Hasil untuk "History of Austria. Liechtenstein. Hungary. Czechoslovakia"

G. Lusztig

The history of the canonical basis and crystal basis of a quantized enveloping algebra and its representations is presented

Márton Bársony

Corinna Perchtold

This study unveils localised changes in Austria's precipitation patterns, often missed by broader assessments, by comparing the 1961-1990 and 1991-2020 climate normal periods on a high resolution 2x2 km grid. Our extended model explicitly accounts for diverse topographical influences, including slope, aspect, and a monthly-varying elevation effect, when analysing monthly normals of mean precipitation and maximum daily sums, as well as maximum dry spell lengths. We found that while mean precipitation generally declined early in the year, it notably increased in March, September, and October (up to +50%). In contrast, the maximum duration of dry spells extended significantly in January, February, and June, particularly in the southern regions (up to +30%). Maximum daily precipitation amounts surged in late summer and autumn (up to +30%). This research offers a transferable modelling approach for understanding critical shifts, vital for climate adaptation both within Austria and globally.

Martin A. Hainz

Elfriede Jelinek’s Die Schutzbefohlenen [Charges (The Supplicants)] shows how the fact that those without (acknowledged) rights speak, even though their language is not the language acknowledged by those who are privileged, nonetheless gives them a right to have rights. As a consequence, the privilege is to be doubted, according to which rights would not be universal. This will be explored in the following.

Sarah Lucas

Fausto Cercignani

Studia austriaca, Vol 30 (2022) - Cover and Introductory Pages

László Munteán

This article explores the technological and cultural history of the Roman aqueduct of Aquincum in Budapest. The only one in the Roman province of Pannonia that was elevated to a continuous line of arches, this aqueduct conveyed water from its source in what is now Budapest’s third district to its final destination over three miles to the south, where a Roman military town was located. Apart from the aqueduct’s technological and archaeological aspects, this article also examines several cultural practices that it engendered including the ritualistic significance of the springs that fed it, its appearance as a ruin in various medieval documents, the transformation of its last, above-ground pier into a Christian shrine in the nineteenth century, as well as the relocation of two of its piers to give way to the construction of a road junction.

Michael A. Garrett

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is a research activity that started in the late 1950s, predating the arrival of "Big History" and "Astrobiology" by several decades. Many elements first developed as part of the original SETI narrative are now incorporated in both of these emergent fields. However, SETI still offers the widest possible perspective, since the topic naturally leads us to consider not only the future development of our own society but also the forward trajectories (and past histories) of many other intelligent extraterrestrial forms. In this paper, I present a provocative view of Big History, its rapid convergent focus on our own planet and society, its oversimplified and incomplete view of events in cosmic history, and its limited appreciation of how poorly we understand some aspects of the physical world. Astrophysicists are also not spared - in particular those who wish to understand the nature of the universe in "splendid isolation", only looking outwards and upwards. SETI can help re-expand all of our horizons but the discovery of extraterrestrial intelligence may also require its own practitioners to abandon preconceptions of what constitutes intelligent, sentient, thinking minds.

