Hasil untuk "History of France"

William M. Reddy

M. Abbott, J. Bathurst, J. Cunge et al.

G. Lees-Maffei, D. Huppatz

R. Graham, P. Hell

Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo, Enrique Baquedano, Abel Moclan et al.

The role of megafaunal exploitation in early human evolution remains debated. Occasional use of large carcasses by early hominins has been considered by some as opportunistic, possibly a fallback dietary strategy, and for others a more important survival strategy. At Olduvai Gorge, evidence for megafaunal butchery is scarce in the Oldowan of Bed I but becomes more frequent and widespread after 1.8 Ma in Bed II, coinciding with the emergence of Acheulean technologies, but not functionally related to the main Acheulian tool types. Here, we present the earliest direct evidence of proboscidean butchery, including a newly documented elephant butchery site (EAK). This shift in behavior is accompanied by larger, more complex occupation sites, signaling a profound ecological and technological transformation. Rather than opportunistic scavenging, these findings suggest a strategic adaptation to megafaunal resources, with implications for early human subsistence and social organization. The ability to systematically exploit large prey represents a unique evolutionary trajectory, with no direct modern analogue, since modern foragers do so only episodically.

G. Lusztig

The history of the canonical basis and crystal basis of a quantized enveloping algebra and its representations is presented

Wolfgang Schwentker

In 1969/70, Andō Hideharu (1921–1998), a Japanese historian of ideas, was a visiting professor at the Max Weber-Institute in Munich, Germany, for a period of one year. He was a harsh critic of Marianne Weber’s 1926 biography of her husband. During his tenure, he travelled to a number of places associated with Max Weber, with the aim of reconstructing his personal history. Andō literally followed Weber’s path from the cradle to the grave, though not necessarily in a chronological order. In a travelogue published in 1972, Andō recounted his experiences in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and France, with a particular emphasis on interviews conducted with contemporaries of Max Weber who were still alive in 1969/70. Andō’s primary concern was in the personality of Max Weber, with a secondary focus on Weber’s work and the adaptation of Weber’s sociology for the study of Japanese modernity. The following article reconstructs Andō’s travel experiences in Europe by analysing his “Weber Travelogue”. It then discusses a bitter controversy that arose between Andō and certain colleagues in the context of Japanese Weber studies upon his return to Japan. Finally, the article assesses the merits and limitations of Andō’s “time travel” into Max Weber’s life through the lens of “Motivenforschung” (study of motives), a concept he drew from Weber’s methodological writings.

Anne-Lise Depoil, Raphaëlle Doyon

From the 15 to 17 September 2022, at the Théâtre des Îlets - Centre dramatique national de Montluçon (department of Allier), a group of female theatre-makers and researchers came together under the leadership of playwright and director Carole Thibaut to discuss a common concern: to leave a trace of women theatre-makers in France from 1970 to the present day. The discussions renewed the observation, already established by historiography, that women theatre-makers have been erased from historical and collective narratives, and that their traces are lacking in heritage collections. Drawing on research work in the history of theatre and gender, the present article sets out to describe the modalities and mechanisms by which theatre heritages have been built up differently according to the gender of the artists, the conditions of creation, the archiving in private and later in heritage collections, as well as the construction of a narrative on the artist. It also suggests ways in which we can begin to build and pass on a mixed theatrical heritage, integrating the contributions of female creators alongside those of their male counterparts.Keywords: gender, cultural heritage, heritagisation, theatre, women, transmission, creation, institutions

L. Santos, Júlio Santos, M. Gouveia et al.

Schistosomiasis is the most important helminthiasis worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. Most of the infections occurs in Africa, which about two thirds are caused by Schistosoma haematobium. The infection with S. haematobium is considered carcinogenic leading to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Additionally, it is responsible for female genital schistosomiasis leading to infertility and higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Remarkably, a recent outbreak in Corsica (France) drew attention to its potential re-mergence in Southern Europe. Thus far, little is known related to host-parasite interactions that trigger carcinogenesis. However, recent studies have opened new avenues to understand mechanisms on how the parasite infection can lead cancer and other associated pathologies. Here, we present a historical perspective of schistosomiasis, and review the infection-associated pathologies and studies on host–parasite interactions that unveil tentative mechanisms underlying schistosomiasis-associated carcinogenesis.

Muhammad Zubair Khan, Oleg E. Peil, Apoorva Sharma et al.

