Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Nigel Walter

Park Hill is the largest listed building in Europe. Opened in 1961, its design is an innovation on Le Corbusier’s Unité d’Habitation, with horizontal ‘streets in the sky’ at every third level, with duplex apartments extending above and below each access level. It was Britain's first completed scheme of post-war slum clearance and the most ambitious inner-city development of its time. However, while the development was conceived and opened with great optimism, by the time it was listed in 1998 it was in serious decline, both socially and physically. Unable to finance its refurbishment, Sheffield City Council sold Park Hill to developers for £1 in 2004. With the extensive involvement of Historic England, the subsequent refurbishment has upgraded the buildings and gentrified them, with only a small minority of units being available for affordable housing. The form and much of the physical fabric of the development has been preserved, but its original social significance has arguably been lost. This paper examines Park Hill in the context of the development of the notion of authenticity from the Venice Charter (1964) through to the Nara Document (1994). The paper concludes that the listing and protection of a building such as Park Hill would not have been possible without the development of the multivalent approach to authenticity in the Nara Document, which forms an essential aspect of the broadened understanding of what constitutes cultural heritage.

M. Mukhtar*, Asmuni Asmuni

Religious extremism has become a prominent issue widely discussed worldwide today. Numerous studies from various perspectives have been conducted by scholars from both the Western and Eastern traditions to understand and identify solutions to the problem. Although the issue of religious extremism is considered somewhat sensitive due to its subjective classification, sometimes based on the biases of the evaluators, the Islamic perspective on progressive fiqh issues needs to be analyzed and highlighted as one of the efforts to address the phenomenon of extremism. This aims to prevent greater harm to the Muslim community and, consequently, preserve religion, life, intellect, honor, and wealth as desired by Islamic law (maqasid Sharia). This article employs a qualitative approach using a descriptive-analytical method, which seeks to critically describe the substance of various concepts and theories related to the moderate concept according to Ibn Ashur. The primary data sources are Ibn Ashur's written works discussing the Maqasid Sharia. Additionally, literature related to religious extremism will be utilized. This article is expected to contribute to the understanding and handling of religious extremism by integrating the principles of Maqasid Sharia from Ibn Ashur's perspective. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the significance of Maqasid Sharia in the context of combating religious extremism based on Ibn Ashur's perspective. It also aims to provide new insights into efforts to combat religious extremism by detailing the importance of Maqasid Sharia according to Ibn Ashur's thoughts.

Urška Jeglič

Namen prispevka je pojasniti trditev Nedžada Grabusa, ki je muslimane v Sloveniji označil za ramazanske muslimane. Prispevek prikaže, koliko muslimanov v Sloveniji se odloča za post, in predstavi praznovanje ramazanskega bajrama v Sloveniji. V prispevku je prav tako izpostavljena problematika potrošništva v času ramazana, ki pripomore k ozaveščanju praznika, hkrati pa oddaljuje od njegovega bistva.

M. Srivastava, Shashank Shekhar

Children are the future of nations and the citizens of tomorrow. They are a valuable asset to the country and should be safeguarded from all legal aspects and nurtured in accordance with the provisions of the Indian constitution. The constitution of India aspires to create a robust community and, to achieve this; it has bestowed numerous rights upon children. The chapters on fundamental rights and Directive principles contain comprehensive rules for basic rights such as the right to life, the right to education, freedom of religion and thought, and protection against various forms of abuse and exploitation. A juvenile is typically defined as an individual under the age of eighteen who has been accused or convicted of a crime, either under the Indian Penal Code or any other legislation that prescribes penalty. The population of such children in India is growing rapidly, necessitating the need for care and protection. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 provided a clear definition of the term "juvenile". The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 has included but not provided clear explanations in its global records. The history of Juvenile justice legislation in India illustrates the categories of marginalized juveniles and juvenile offenders that have been overlooked. Over the course of 80 years, specifically from 1920 to 2000, a strong differentiation was upheld between neglected juveniles and juvenile delinquents. There was no distinct legislation governing the administration of justice for adult criminals and juvenile offenders. It has been observed and acknowledged that children, due to their underdeveloped cognitive abilities, lack the capacity to comprehend the repercussions of their actions. Thus, the notion of segregating juvenile delinquents from adult offenders emerged, leading to the establishment of a distinct system of justice for young offenders.

