Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

M. Crocq

This article retraces the story of cannabis from the earliest contacts of humans with the plant to its subsequent global expansion, its medicinal uses, and the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in the 20th century. Cannabis was attested to around 12 000 years ago near the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, and since then, cannabis seeds have accompanied the migration of nomadic peoples. Records of the medicinal use of cannabis appear before the Common Era in China, Egypt, and Greece (Herodotus), and later in the Roman empire (Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, Galen). In the 19th century, orientalists like Silvestre de Sacy, and Western physicians coming into contact with Muslim and Indian cultures, like O’Shaughnessy and Moreau de Tours, introduced the medicinal use of cannabis into Europe. The structure of the main psychoactive phytocannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was determined in Israel by Mechoulam and Gaoni in 1964. This discovery opened the gate for many of the subsequent developments in the field of endocannabinoid system (ECS) research. The advances in the scientific knowledge of the ECS place the debate on cannabis liberalization in a new context.

Pavol MATULA

Pavol Florek (1895-1963) was a Slovak historian, museum worker, educator and politician of the Hlinka Slovak People’s Party (HSĽS). From 1926 to 1928 he worked at the Ministry of Education. In 1935 he became a deputy of the National Assembly of the Czechoslovak Republic. He retained his deputy’s mandate even after the establishment of the Slovak state. In 1948, he was tried by the People’s Court, but his punishment was waived. An interesting and hitherto unexplored chapter of Pavel Florek’s life is his almost latent inclination towards polonophilia, which is the subject of the article.

Manckoundia P, Mourey F, Larosa F et al.

Patrick Manckoundia,1,2 France Mourey,2 Fabrice Larosa,1 Thomas Renoncourt1,2 1Université Bourgogne Europe, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Internal Medicine Geriatrics, Dijon, France; 2Université Bourgogne Europe, INSERM, CAPS UMR 1093, Dijon, FranceCorrespondence: Patrick Manckoundia, Service de Médecine Interne Gériatrie, Hôpital de Champmaillot CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 2, rue Jules Violle, Dijon Cedex, 21079, France, Tel +33 3 80 29 39 70, Email patrick.manckoundia@chu-dijon.frAbstract: With aging, compensatory mechanisms and physiological reserve may become insufficient to maintain balance and gait (BG), particularly when associated with stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, osteoarticular diease, vestibular disorders, orthostatic hypotension (OH), heart rhythm disorders, or drug side effects. This leads to poorer postural-motor function and increased risk of falling (RoF). This review aims to highlight recent scientific advancements relative to BG disorders (BGDs) for gerontology professionals. When assessing older adults (OAs) with BGDs, a thorough assessment of patient history is needed to identify the origins. This should include the history of falls, an inventory of medications, and an analysis of the home environment. A comprehensive clinical examination is also required to guide etiological diagnoses. A clinical suspicion of cardiac arrhythmia/conduction disorders, for example, will be confirmed by electrocardiogram (ECG)/Holter ECG, whereas suspected OH (on questioning) will be confirmed by an OH test, and, in the presence of confusion, epilepsy will be confirmed by the electroencephalogram. Several tools, ranging from simple and quick to more complex and thorough, have been validated to evaluate BGDs in OAs. These tests involve activities of daily living tasks required to preserve independence. Emerging technologies for RoF assessment (ie, surface electromyography, force platforms, three-dimensional motion capture systems) while not yet used in routine geriatric practice, can improve early detection, monitoring, and rehabilitation. Optimal BGD management requires the implication of several health professionals. Rehabilitation programs such as the “Otago exercise programme” and “falls management exercise” have been validated. Assistive technologies (canes, walkers, grab bars, and orthopedic footwear or automated alert systems), and new technologies (virtual reality) can also be used. Additional steps include medication review and deprescribing, occupational therapy and home environment adaptations. Understanding and managing BGDs in OAs remains a major public health issue, and is vital for preserving independence in later life.Keywords: balance, gait, posture, older adult, central nervous system

Denise Bruno, Giuseppe Canzoneri, Salvatore Cristofaro et al.

