed using the indirect immunofluorescence assay method with the EUROPLUS Granulocyte Mosaic EUROPattern test kit (EUROIMMUN, Germany) on sera samples of the patient and control groups. Results: Perinuclear ANCA (p-ANCA) was detected in 12 of 200 COVID-19 patients (6.0%) and cytoplasmic ANCA (c-ANCA) was detected in 15 of 200 patients (7.5%). No ANCA positivity was observed in the control group (0/50). ANCA positivity among COVID-19 patients (27 of 200, 13.5%) was statistically significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). ANCA positivity was significantly higher in intensive care unit (ICU) patients (21 of 77, 27.3%) compared to non-ICU patients (6 of 123, 4.9%) (p<0.05). Conclusion: ANCA presence in ICU patients supports the hypothesis that COVID-19 triggers ANCA synthesis and contributes to disease severity.

Mark T. Young, Julia A. Schwab, David Dufeau et al.

During major evolutionary transitions, groups develop radically new body plans and radiate into new habitats. A classic example is cetaceans which evolved from terrestrial ancestors to become pelagic swimmers. In doing so, they altered their air-filled sinuses, transitioning some of these spaces to allow for fluctuations in air capacity and storage via soft tissue borders. Other tetrapods independently underwent land-to-sea transitions, but it is unclear if they similarly changed their sinuses. We use computed tomography to study sinus changes in thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs that transformed from land-bound ancestors to become the only known aquatic swimming archosaurs. We find that thalattosuchian braincase sinuses reduced over their transition, similar to cetaceans, but their snout sinuses counterintuitively expanded, distinct from cetaceans, and that both trends were underpinned by high evolutionary rates. We hypothesize that aquatic thalattosuchians were ill suited to deep diving by their snout sinuses, which seem to have remained large to help drain their unusual salt glands. Thus, although convergent in general terms, thalattosuchians and cetaceans were subject to different constraints that shaped their transitions to water. Thalattosuchians attained a stage similar to less pelagic transitional forms in the cetacean lineage (late protocetid-basilosaurid) but did not become further specialized for ocean life.

Roland Gruber, Nils Reims, Andreas Hempfer et al.

Abstract The Me 163 was a Second World War fighter airplane and is currently displayed in the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany. A complete computed tomography (CT) scan was obtained using a large scale industrial CT scanner to gain insights into its history, design, and state of preservation. The CT data enables visual examination of the airplane’s structural details across multiple scales, from the entire fuselage to individual sprockets and rivets. However, further processing requires instance segmentation of the CT data-set. Currently, there are no adequate computer-assisted tools for automated or semi-automated segmentation of such large scale CT airplane data. As a first step, an interactive data annotation process has been established. So far, seven 512 × 512 × 512 voxel sub-volumes of the Me 163 airplane have been annotated, which can potentially be used for various applications in digital heritage, non-destructive testing, or machine learning. This work describes the data acquisition process, outlines the interactive segmentation and post-processing, and discusses the challenges associated with interpreting and handling the annotated data.

Antonov B.A.

The text of C. Schmitt’s “Political Theology” was published in 1922, when the actual fall of the Weimar Republic provoked the beginning of the ideological struggle of German intellectuals the result of which was the rise of national socialism. In connection with this, "Political Theology" is rightfully considered an actual scientific representation of the history of Germany in the twentieth century, and his theory of sovereignty and sovereignty represents a conditioned choice of the country in favor of national socialism. Unlike most theologians of the 20th century, Schmitt considers political theology as a methodological approach with which it is possible to reconstruct the corresponding (to a particular historical period) picture of the world, using the similarity between metaphysical and state-legal concepts as the basis for such reconstruction. The key concept confirming this similarity is the concept of sovereign, which is historically and legally associated with the concept of absolute power. The author of the article focuses on the multiplicity of interpretations (from purely positive to extremely negative) offered by Schmitt's supporters and opponents regarding his understanding of political theology in general and absolute power in particular. The basis for putting forward a number of critical arguments against Schmitt's political theology is the recognition of its methodological inconsistency, which is explained by the lack of any evidence on the part of its author regarding the identity between theological and state-legal concepts. As a result, political theology is often used as an orthodox rhetorical practice, which leads to direct, non-critical borrowing of religious concepts by modern political leaders.