Patrick Maina Kamau, M. Katola, Humphrey M. Waweru

The Kikuyu people were exposed to Christianity in the year 1900 following the arrival of Reverend McGregor. Subsequently, an overwhelming majority of individuals have adopted Christianity, with more than 90% identifying themselves as Christians. Nevertheless, the amalgamation of Western and Christian cultures throughout history has posed difficulties for the revival of Kikuyu traditional rituals. However, Anglican Christians have observed a revival of Kikuyu cultural traditions in Murang'a County, Kenya, during the twenty-first century. This return signifies a deliberate embrace of traditions that were previously forsaken. The objective of this study is to discover and examine the revived cultural traditions within the Anglican community, such as the reverence of ancestors, the categorization of individuals by age, the act of sacrificing animals, traditional marriage ceremonies, and the use of traditional brew. The study investigates the impact of cultural revival on Kikuyu Christianity through qualitative methodologies, including observation and interviews. The primary findings indicate that cultural revitalization entails both benefits and drawbacks. On one side, it assists in resolving identity challenges and enhances relationships with the community and family. Nevertheless, it also cultivates duplicity, undermines the Christian belief system, and engenders discord within the Christian community. These findings emphasize the necessity for dialogue among Kikuyu Christians to reconcile traditional behaviors with Christian principles. This will promote an authentic African Christianity that embraces Christian values while recognizing and integrating indigenous heritage. This study adds to the current discussion on the relationship between culture and religion in modern African settings by examining the intricacies and impacts of cultural resurgence in Christian communities.

Yansha Yu-sandstrom

The text inherits from the history of human civilization of "The same completely inclusive faith with its laws of the Trinity" that expressed in various ways across civilization and cultures.   Examples of this inheritance include the Trinity of Greek and Roman philosophy; the representation of "Faith in God and Its Trinity Laws" through the "Cross" in the Bible; the Quran's representation of "Faith in Allah and Its Laws of Allah's Star and Moon"; the Buddhist scriptures' representation of "Faith in Buddha and Its Laws of Trilakāya" through "The Revolving Cross"; and Chinese philosophy in Tao Te Ching and The Book of Change, which shares the concept of "Faith in Tao and (Entailment of The) One Yin, (Presenting of The) One Yang, called The Tao (Laws)" symbolized by "Yin Yang Ball".   Additionally, various faiths represent their Trinity-Laws using symbols such as “Hermaphrodite Baphomet” or “Pentagram and circle compounded together as one", facilitating communication between Christianity and Islam. However, human societies, groups, and individuals often fail to integrate human knowledge and experiences fully, resulting in a partial understanding of these concepts (even if Awakened monks and hermits exist, they might face interdisciplinary or language barriers hindering the spread of truth).Start open “The Same Completely Inclusive Scientific Faith with Its Principium of Natural Laws of The Compounding-Corresponding-Trinity”which relies on “The Three Major Natural Complementary Principles” that build up by “Laws of Personality” which also is “Principium of Commonality”. And are fundamentally compounding and corresponding, clarifying the existing ways and existing relationships of the trinity of all things. Lay the foundation for humanity to achieve reconciliation, reach consensus, and jointly building "The Everbright Era of Earth Human Democratic Federation’s Scientific Social Public Morality Mature Self-Consistent Guarantee Node-System".   And escorting human beings to advance to the ranks of intelligent life in the universe that consciously abides by the laws of the universe.