S. Sulyak

Frantsev Vladimir Andreevich (April 4 (16), 1867 – March 19, 1942) – a Russian Slavicist, who authored more than 300 works on Slavic studies. He graduated from a Warsaw grammar school, then studied in the Imperial Warsaw University. In 1893–1895, V. Frantsev made several journeys abroad with the academic pupose. In 1895, he began to prepare for the master’s degree. In 1897, he went abroad and spent three years there. In 1899, V.A. Frantsev made a trip to Ugrian Rus, after which published an article “Review of the most important studies of Ugric Rus” in the Russian Philological Bulletin (1901, Nr. 1–2) in Warsaw. During his trip, V.A. Frantsev met and subsequently maintained contacts with prominent figures in the revival of Ugrian Rus. In 1899, he became Associate Professor of the Department of the History of Slavic Dialects and Literatures of the Imperial Warsaw University, in 1903 – an extraordinary professor, in 1907 – an ordinary professor. In 1900–1921, V.A. Frantsev lectured at the University of Warsaw, which in 1915 moved to Rostov-on-Don in connection with WWI. Teaching actively at the University, he devoted his free time to archival studies, working mainly in the Slavic lands of Austria-Hungary, where he went “for summer vacations” from 1901 to 1914. Sometimes he continued his work during the winter vacations and Easter holidays, as in 1906/07 and in 1907/08, when the university did not function due to student unrest. V.A. Frantsev reported to the “Society of History, Philology and Law” at the University of Warsaw, of which he was an active participant. In 1902–1907, Frantsev published almost all of his major works (except P.Y. Shafarik’s correspondence, published much later). Among them were his master’s thesis “An Essay on the History of the Czech Renaissance” (Warsaw, 1902), doctoral dissertation “Polish Slavic Studies in the late 18th and first quarter of the 19th century” (Prague, 1906), “Czech dramatic works of the 16th – 17th centuries” (Warsaw, 1903), etc. In 1909, during heated discussions on the future structure of Chełm-Podlasie Rus, he published “Maps of the Russian and Orthodox population of Chełm Rus with statistical tables”. In 1913, V.A. Frantsev became a member of the Czech Royal Society of Sciences. Since 1915, he was a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg in the Department of Russian Language and Literature. He did not accept the October Revolution, yet never publicly opposed the new government. At the end of 1919, he received an offer from the Council of Professors of the Prague Charles University (Czechoslovakia) to head the Russian branch of the Slavic Seminar. In Czechoslovakia, he became a professor at Charles University. In 1927, he took Czechoslovak citizenship. V.A. Frantsev’s life was associated with the Russian emigration. He was a full member and chairman of the Russian Institute, as well as chairman of the “Russian Academic Group in Czechoslovakia”, deputy chairman of the “Union of Russian Academic Organizations Abroad”, a member of the Commission for the Study of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus. In 1924, the Uzhhorod “A. Dukhnovich Cultural and Educational Society” republished V.A. Frantsev’s From the Renaissance Era of Ugric Rus under the title On the Question of the Literary Language of Subcarpathian Rus and a brief From the History of Writing in Subcarpathian Rus (1929). In 1930, The Carpathian Collection was published in Uzhhorod, with Frantsev “From the history of the struggle for the Russian literary language in Subcarpathian Rus” in the preface. He spent his last years in Czechoslovakia occupied by Nazi Germany. V.A. Frantsev died on March 19, 1942, a few days before his 75th birthday. He is buried in the Olshansk cemetery in Prague.

Susan Glanz

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Mikhail G. Katz

We compare several approaches to the history of mathematics recently proposed by Blasjo, Fraser--Schroter, Fried, and others. We argue that tools from both mathematics and history are essential for a meaningful history of the discipline. In an extension of the Unguru-Weil controversy over the concept of geometric algebra, Michael Fried presents a case against both Andre Weil the "privileged observer" and Pierre de Fermat the "mathematical conqueror." We analyze Fried's version of Unguru's alleged polarity between a historian's and a mathematician's history. We identify some axioms of Friedian historiographic ideology, and propose a thought experiment to gauge its pertinence. Unguru and his disciples Corry, Fried, and Rowe have described Freudenthal, van der Waerden, and Weil as Platonists but provided no evidence; we provide evidence to the contrary. We analyze how the various historiographic approaches play themselves out in the study of the pioneers of mathematical analysis including Fermat, Leibniz, Euler, and Cauchy.

Galina I. Sinkevich

The history of the development of the concept of complex numbers from the 16th to 19th centuries. The origin and refinement of the geometric and physical meaning of complex numbers, the emergence of vectoral analysis.

Verena Brandstätter, Cristina Olaverri-Monreal

To alleviate traffic congestion that results from the growth of e-commerce we propose an approach in the city of Linz, Austria by relying on shared distribution centers from different companies. We develop two algorithms to find out the optimal location for the hubs and calculate the shortest path between locations. Results showed that in an urban environment, the implementation of hubs results in a reduction of the number of delivery vehicles. It reduces driving distances from hub to the customers, and also benefits the drivers that need to return home every day.