The COVerLeSS project (Corpus Online del Verismo tra Letteratura, Storia e Società) explores Italian Verismo within the field of Periodical Studies, drawing on ongoing digitization and preservation initiatives in libraries and cultural institutions across Italy and Europe. The project aims to develop an integrated, open-access web platform that brings together journals, reviews, and essays on Verismo’s literary production. This platform integrates Digital Humanities tools and technologies for textual analysis, combining a digital edition with XML/TEI structural and descriptive markup, managed through TEI Publisher, quantitative lexical analysis, and the development of ontologies based on specific encoding elements. The focus is on the creation of a hybrid edition-archive, or knowledge site, where textual reading is complemented by both synchronic and diachronic data analysis. A central feature is the development of a lexical map, the Verbum dictionary, that links secondary literature on Verismo to primary sources through an interactive timeline (Ver-in-time). Designed to be user-friendly and inclusive, the platform accommodates different levels of expertise, from students to researchers, offering flexible ways to navigate, explore, and engage with diverse texts. By highlighting lexical patterns and key concepts, the project reveals the deep cohesion within this literary movement, providing a fresh perspective on a pivotal period in Italian cultural and literary history: the post-unification era.

Maja Polić, Marko Urem

U radu autori predstavljaju bogatu korespondenciju Frana Kurelca, jednog od najznačajnijih osoba hrvatske lingvistike i buditelja nacionalne svijesti 19. stoljeća, s njegovim suradnicima i učenicima s područja Ličko-senjske županije, poput Mane Sladovića, Frane Plišića, Ivana Krajača, Tome Vrkljana, Jurja Bauera i Petrislava Bogovića, kao i osoba koje su korespondirale s Kurelcem zatekavši se na prostoru navedene županije, poput Ivana Fiamina. Kroz brojne primjere korespondencije, tema i sadržaja razmjene misli i ideja zrcali se duh narodnog preporoda, iz kojeg se mogu iščitati najbitnije koordinate lingvističke i kulturne strategije riječke filološke škole, koja je važan dio hrvatske lingvističke misli u 19. stoljeću.

Isilda Leitão, Carlos Fernandes

In this article, a preliminary exploratory study is undertaken to cover a lesser researched topic in the tourism literature concerning the conceptualisation of heritage-based routes. A route of less-known heritage that crosses a territory with varied cultures is proposed. It is intended that the route contributes to the practice of creating itineraries for tourists. The route extends from Central Europe to the Iberian Peninsula and is related to historical and mythical legacies of Elisabeth of Hungary (1207-1231); Landgrave of Thuringia and; Isabel (Elisabeth), Princess of Aragon (1270?-1336) and Queen of Portugal. In this research, we opt for a qualitative approach, using both primary and secondary sources of data collection. Documentary sources, namely cultural-historical-mythical, field observation undertaken over several years and visual material collected. Results led to defining a common theme, as they share the miracle that earned them immortality – the miracle of the roses. Secondly, heritage elements were obtained and information on their history was collected to highlight specificities of the territories and identify the cultural path and points along the route.

Petro Medvid’

REFLEKSJE NAD 30 ROCZNICĄ KODYFIKACJI JĘZYKA RUSIŃSKIEGO NA SŁOWACJI Mija 30 lat od momentu, kiedy Rusini na Słowacji w stolicy swojego kraju – Bratysławie, dokonali historycznego aktu, uroczyście proklamując kodyfikację języka rusińskiego na Słowacji. Jako pierwsi w obszarze Karpat zrealizowali główny cel I Kongresu Języka Rusińskiego, który odbył się w 1992 r. W niniejszym artykule podjęta została próba podsumowania, jakie dalsze cele udało się lub nie udało się osiągnąć Rusinom na Słowacji, ale także Rusinom w ogóle, odnosząc się do postulatów wspomnianego kongresu językowego, stanu języka rusińskiego i jego znajomości na Słowacji, a także badań związanych z jego kodyfikacją.

Andrea Roknić Bežanić, Matea Plišić

U radu autorice preispituju djelovanje i angažman Vatroslava Cihlara, koji je tijekom đačkog štrajka 1912. godine bio učenik Nautičke škole u Bakru. Rad posebno želi sagledati njegovu ulogu u borbi protiv politike tadašnjeg bana Slavka Cuvaja. Učenički štrajk stavljen je u povijesni kontekst te se uvidom u sačuvanu arhivsku i periodičku građu analiziraju zbivanja vezana uz te događaje na lokalnoj razini, njegov tijek i posljedice koje su sudionici (učenici), a time i Vatroslav Cihlar osjetili nakon njegova završetka.