In the rapidly expanding field of two-dimensional materials, magnetic monolayers show great promise for the future applications in nanoelectronics, data storage, and sensing. The research in intrinsically magnetic two-dimensional materials mainly focuses on synthetic iodide and telluride based compounds, which inherently suffer from the lack of ambient stability. So far, naturally occurring layered magnetic materials have been vastly overlooked. These minerals offer a unique opportunity to explore air-stable complex layered systems with high concentration of local moment bearing ions. We demonstrate magnetic ordering in iron-rich two-dimensional phyllosilicates, focusing on mineral species of minnesotaite, annite, and biotite. These are naturally occurring van der Waals magnetic materials which integrate local moment baring ions of iron via magnesium/aluminium substitution in their octahedral sites. Due to self-inherent capping by silicate/aluminate tetrahedral groups, ultra-thin layers are air-stable. Chemical characterization, quantitative elemental analysis, and iron oxidation states were determined via Raman spectroscopy, wavelength disperse X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry measurements were performed to examine the magnetic ordering. These layered materials exhibit paramagnetic or superparamagnetic characteristics at room temperature. At low temperature ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic ordering occurs, with the critical ordering temperature of 38.7 K for minnesotaite, 36.1 K for annite, and 4.9 K for biotite. In-field magnetic force microscopy on iron bearing phyllosilicates confirmed the paramagnetic response at room temperature, present down to monolayers.

Gerald A. Goldin

Prediction of ``anyons'', often attributed exclusively to Wilczek, came first from Leinaas & Myrheim in 1977, and independently from Goldin, Menikoff, & Sharp in 1980-81. In 2020, experimentalists successfully created anyonic excitations. This paper discusses why the possibility of quantum particles in two-dimensional space with intermediate exchange statistics eluded physicists for so long after bosons and fermions were understood. The history suggests ideas for the preparation of future researchers. I conclude by addressing failures to attribute scientific achievements accurately. Such practices disproportionately hurt women and minorities in physics, and are harmful to science.

Rebecca Grant, Tiffany Charmet, Laura Schaeffer et al.

Summary: Background: We aimed to assess the settings and activities associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the context of B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant circulation in France, as well as the protection against symptomatic Delta infection. Methods: In this nationwide case-control study, cases were SARS-CoV-2 infected adults recruited between 23 May and 13 August 2021. Controls were non-infected adults from a national representative panel matched to cases by age, sex, region, population density and calendar week. Participants completed an online questionnaire and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and recent activity-related exposures, past history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and COVID-19 vaccination. Findings: We did not find any differences in the settings and activities associated with Delta versus non-Delta infections and grouped them for subsequent analyses. In multivariable analysis involving 12634 cases (8644 Delta and 3990 non-Delta) and 5560 controls, we found individuals under 40 years and attending bars (aOR:1.9; 95%CI:1.6-2.2) or parties (aOR:3.4; 95%CI:2.8-4.2) to be at increased risk of infection. In those aged 40 years and older, having children attend daycare (aOR:1.9; 95%CI:1.1-3.3), kindergarten (aOR:1.6; 95%CI:1.2-2.1), primary school (aOR:1.4; 95%CI:1.2-1.6) or middle school (aOR:1.3; 95%CI:1.2-1.6) were associated with increased risk of infection. We found strong protection against symptomatic Delta infection for those with prior infection whether it was recent (2-6 months) (95%; 95%CI:90-97) or associated with one dose (85%; 95%CI:78-90) or two doses of mRNA vaccine (96%; 95%CI:87-99). For those without past infection, protection was lower with two doses of mRNA vaccine (67%; 95%CI:63-71). Interpretation: In line with other observational studies, we find reduced vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic Delta infections. The settings and activities at increased risk of infection indicate where efforts to reinforce individual and public health measures need to be concentrated.

Iva Kolářová, Isabelle Florent, Andrea Valigurová

Parasitic protists cause some of the most well-known human and animal diseases such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, amoebic meningitis, sleeping sickness, leishmaniosis, and diarrheal illness of protozoan origin (e [...]

Marta-Adrienne Elekes

Paris Epidemic and Art World When reading music history writings, music textbooks a while ago, we quickly skipped those statements as “in that year cholera was raging in the city”, or “everybody who had the possibility moved to the countryside away from the epidemic”. Today however, as a global pandemic hit us as well, we are getting caught up in these findings, and we are reading every detail with special attention. It is a fact that in the spring of 1832, Paris suffered a widespread cholera epidemic, resulting in 18,400 deaths in the city and nearly 100,000 in France. We wonder how this affected the contemporary art life? We will try to analyze this, quoting from the testimonies of the writers-poets, as well as focusing on the living conditions of some significant musicians, highlighting the events of their career from those times.