Elias Dinas, Vasiliki Fouka, Alain Schläpfer

Can leveraging family history reduce xenophobia? Building on theories of group identity, we show that a family history of forced relocation leaves an imprint on future generations and can be activated to increase sympathy toward refugees. We provide evidence from Greece and Germany, two countries that vividly felt the European refugee crisis, and that witnessed large-scale forced displacement of their own populations during the twentieth century. Combining historical and survey data with an experimental manipulation, we show that mentioning the parallels between past and present differentially increases pledged monetary donations and attitudinal measures of sympathy for refugees among respondents with forcibly displaced ancestors. This differential effect is also present among respondents without a family history of forced migration who live in places with high historical concentration of refugees. Our findings highlight the role of identity and shared experience for reducing out-group discrimination.

Matthé Scholten, Simone A. Efkemann, Mirjam Faissner et al.

Abstract Background Self-binding directives (SBDs) are psychiatric advance directives that include a clause in which mental health service users consent in advance to involuntary hospital admission and treatment under specified conditions. Medical ethicists and legal scholars identified various potential benefits of SBDs but have also raised ethical concerns. Until recently, little was known about the views of stakeholders on the opportunities and challenges of SBDs. Aims This article aims to foster an international exchange on SBDs by comparing recent empirical findings on stakeholders’ views on the opportunities and challenges of SBDs from Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Method Comparisons between the empirical findings were drawn using a structured expert consensus process. Results Findings converged on many points. Perceived opportunities of SBDs include promotion of autonomy, avoidance of personally defined harms, early intervention, reduction of admission duration, improvement of the therapeutic relationship, involvement of persons of trust, avoidance of involuntary hospital admission, addressing trauma, destigmatization of involuntary treatment, increase of professionals’ confidence, and relief for proxy decision-makers. Perceived challenges include lack of awareness and knowledge, lack of support, undue influence, inaccessibility during crisis, lack of cross-agency coordination, problems of interpretation, difficulties in capacity assessment, restricted therapeutic flexibility, scarce resources, disappointment due to noncompliance, and outdated content. Stakeholders tended to focus on practical challenges and did not often raise fundamental ethical concerns. Conclusions Stakeholders tend to see the implementation of SBDs as ethically desirable, provided that the associated challenges are addressed.

Joseph Pattathu, Sebastian Michel, Anja Ingrid Tengler et al.

We report the long-term effect after successfully implanting an 8 mm Atrial-flow-regulator (AFR) device in a 7-year-old girl with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension with persistent syncope under triple therapy with significant improvement after implantation and absence of any further syncope. Early Implantation of the AFR device (Occlutech, Germany) can be efficient and safe interventional therapy option for pulmonary arterial hypertension with a history of syncope.

Shihong Zeng, Yuchen Liu, Chao Liu et al.

Buhl R, Wilke T, Picker N et al.