Jetmira Fekolli

The notion of progress has been part of a common understanding for several centuries, as a result of enlightenment culture and, in a broader sense, of modernity. History proves that the forms of society, its organization and dynamics have changed over the centuries. During the last two decades, transformations have been more radical and accelerated, generating restructuring in all aspects of life, related to the idea of progress. Evaluating progress requires determining what needs to be improved. On the other hand, the definition of progress depends on an "image of man" and the continuous processing of this image, which is a prerequisite for the identification of those values that allow the expression of a judgment of progress. The multidimensional analysis of the concept of progress is the aim of this scientific paper. On the other hand, the theme of progress is connected with that of enlightenment. The Enlightenment changed the way of thinking about education, religion, justice, brought respect for others, diversity as a value, while critical reason was valued as an instrument of analysis and knowledge of the world... What is left today of that revolution of thought? What are irreversible changes? What Enlightenment values are still common and relevant today? The meaning, essence and values of enlightenment are more current than ever in the journey of contemporary society towards progress. The paper aims to analyze this coexistence, in a critical and emancipatory approach, in a social and cultural context. The Enlightenment principle, according to which we can use reason and solidarity in the function of human development, may seem a common, mundane and outdated concept. But in fact, this paper will present the opinion that this is not the case. Today more than ever the principles and ideals of science, humanity and progress need to be vigorously defended. We take their gifts for granted; newborns who will live more than eight decades; grocery stores overflowing with food, potable water available at the snap of fingers, and garbage disappearing at the same rate; drugs that destroy a painful infection; boys who are no longer sent to war; girls who can walk the streets without fear of any danger, critics of powerful rulers who are not sent to prison or killed because of their criticism; in the pocket of a shirt you can find all the information about the world and culture. All these are human achievements and not rights born from the universe. From the experience of those who have the misfortune to live in some underdeveloped parts of the world, war, shortages of vital things, disease, ignorance and death threats are normal components of existence. We are aware that countries can slip back into these primitive conditions, and while this risk exists to our detriment, we seriously ignore the successful achievements of the Enlightenment. Enlightenment principles are related to humanism, open society or cosmopolitan or classical liberalism. The ideals of the Enlightenment are the product of human reason, but they are also in constant war with other components of human nature: loyalty to the herd, respect for authority, magical thinking, the tendency to represent evildoers for misfortunes. In the second decade of the 21st century, there has been a growing trend of some political movements describing their countries as being plunged into a diabolical pessimism due to some malicious factions that only a powerful leader can withstand. , who with his decisiveness can restore the country's glory and make it seriously great. These movements have been fueled by a rhetoric widespread among many fierce opponents, according to which modern institutions have failed and every aspect of life has been permeated by an ever-deepening crisis. Thus, both sides agree with the macabre thesis according to which the destruction of certain institutions will make the world a better place. It is difficult to find a positive point of view that sees from a progressive point of view the problems in the world, which need to be improved by solving those problems in turn. This paper personifies the efforts to reformulate the ideals of the Enlightenment related to the language and concepts of the 21st century. First, a scheme will be designed that aims to facilitate the understanding of the human condition through spirituality and modern science. Who we are, where we come from, what challenges we will face and how we can face them. Not neglecting to build a clear consensus, these ideals have been treated by today's intellectuals with indifference, skepticism, and sometimes even with contempt. According to the theory of this paper, when these ideals are properly evaluated, then we understand that the ideals of the enlightenment are actually noble and capable of evoking emotions and being a source of inspiration; become a motive for living. This paper follows the relative debate about scientific progress also inspired by philosophical progress, in terms of truth, problem solving, knowledge and the process of understanding. Equally important, the paper will describe philosophy and science in a common framework, to understand and appreciate science and human progress.   Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024

Mohammad Afrozi Espushani, Hojjatollah Darvishpour, Mojtaba Maqsoodi et al.