Louise Virole

Based on a sociological study of perinatal health education programmes for foreign pregnant women in France, this article examines the ways in which the educational discourse of health professionals reproduces gender, race and class domination. During the group sessions, the health workers educate the participants in good maternal practices in using a modelization of cultural alterisation, referring the foreign women to a doubly archaic culture of origin : from the medical point of view and from the point of view of gender equality. These processes of cultural alterisation help to reinforce relations of gender, race and class domination, while at the same time continuing the history of health education for working-class and racialised mothers and mothers-to-be.

Arnaud Mazier, Alexandre Bilger, Antonio E. Forte et al.

In this paper, we develop a framework for solving inverse deformation problems using the FEniCS Project finite element software. We validate our approach with experimental imaging data acquired from a soft silicone beam under gravity. In contrast with inverse iterative algorithms that require multiple solutions of a standard elasticity problem, the proposed method can compute the undeformed configuration by solving only one modified elasticity problem. This modified problem has a complexity comparable to the standard one. The framework is implemented within an open-source pipeline enabling the direct and inverse deformation simulation directly from imaging data. We use the high-level Unified Form Language (UFL) of the FEniCS Project to express the finite element model in variational form and to automatically derive the consistent Jacobian. Consequently, the design of the pipeline is flexible: for example, it allows the modification of the constitutive models by changing a single line of code. We include a complete working example showing the inverse deformation of a beam deformed by gravity as supplementary material.

Galina Sinkevich

A short history of Russian researches in Chinese astronomy in 19-20 centuries

Mohammad Qadi, Adham AbuTaha, Ro’ya Al-Shehab et al.

Background. Maternal Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus (GBS)) colonization is an important cause of complications in mothers and neonates during gestation and after delivery. The data regarding GBS colonization among pregnant women in Palestine is scarce. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of GBS colonization, its associated risk factors, and the antibiotic sensitivity patterns in Nablus, West Bank, Palestine. Methods. A cross-sectional, single center study conducted at Rafidia Governmental Hospital in Nablus, West Bank, Palestine. Samples were collected between November 2019 and January 2020. Vaginal swabs from 200 pregnant women (≥35 weeks of gestation) attending the labor and delivery department were plated directly on CHROMagarTM StrepB (CHROM agar, France) and placed in an incubator at 35–37°C. After 24 and 48 hours, the plates were checked for growth and classified into three categories: growth of GBS with mauve colonies on chromogenic media, no growth, or other growth. The identification of the mauve colonies was confirmed by the CAMP test. Identified GBS isolates were tested for susceptibility to vancomycin, ampicillin, clindamycin, cefotaxime, erythromycin, and levofloxacin using the disc diffusion method. Clinical and demographic information were collected using a questionnaire. Result. The overall prevalence of GBS colonization was 12%. The median age of the study population was 27 years. GBS colonization was significantly associated with age (p=0.013), history of previous preterm delivery (p=0.013), and parity (p=0.015). No association was noted with smoking, previous abortion, previous history of fetal demise, vaginitis, or urinary tract infection. Resistance to ampicillin, vancomycin, cefotaxime, erythromycin, clindamycin, and levofloxacin was found to be 91.7%, 54.2%, 45.8%, 29.2%, 25%, and 8.3%, respectively. Conclusion. The prevalence of vaginal GBS in this study was 12% from Nablus, West Bank. Further research is needed to determine the GBS serotypes common in West Bank and the burden they cause on the health system. Moreover, this study also highlights the need to establish a screening program suited to a developing country with low control on the antibiotic’s prescription protocols.

Drawn from the author’s PhD, and originally published in Images Documentaires in 2000, this article presents an incisive portrait of the complex political and institutional history that led to the establishment of film education within the curriculum in French secondary schools. Mounting a detailed account of the nuances and successive developments within the field, this essay examines the chronology – starting within a post-war context – through which the successive influences of ciné-clubs, teachers, television, political movements and government interventions have shaped the form of curricular school-based film education in France today.

C. Bertossi, J. Duyvendak, N. Foner

ABSTRACT This Introduction addresses questions of migration, history, and memory in the context of recent changes in public discourses on immigrant integration in Europe, focusing on how history is used to make claims about the inclusion of some and the exclusion of others. We highlight how these debates are often framed in a nostalgic tone that sustains categorizations and classifications of the population in terms of ‘natives’, who are allegedly historically rooted, and non-natives, lacking historical roots. To shed light on this process, we put forward the notion of historical repertoires to refer to ways that views of history are used to evaluate and justify the present. We lay out three possible components of these repertoires, showing their utility in analysing the debates discussed in the six European case studies in this issue (Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, and Greece). We also consider some parallels with the United States in how the history of immigration is remembered and used in public debates and political discourse.