Roland Buhl,1 Thomas Wilke,2 Nils Picker,3 Olaf Schmidt,4 Marlene Hechtner,5 Anke Kondla,5 Ulf Maywald,6 Claus F Vogelmeier7 1Pulmonary Department, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany; 2IPAM e.V, Wismar, Germany; 3Cytel Inc - Ingress-Health HWM GmbH, Wismar, Germany; 4Pulmonary Group Practice, Koblenz, Germany; 5Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany; 6AOK PLUS, Dresden, Germany; 7Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Philipps University of Marburg (UMR), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, GermanyCorrespondence: Roland Buhl, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik - Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany, Tel +49 6131 17 7271, Email roland.buhl@unimedizin-mainz.dePurpose: This study aimed to describe the real-world treatment of German incident COPD patients, compare that treatment with clinical guidelines, and provide insight into disease development after incident diagnosis. In addition, the economic burden of the disease by assessing COPD-related healthcare costs was described.Patients and Methods: Based on a German claims dataset, continuously insured individuals (04/2014-03/2019) aged 40 years or older with at least two incident pulmonologist’s diagnoses or one inpatient diagnosis of COPD (ICD-10-GM code J44.-; no respective diagnosis in a 12-month baseline period) were selected. Treatment patterns after incident diagnosis considering inhaled maintenance therapies identified by ATC codes (outpatient prescriptions) were analyzed. Prescription patterns were compared with recommendations of German COPD treatment guidelines. Severe exacerbations were assessed as hospitalizations with main diagnosis ICD-10-GM code J44.1. COPD-associated costs from the perspective of the health insurance fund AOK PLUS were calculated per patient-year (PY).Results: The sample comprised 17,464 incident COPD patients with a mean age of 71.5 years. 58.9% were male and the mean Charlson-Comorbidity-Index was 5.3. During follow-up (median: 2.0 years), 57.1% of the patients received at least one prescription of an inhaled maintenance therapy, whereas 42.9% did not. Among treated patients, 35.2% started their treatment with LABA/LAMA, 25.3% with LAMA monotherapy, 16.2% with LABA/ICS, and 7.8% with LABA/LAMA/ICS therapy. Within four weeks after initial diagnosis, ICS-containing therapies were prescribed in 14.1% of patients. Of all patients with a prescribed triple therapy, 68.9% had no corresponding exacerbation history documented. On average, 0.16 severe exacerbations and 0.19 COPD-related hospitalizations were observed per PY during available follow-up. Direct COPD-related costs were 3,693 €/PY, with COPD-related hospitalizations being responsible for about 79.2% of these costs.Conclusion: Long-acting bronchodilators are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment of incident COPD patients in Germany, in line with guideline recommendations. Yet, a considerable proportion of incident COPD patients did not receive any inhaled maintenance therapy.Keywords: COPD, real-world treatment, exacerbation frequency, healthcare costs

Andrey Reshetnikov, Nadezhda Prisyazhnaya, Florian Steger et al.

The coronavirus pandemic has raised serious questions about the need to properly inform residents of large cities about the rules of hygiene, behavior in self-isolation, and maintaining health. This study aimed to identify in more detail the sources of information and to assess the levels of awareness and knowledge of the inhabitants of a typical metropolis about coronavirus infection to further search for ways to improve health information during pandemics. This research has a questionnaire survey design. Data from 478 adult Muscovites were collected on 20–25 March 2020 by the Institute of Social Sciences of Sechenov University. The aim of this study was to study the level of awareness in preventing the spread of infection and peculiarities in the perceptions of residents of the city of Moscow toward the large-scale social changes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic as well as their impact on the way of life, social relations, lifestyle, and ideas about the future of the population. This article presents the results of a medical and sociological survey of residents of Moscow implemented at the beginning of the spread of coronavirus infection in the country, which showed the awareness of residents of Moscow regarding the problem of the spread of coronavirus and the prevention of infection as well as a high level of anxiety and the pessimistic expectations of respondents regarding the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the state, society, and people. At the same time, the fears of the survey participants involved both immediate risks of the disease and a wide range of socioeconomic problems from near and distant perspectives.

Jacopo Niccolò Cerasoni, Emily Y. Hallett, Eslem Ben Arous et al.

African paleoanthropological studies typically focus on regions of the continent such as Eastern, Southern and Northern Africa, which hold the highest density of Pleistocene archaeological sites. Nevertheless, lesser known areas such as West Africa also feature a high number of sites. Here, we present a high-resolution map synthesising all well contextualised Pleistocene archaeological sites present in Sub-Saharan West Africa. A detailed elevation and ecoregional map was developed and correlated with palaeoanthropological sites. This map is supplemented with 1,000- and 2000-year interval climate reconstructions over the last 120,000 years for three subregions of high archaeological interest. The presented archaeological sites were compiled by reviewing published literature, and selected based on: (1) documented archaeological stratification or >10 characteristic artefacts, (2) published coordinates, and (3) published chronometric ages or relative dating. The data presented here elucidates the current state of knowledge of Pleistocene West Africa, highlighting the regional potential for human evolutionary studies.