The Islamic Revolution in Iran, as one of the most influential phenomena of the twentieth century, has been studied by actors in the social field, with a vast amount of research conducted in major universities worldwide, incomparable to the pre-revolution period concerning Islam and the Islamic Revolution, and the role of religion in revolutionary changes. Iran's revolution, as it had goals and origins of desires that all active groups in the revolution and the masses expected, is well represented in slogans, demonstrations, speeches, and demands of the revolutionaries with key slogans: Independence, Freedom, Islamic Republic becoming operational. Alongside, issues such as attention to social justice are raised. This important orientation aims to minimize the gap between the rich and the poor in society. The most fundamental demands of the people become apparent in the key slogan of the Islamic Revolution. Revolutions are attractive phenomena in the field of sociology and political sciences, which even after several years, have the capability of research and investigation. While the Iranian Revolution, with its components, can be a phenomenon with high research capability subject to continuous revisions and evolutionary criticisms based on its accepted principles. Regarding the Islamic Revolution, numerous articles have been published, including Mustafa Koakabian's article titled "Discourse on Freedom and Democracy in the Islamic Revolution of Iran", which focuses more on the freedom discussion in slogans and demands of the masses and the claims of active groups or, in a sense, revolutionaries; and mentions the role of active clergymen in the revolution who have spoken about or elaborated on freedom. He strives to accurately and thoroughly look at the post-revolution aspect and even examines the effects of the fundamental slogans of the revolutionaries in the text of the constitution. This article focuses more on the value of freedom in the Islamic Revolution and elaborates and explains it. Values in any society form the key elements of that society's culture and guide and lead in performing social actions. Recognizing these values has always been one of the important issues for thinkers in the social sciences and humanities.

P. Yeremieiev

Purpose. The article attempts to discover how and under the influence of what factors Mykhailo Maksymovych perceived and described the Church Slavonic language and how the scholar’s vision of this issue influenced other assessments and characteristics in his works. Methods. The study is based on the dichotomy of the sacred and the profane described in the phenomenology of religion. Based on published works by Mykhailo Maksymovych, his memoir, letters and unpublished notes, saved in the Institution of Manuscript of Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (Kyiv), I attempt to find out whether the sacralisation of the Church Slavonic language took place in the mind of Mykhailo Maksymovych, and if so, how this sacralisation influenced his assessment of the place and role of this language in national life. Scientific novelty. The author reveals how Mykhailo Maksymovych’s religious views and worship experiences influenced his perception of the Church Slavonic language in his scientific works. The connection between Mykhailo Maksymovych's opinions on the Church Slavonic language and his assessments of the importance of other Slavic languages is revealed. Conclusions. Mykhailo Maksymovych sacralised the Church Slavonic language under the influence of his religious beliefs and prayer practices. This process resulted from rather archaic principles of thinking described in terms of the phenomenology of religion. Influenced by the sacralisation of the Church Slavonic language, Mychailo Maksymovych characterised its influence as positive without any philological arguments. Postulating the thesis about the particular impact of the Church Slavonic language on the formation of the Russian literary language, Mykhailo Maksymovych stressed its superiority to the other Slavic languages.

Stephen Christopher

This article analyzes the tribal aspirations of Sippis, traditionally a wool shearing caste closely associated with Gaddis. Sippis have different administrative classifications across three districts in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu. In most contexts, they self identify as part of the Gaddi tribe. In this regard, they are not alone; four other caste groups, partially integrated into Gaddi life, make similar claims of tribal belonging. They argue that Gaddis are a caste heterogeneous tribal community with entrenched forms of casteism and ritual exclusion. Some identify with the neologism “Scheduled Tribe Dalit” to reflect their intersectionality as both marginalized Dalits and tribal people. Sippis, however, demand tribal inclusion along different ideological lines, often de-emphasizing tribal casteism, and emphasizing status equivalence with Gaddi Rajputs and Brahmins. Sippis generally reject their subordination as landless peasants and unfree clients under patronage exploitation, a narrative central to many other self identifying Gaddi Dalits. In doing so, Sippis separate themselves from other Gaddi identifying caste groups as they appeal for Scheduled Tribe status in Kangra. Based on 22 months of fieldwork, I analyze the ideologies of Sippi exceptionalism in the domains of pilgrimage, ritual practice, vocational lifestyle, and belief. The widespread recognition of Sippis as the highest status group among Scheduled Caste Gaddis, both in terms of self stylization and tribal social acceptance, accounts for villages where lower status groups have legally changed their caste certificates to become Sippi. Attention to how reservation shapes spirituality has broader implications for the anthropology of affirmative action across South Asia.