Natalia Beg

U ovom radu autorica obrađuje kamene grbove koji su sekundarno ugrađeni u ziđe vile Antoinetta u gradu Rabu te za sada poznate radove majstora Marka i Ilije. O majstorima Iliji i Marku donose se dostupne informacije te se navode njihovi poznati angažmani. Također je iznesena teza o postojanju dosad nepoznate kvarnerske radionice.

János Éliás

A kutatás a Nagykunság öt településének, Karcag, Kisújszállás, Kunmadaras, Kunhegyes, illetve Túrkeve Debrecenbe beiratkozott diákságát vizsgálja az 1588-tól 1850-ig terjedő időszakban. A földrajzi közelség, illetve a debreceni befolyás különösen indokolttá teszi a téma kutatását, mivel a Kollégium meghatározta a vizsgált városok oktatását, illetve a fentebb említett települések vezetőit is sok esetben a debreceni anyaiskola nevelte ki. A téma és a nagykunsági diákok lajstroma eddig feldolgozatlan, így érdemesek és szükségesek a további kutatások. A jelen cikk célja egy átfogó kép alkotása a vizsgált időszakról a Nagykunság részvételéről a partikuláris iskolarendszerben, illetve a Debrecenbe beiratkozott vizsgált diákok gyakoriságának, későbbi életének, tevékenységének szemléltetése. A kutatás legnagyobb részét levéltári és szakirodalmi kutatás teszi ki, mely alatt főként a Series Studiorum in schola Debrecina Helveticae Confessionis Addictorum-ban 1588-tól 1850-ig szereplő, a debreceni Kollégiumba beiratkozott nagykunsági származású diákok bejegyzései értendőek Bakóczi János adattárával kiegészítve. Kutatásaimat az öt város református egyházközségeinek anyakönyveivel egészítettem ki, illetve pontosítottam. 369 diákot vizsgálva azoknak adatait egy 17 szempont szerint rendezett táblázat segítségével elemeztem és ábrázoltam diagramon. A kutatás jelenlegi állása szerint a Nagykunság nagy arányban kivette a részét a partikuláris iskolarendszer feladataiból és nagy hatással volt rá a Debreceni Kollégium. Az itt tanuló diákokat sokszínűség jellemzi, mely főként az általuk vállalt hivatalokban, illetve későbbi foglalkozásukban mutatkozik meg a legjobban.

Anna Pankowská

Rekonstrukce prostředí hrobu představuje klíčový prvek v interpretaci pohřebního ritu. Metody terénní antropologie a histotafonomie mohou pomoci lépe poznat mikro-prostředí, ve kterém došlo k dekompozici mrtvého těla. Cílem studie je na příkladu pěti hrobů z období kultury se šňůrovou keramikou zjistit, v jakých podmínkách se těla mrtvých nacházela či jak byla posmrtně upravena. Kosterní pozůstatky čtyř jedinců nesly stopy po uložení do dutého prostoru. Na základě histologické analýzy bylo zjištěno, že dekompozice měkkých tkání u těchto jedinců musela být zastavena nebo naopak velmi urychlena, protože kostní mikrostruktura nebyla poškozena mikroorganismy. K urychlení dekompozice mohlo dojít rozkladem těla v otevřeném prostoru, jakým mohl být částečně zahloubený hrob s konstrukcí. Naopak k zastavení dekompozice mohlo dojít v důsledku působení vyšších teplot v podobě ohně nebo kouře, ale také vlivem opakovaně podmáčeného prostředí. Pro všechny možnosti existují na kosterních pozůstatcích konkrétní stopy. Komplexní tafonomická analýza kosterních pozůstatků přináší nové detailnější informace o okolnostech pohřbu, čímž výrazně rozšiřuje možnosti intepretace pojetí smrti v minulosti.