I. Wigger, Alexander Yendell, D. Herbert

Controversy over immigration and integration intensified in German news media following Chancellor Merkel’s response to the refugee crisis of 2015. Using multidimensional scaling of word associations in reporting across four national news publications in conjunction with key event, moral panic and framing theories, we argue that reporting of events at Cologne station on New Year’s Eve 2015–2016 reframed debate away from terror-related concerns and towards anxieties about the sexual predation of dark-skinned males, thus racializing immigration coverage and resonating with a long history of Orientalist stereotyping. We further identify an increased clustering of ‘race’, gender, religion, crowd-threat and national belonging terms in reporting on sexual harassment incidents following Cologne, suggesting an increased criminalization of immigration discourse. The article provides new empirically based insights into the dynamics of news media reporting on migrants in Germany and contributes to scholarly debates on media framing of migrants, sexuality and crime.

H. Wang, Y. Zhang

By comparing the successive development, government planning, and public expectations of two landmark historical and cultural districts in F city, this paper attempts to explore the state’s selection and cultural setting of heritage spaces, as well as the identity transfer of local residents in individual memory and collective creation. With case studies on historical districts of S and Y neighborhoods, this paper argues that the selection of heritage spaces is actually a borrowing of local history and culture by the state’s modernization tendency. With the extinction/reformation of the medium of identity, the aborigines struggle with disappearance of their place and the affirmation of heritage, eventually extending the boundaries of the meaning of “place” and shifting local identity to national and ethnic identity.

Bernhard Muigg, Bernhard Muigg, Willy Tegel et al.

The scientific field of forest history studies the development of woodlands and their interrelationship with past human societies. During the last decades, the subject has experienced a constant decrease of importance, reflected in the loss of representation in most universities. After 200 years of existence, an insufficient theoretical basis and the prevalence of bibliographical and institutional studies on post-medieval periods have isolated the field and hindered interdisciplinary exchange. Here we present possible new perspectives, proposing wider methodological, chronological, thematic, and geographical areas of focus. This paper summarizes the development of the field over time and recommends content enhancement, providing a specific example of application from Roman France. Furthermore, we introduce a topical definition of forest history. Following the lead of other fields of the humanities and environmental sciences focussing on the past, forest history has to adapt to using other available archives in addition to historical written sources. In particular, historical and archeological timber as well as pollen are essential sources for the study of past forests. Research into forest history can substantially add to our understanding of relevant issues like societal responses to climate change and resource scarcity in the past and contribute to future scenarios of sustainability.

T. Kramm, H. Wilkens, J. Fuge et al.

BackgroundThe incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is unknown. Previous studies from the United Kingdom and Spain have reported incidence rates of 1.75 and 0.9 per million, respectively. These figures, however, may underestimate the true incidence of CTEPH.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled patients newly diagnosed with CTEPH within 2016 in Germany. Data were obtained from the three German referral centers and from the German branch of COMPERA, a European pulmonary hypertension registry. The CTEPH incidence was calculated based on German population data, and patient characteristics and treatment patterns were described.ResultsA total of 392 patients were newly diagnosed with CTEPH within 2016 in Germany, yielding an incidence of 5.7 new cases per million adults. The (mean ± standard deviation) age was 63.5 ± 15.0 years; males and females were equally affected; 76.3% of the patients had a history of venous thromboembolism. A total of 197 (50.3%) patients underwent pulmonary endarterectomy. Almost all non-operated patients received targeted drug therapy, and 49 patients (25.1% of the non-operated patients) were treated with balloon pulmonary angioplasty.ConclusionThe incidence of CTEPH in Germany 2016 was 5.7 per million adults and thus higher than previously reported from other countries. Half of the patients were operated while the remaining patients received medical or interventional therapies.Clinical trials registrationhttp://www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02660463 and NCT01347216.