Elena Novoselova

the article analyzes the Church's position on the funeral rites that were practiced by the Peruvian Indigenous in the early colonial period. First, the author presents a brief description of the Andean funeral rite, most of the elements of which (the presence of extensive accompanying gifts, burial with subsequent access to the body for ritual purposes, etc.) directly contradicted the Christian doctrine and practice. The author distinguishes between two types of sources — reflecting the theoretical position and revealing its practical implementation. The theoretical provisions are reflected primarily in the materials of the first three Lima church councils, which were convened in 1551-52, 1567-68 and 1582-88. The practical implementation of these provisions is most clearly traced by the materials of the processes for the extirpation of idolatry among the Indigenous people, the peak of which fell on the XVII century. Most of these documents originate from the Archdiocese of Lima. The analysis of these sources shows that the following practices caused the greatest condemnation on the part of the Church: burials of the deceased outside church cemeteries and burials together with accompanying gifts (drinks, food, clothes, etc.). In addition, it can be stated that there are no significant discrepancies between the theory and practice in relation of the Church to Indigenous funeral rites, with the exception of that the burning of ancestral mummies, which has become a common practice, was not prescribed by the documentation of the Lima councils. In conclusion, the author concludes that the efforts of the Church to eradicate traditional rituals were partially successful, and some elements of the traditional Andean funeral rite were replaced by Christian ones.

A. Merkulov, A. Filimonov

The purpose of the article is to analyze the Church and the School in the Russian Empire of the second half of the 19th century. The study of this subject is of great importance in understanding the history of Russia and the role of the Church in society. Modern science given quite close attention to the problems of interaction between religion and the state in the process of historical development of Russia. Studying the interaction of Church and the School in Russia at that time can help to better understand the role of religion in society and its impact on education. The conclusions made by the authors help to clarify the system of relations be-tween Church and state in Russia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. The problems raised and the ways to solve them can be useful for modern educational and religious institutions facing issues of interaction between religion and education. As a result, the author concludes that the study of this subject can help to better understand the principles and values that were important for Russian society in the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

Sukhandeep Kaur, Ram Viranjan

Punjab is one of the paramount states in the history of India from its artistic, literary, and historical significance of view, in which Indian culture and sophistication first came to the forefront. Punjab has always been the motherland of sages, incarnations, Gurus, martyrs, and freedom fighters. The contribution of these Sikh Divine master’s to the society cannot be summed up in a few words. However, many writers endowed the principles about the life of these Gurus in their terms as they penned their spiritual, social, and religious perspectives. Hence, art was not deprived of this touch either; many artistic movements made the Sikh religion the subject of their work. Sikh art has been, at its zenith, among the vast arts prospering in the land of Punjab, which brought the unique religious, social, and historical facets of Sikhism with tremendous sincerity and vividness in the exquisite touch of colours. In this paper, an attempt has been made for sharing some of the essential aspects of Sikh art from its birth to its development, which led to some significant sources of Sikh art in the form of Sikh murals, illustrated manuscripts, and portraits of Sikh Gurus, and so on.

*Yusuf Perdana, Sumargono Sumargono, Rinaldo Adi Pratama et al.

The purpose of this study was to describe the political activities of an Islamic organization, namely Sarekat Islam in 1916-1921. The Union of Islamic Organizations (SI) started from the Sarekat Dagang Islam (SDI) which was transformed into the Sarekat Islam with the aim of expanding its reach which was not only limited to traders. SI turned into an association that encouraged the socio-political struggle of the people at the beginning of the twentieth century. The method used in this study is the Historical Method, namely heuristic steps, source criticism, data interpretation and historiography. The results of the study are the political progress of the Islamic organization, namely Sarekat Islam in 1916-1921 through national congresses in several regions by bringing up socio-political problems, which culminated in 1921 with the split of Sarekat Islam itself with two streams, namely Sarekat Islam Merah with socialist principles - communists led by Semaun and Sarekat Islam Putih based on nationality and religion led by Tjokroaminoto.