Katalin Takacs Haynes, M. Rašković

We examine corruption across three Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries (Hungary, North Macedonia and Slovenia) through a social psychology framework which integrates social identity theory, social cognitive theory and moral disengagement mechanisms. We illustrate how various social identities influence individual and collective action in terms of ethical behavior and corruption, thereby creating, maintaining and perpetuating petty, grand and systemic public/private corruption through triadic co-determination via cognition, behavior and the environment. Despite growing research on corruption normalization, less is known about the cognitive and behavioral mechanisms in ethical decision making, the cognitive workings of how individuals reconcile unethical behavior and the social psychological processes behind corruption in society and organizations. Expert interviews reveal internally conflicted multi-layered social identities perpetuating corruption, some embedded in nationalistic history and others tied to the European Union, which supports the divergent paths of CEE countries since the fall of communism. Some moral disengagement mechanisms are common across all three countries, while others are linked to specific circumstances. Social identity mechanisms feed into moral disengagement, which individuals draw upon to reconcile the conflict between unethical behavior and moral codes. Patterns of moral disengagement aggregate to the country level and explain normalization of corruption in CEE society and organizations.

M. Vítková, J. Sádlo, J. Roleček et al.

Knowledge of the species composition of invaded vegetation helps to evaluate an ecological impact of aliens and design an optimal management strategy. We link a new vegetation analysis of a large dataset to the invasion history, ecology and management of Robinia pseudoacacia stands across Southern Europe and provide a map illustrating Robinia distribution. Finally, we compare detected relationships with Central Europe. We show that regional differences in Robinia invasion, distribution, habitats and management are driven both by local natural conditions (climate and soil properties, low competitive ability with native trees) and socioeconomic factors (traditional land-use). Based on the classification of 467 phytosociological relevés we distinguished five broad vegetation types reflecting an oceanity-continentality gradient. The stands were heterogeneous and included 824 taxa, with only 5.8% occurring in more than 10% of samples, representing mainly hemerobic generalists of mesophilous, nutrient-rich and semi-shady habitats. The most common were dry ruderal stands invading human-made habitats. Among native communities, disturbed mesic and alluvial forests were often invaded throughout the area, while dry forests and scrub dominated in Balkan countries. Continuous, long-term and large-scale cultivation represent a crucial factor driving Robinia invasions in natural habitats. Its invasion should be mitigated by suitable management taking into account adjacent habitats and changing cultivation practices to select for native species. Robinia invasion has a comparable pattern in Central and Southern Europe, but there is a substantial difference in management and utilization causing heterogeneity of many South-European stands.

Ben Stanley

Shuo Liu, A. Cornille, S. Decroocq et al.

Domestication is an excellent model to study diversification and this evolutionary process can be different in perennial plants, such as fruit trees, compared to annual crops. Here, we inferred the history of wild apricot species divergence and of apricot domestication history across Eurasia, with a special focus on Central and Eastern Asia, based on microsatellite markers and approximate Bayesian computation. We significantly extended our previous sampling of apricots in Europe and Central Asia towards Eastern Asia, resulting in a total sample of 271 cultivated samples and 306 wild apricots across Eurasia, mainly Prunus armeniaca and Prunus sibirica, with some Prunus mume and Prunus mandshurica. We recovered wild Chinese species as genetically differentiated clusters, with P. sibirica being divided into two clusters, one possibly resulting from hybridization with P. armeniaca. Central Asia also appeared as a diversification centre of wild apricots. We further revealed at least three domestication events, without bottlenecks, that gave rise to European, Southern Central Asian and Chinese cultivated apricots, with ancient gene flow among them. The domestication event in China possibly resulted from ancient hybridization between wild populations from Central and Eastern Asia. We also detected extensive footprints of recent admixture in all groups of cultivated apricots. Our results thus show that apricot is an excellent model for studying speciation and domestication in long‐lived perennial fruit trees.

Jiaxin Ling, T. Smura, J. Lundström et al.