R. Aerts, C. V. Baalen, H. T. Velde et al.

Jana Pohaničová, K. Ondrušová

The bank building features a distinctive building type in the history of architecture. Its particularities were still little explored in Slovakia before and after 1918, i.e. in the context of diversity of the institutional spectrum of the Austrian-Hungarian monetary sector and under conditions of Slovak finance in the newly established Czechoslovakia. A lot of them can be illustrated on the example of Tatra banka’s architecture. Since its inception, it has had an exceptional position among Slovak banks. Its name became a national symbol and the bank was to serve as a showcase of Slovak banking. Since the beginning it was intended as a central nationwide Slovak bank to support Slovak industry and entrepreneurial activity and to help set up, organize and educate smaller banks all over Slovakia. Despite the fact that, in comparison with the original plan, the Tatra’s operating was considerably curtailed due to counteraction of the state power in the Hungarian part of the monarchy, its connection with the national emancipatory efforts was deeply embedded in public awareness. In the long run, the bank has maintained a leading position among Slovak financial institutions, it has carried business in industry, cooperated with Czech banks, systematically built an extensive network of branches and as the first Slovak bank penetrated into eastern Slovakia, which was under strong Hungarian influence. After establishment of the new state of the Czechs and Slovaks Tatra belonged still among the strongest banks in Slovakia, but in the context of the national economy it belonged only among medium-sized institutions. The term Tatra was, at that time, an important marketing sign and the national character of the bank was a part of it. The presented work is the result of systematic research of that building type. It presents on selected examples how the aforementioned circumstances were reflected in the architecture of the flagship of Slovak banking under the conditions of two different state establishments. The intersection interprets the style preferences, typological particularities and the link to the traditional concept of a bank building from the historic building of the first headquarters in Martin (1912), the eclectic building of the branch office in Bytca (1920 – 1921) and Liptovský Mikuláš (1925), through the new office in Bratislava (1925) in the spirit of official monumentality to the functionalist regional appearance of the modern branch of Modrý Kameň (1930 - 1932) in the style of regional modernism. The lack of a central European context is documented by comparisons with selected bank buildings at the centres of architectural events in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Czechoslovakia. At the same time, the demand is demonstrated for the connection of representative architectural forms with the pragmatism of the layout solution in the sense of building an institutional (corporate) Tatra brand.

Enikő Bollobás

Two Hungarian authors, Sándor Márai and Péter Nádas, seem to have one thing in common: their attraction to triangular relationships. Written between 1935 and 1942 and portraying human relations in pre-World War II Hungary, Márai’s two novels and one drama all turn on a very specific triangular structure between two close friends and the woman whom they both love(d). Now they conduct a painful tête-à-tête to decide on the final ownership (or simply fate) of the woman. Written in 1979 and portraying human relations in communist Hungary, Nádas’s play has only two actors on stage, a woman of aristocratic descent and a young man, the son of a high-ranking communist official, the woman’s long dead lover. This exchange between the two characters opens into an encounter of three, where the woman and the young man each use the other as a mediator to reach the third, the lover/father. Bollobás argues that the triangles displayed by the two authors represent two distinct types: the former is informed by fixed, hierarchical, subject-object power relations, while the latter by fluid, non-hierarchical, subject-subject relations.

Peyman Nasehpour

In this note, we investigate the history of algebra briefly. We particularly focus on the history of rings, semirings, and the distributive law.

Adam Burrows

The histories of core-collapse supernova theory and of neutrino physics have paralleled one another for more than seventy years. Almost every development in neutrino physics necessitated modifications in supernova models. What has emerged is a complex and rich dynamical scenario for stellar death that is being progressively better tested by increasingly sophisiticated computer simulations. Though there is still much to learn about the agency and details of supernova explosions, whatever final theory emerges will have the neutrino at its core. I summarize in this brief contribution some of the salient developments in neutrino physics as they related to supernova theory, while avoiding any attempt to review the hundreds of pivotal papers that have pushed supernova theory forward. My goal has been merely to highlight the debt of supernova astrophysics to neutrino physics.

Alexander I. Nazarov, Galina I. Sinkevich

The first half of the 20th century in the history of Russian mathematics is striking with a combination of dramaticism, sometimes a tragedy, and outstanding achievements. The paper is devoted to St. Petersburg-Leningrad Mathematical School. It is based on a chapter in the multi-author monograph "Mathematical Petersburg. History, science, sights" (SPb: Educational projects, 2018, 336 pp. in Russian).

Erika Kapus

Menyhért, Anna. 2016: Egy szabad nő, Erdős Renée regényes élete (‘A Free Woman, The Remarkable Life of Renée Erdős’). Budapest: General Press. 231 pp. Illus.