Parinitha B., A. Lourdusamy

Purpose: Man, in contrast to other creatures, is concerned with spiritual issues such as cognitive, social, artistic, and political concerns. A deep relationship has existed between faith and humanity since the dawn of time, if not before. The various religious and cultural beliefs are reflected in myths. As a result, the history of civilizations is primarily linked to and identified with mythology and religion. With the guidance of mythology and culture, people can better understand their world and the meaning of life. Thousands of years had passed since the epic narratives were penned. However, the astonishing stories continue to uncover conspicuousness in every genre of art and continue to engulf and overwhelm us even today. Epic narratives are still loved not only for their poetic grandeur but also for the highest philosophical principles they contain, which educate us about the art of living. As a result, the Mahabharata is one of the most important writings in Indian culture, and its stories, which practically everyone has grown up hearing, are still relevant today. It is a true embodiment of a useful scripture that offers the modern man with a traditional, moral, and liturgical grounding even in the contemporary society. It is not just a story of morality to be narrated from the generations, but an unending source of study. Plenty of critics have studied the text from many perspectives, still much remains to be discovered and researched. The study intends to read four new retellings of the Mahabharata novels and look afresh into the four powerful female characters, namely, Sathyavati, Gandhari, Kunti, and Draupadi. The study discovers the quest for self-crisis of the four prominent female characters by applying feministic study, power politics, and gender views. The study mainly focuses on the comparison and contrast between the concept of western and Indian feminism. Methodology/Approach: The Literature Review is carried out by the information collected from different sources like educational websites, peer-reviewed journals, and online sources. The proposed research will be carried out relying on the data collected through research journals, doctoral thesis, scholarly articles, and websites. This qualitative approach is conducted mainly based on collecting, examining, and interpreting existing knowledge on the selected topic by focusing on the keywords "Feminism, Prominence, Relevance, Retelling, Self-Crisis, and Western". The methodology of the study is the textual analysis and comparative method. Findings/Result: Vast reading of mythology will enhance the further areas of study. The gap between western feminism and Indian feminism helps to identify the discrimination of women in a clear way. The detailed study of the construction of gender views over the years makes it insightful about the issue. Discover that there is a connection between feminist studies with other theoretical frameworks. Modern retellings of the epic novels widen the scope and understanding of the original work. The scope and relevance of feminism in India are become more clear by comparing and contrasting the Indian and western concepts of feminism. Paper type: Exploratory research paper.

M. Nasir, Khalilurrahman

This study aims to determine the values of character education contained in Nurcholish Madjid's biography entitled Cak Nur Sang Guru Bangsa by Muhammad Wahyuni Nafis and its relevance to the material on familiarizing commendable morals in the Akidah Akhlak class VIII year 2020 subject at Madrasah Tsanawiyyah. This research is useful for enriching scientific treasures for researchers of history and Islamic thought and for reference in the world of Islamic Religious Education. This was library research, or literature study in the sense that all the data comes from written materials, namely the author studies and examines library materials, especially regarding issues of character education values and moral principles. This research uses content analysis and descriptive method. Content analysis is used to reveal, understand, and capture the contents of the writing, while the descriptive method is used to discuss the research object as it is according to the data obtained. This study found the values of character education in Cak Nur Sang Guru Bangsa's biography, namely: religion, tolerance, discipline, hard work, creative, democratic, peace-loving, fond of reading, social care, and responsibility. The relevance of Cak Nur's book Sang Guru Bangsa with the subjects of aqidah morals includes: Endeavor, trust, gratitude, patience, qana'ah, husnuzan, tawadu, tasamuh, and ta'awun.