This study shows that only a single introduction of SINV into a new geographical area is required for spread and establishment, provided that the requisite vector(s) and reservoir(s) of epizootological and epidemiological importance are present. Furthermore, we present the first report of recombination between two strains of SINV in nature. Our study increases the knowledge on new introductions and dispersal of arboviruses in general and of SINV in particular. ABSTRACT Bird-hosted viruses have the potential to be transported over large areas of the world and to be transmitted in distant geographical regions. Sindbis virus (SINV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that is locally amplified in a bird-mosquito enzootic cycle and distributed all over the Old World and Australia/Oceania. Sindbis virus genotype I (SINV-I) is the cause of disease outbreaks in humans in South Africa as well as in northern Europe. To trace the evolutionary history and potential strain-disease association of SINV-I, we sequenced 36 complete genomes isolated from field material in Europe, as well as in Africa and the Middle East, collected over 58 years. These were analyzed together with 30 additional published whole SINV-I genomes using Bayesian analysis. Our results suggested that SINV-I was introduced only once to northern Europe from central Africa, in the 1920s. After its first introduction to Sweden, it spread east and southward on two separate occasions in the 1960s and 1970s. Another introduction from central Africa to southern/central Europe seems to have occurred, and where these two introductions meet, one recombination event was detected in central Europe. In addition, another recombinant strain was found in central Africa, where the most divergent SINV-I strains also originated. IMPORTANCE This study shows that only a single introduction of SINV into a new geographical area is required for spread and establishment, provided that the requisite vector(s) and reservoir(s) of epizootological and epidemiological importance are present. Furthermore, we present the first report of recombination between two strains of SINV in nature. Our study increases the knowledge on new introductions and dispersal of arboviruses in general and of SINV in particular.

Naresh Devarajan, Amandine Laffite, Neil D Graham et al.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) receive the effluents from various sources (communities, industrial, and hospital effluents) and are recognized as reservoir for antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) that are associated with clinical pathogens. The aquatic environment is considered a hot-spot for horizontal gene transfer, and lake sediments offer the opportunity for reconstructing the pollution history and evaluating the impacts. In this context, variation with depth and time of the total bacterial load, the abundance of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB; E. coli and Enterococcus spp. (ENT)), Pseudomonas spp., and ARGs (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaNDM, and aadA) were quantified in sediment profiles of different parts of Lake Geneva using quantitative PCR. The abundance of bacterial marker genes was identified in sediments contaminated by WWTP following eutrophication of the lake. Additionally, ARGs, including the extended-spectrum ß-lactam- and aminoglycoside-resistance genes, were identified in the surface sediments. The ARG and FIB abundance strongly correlated (r ≥ 0.403, p < 0.05, n = 34) with organic matter and metal concentrations in the sediments, indicating a common and contemporary source of contamination. The contamination of sediments by untreated or partially treated effluent water can affect the quality of ecosystem. Therefore, the reduction of contaminants from the source is recommended for further improvement of water quality.

Jarosław Krajewski, Andrzej Tokarski, Maciej Tokarski

The phenomenon of enterprises bankruptcy is an extremely complex process of economic, legal, social and even psychological nature. In the developed countries, the first studies on forecasting bankruptcy date to the early 20th century. In Central and Eastern Europe, due to, among other factors, the geopolitical situation and the introduced economic system, this issue became the subject of researchers’ interest only in the 1990s. The universality and complexity of the phenomenon incline the Authors to make an attempt to identify the scale of the bankruptcy processes in the states of the Visegrad Group (V4). The countries of V4 were selected because of their common history and similar economic development. The aim of this article is to analyze the dynamics of the phenomenon of bankruptcy of enterprises in the states of the V4 Group in the years 2005–2016 on the basis of the data taken from the Credit reform reports. The estimation of trend models in time series on the basis of the bankruptcy in the Visegrad Group countries in the years 2005–2016 was used in the article as the primary research method. The descriptive analysis was also applied in the article.

Andrzej Michałowski

Diego Sánchez-Ganfornina, Jan Tapson, Liz Sutherland et al.

Solanum × edinense Berthault is a spontaneously occurring hybrid between S. demissum Lindl. and the cultivated potato, S. tuberosum L., found near potato fields in Mexico. Although not described until 1911, this hybrid was in cultivation at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) shortly after the Irish Potato Famine of 1845–1849 and proved to be highly resistant to late blight, Phytophthora infestans. In the mid-19th century late blight caused widespread failure of the potato crop across Europe and played a central role in the Irish Potato Famine. Using the parent species in controlled crosses we have recreated the hybrid that was named by Berthault in recognition of RBGE as the source of his plant material. We have also researched the early history of this hybrid potato in Edinburgh and demonstrated disease resistance through field exposure during the outbreak of late blight in Edinburgh in 2019. This work underlines the important role of this hybrid in the breeding of disease-resistant potato cultivars.