A. Gamon, M. Tagoranao

Given the influence of secularism in interpreting social facts, the present study highlights the relevance of recognising cultural convergence as the ultimate panacea to the decades of unresolved conflicts amongst various cultural groups in the Philippines. The study underlines that the surviving epistemological foundation between two opposing cultures of knowledge must be taken as the point of reference in resolving historical injustices done to the Muslim communities. The transformation of Muslim education through government policy interventions and meaningful collaborations with Muslim leaders and scholars may provide a holistic framework for enhancing social and knowledge integration, particularly in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). As such, the present study does not intend to provide a comprehensive revision of historical accounts about Islam in the Philippines; instead, it proposes an alternative approach in writing a history of Muslim education by embracing the universal principles that shape human culture and civilisation. Framed from the national agenda for social integration via education, the study views the prominence of systematic narration of the past events that captured the characteristics of Muslim communities, whose system of life and governance is based on advanced culture and civilisation is shaped by tawhidic worldview. In addition, the study maintains that drifting away from humanities and civilisational studies, which aims to restore values, ethics, morality, and vitality to a system of knowledge, will certainly result in losing the essence of education. Therefore, historians of education need to get up to speed to educate and inform people of the values necessary for understanding the existence of others. The methodology of the study is qualitative. It relies on primary and secondary sources on the history of Muslim education in the Philippines, government documents regarding policies in addressing the problem of Muslims in the Philippines, unpublished works, and interviews in addition to library research. The study recommends that historians of education should embrace the true principle of cultural convergence. Such profound recognition of ‘others’ and ‘us’ via the history of education may be achieved through inclusivity and open-minded outlooks, which recognises that BARMM is plural and a diverse community that is mutually connected with the universal teachings of Islam as religion, which encompasses culture, and civilisation.

Ilya Burdukov

This article is devoted to the study of one of the least studied groups of historical sources - the personal files of clergy. The archive of the Smolensk diocesan administration was used as a representative material. Based on the causal method, it was possible to consider a number of personal affairs of clergymen and, on their basis, identify those thematic blocks, the study of which contributes to a fuller and deeper immersion in the historical realities of the existence of the Russian Orthodox Church through the prism of the life and work of the clergy. The documents of the diocesan archives are able to shed light on certain circumstances of the life of a clergyman of the Soviet period and see his true portrait thanks to the testimonies that have been preserved in personal files - service records, autobiographies, complaints, clippings from periodicals, etc. The determining factor in the objectivity of consideration of this kind of documents involves the use of an integrated approach that can fill those gaps that are inevitable in office work. In this regard, when studying the personal files of clergymen of the Soviet period, it is necessary to take into account the factor of verification of the information contained in them due to political realities and the subjectivity of decisions of one bishop or another, or employees of the diocesan administration. This work does not claim to be exhausted. On the contrary, this attempt at research is aimed, firstly, at drawing attention to the problem of the lack of knowledge of the designated kind of sources. Secondly, it seems important to pay attention to the safety and accessibility for researchers of diocesan archives. The latter requires special attention, and the fate of a significant layer of history not only of the Church, its ministers, but also of our state depends on the resolution of these issues

Younghee Wang

The purpose of this study is to find out the symbolism of salt, an essential and unrare element in human life from the perspective of analytical psychology. Various documents and literatures regarding to its history, religion, verbal expressions, and culture from the physical characteristics of salt were explored. Salt, which has symbolized as vitality, equilibrium, contrast, and inhibition due to its natural characteristics, has come to symbolize wealth, power, and even conflict along with history. Linguistic expressions of salt represent the value of salt. Alchemy represents it as female principles. In the Bible, salt symbolizes preservatives, purifiers, and eternal promise between humans and God. In Western culture, salt has both positive and negative meanings. In Korean folk culture, salt is a sacred ingredient that purifies injustice with the bright energy of the sun, chasing away evil spirits and preventing fires. It can be expected that figure-using psychotherapists in practice can be expected to expand therapy by comprehending the various symbolical meanings of salt.

Ikram Yasingo, R. A. Osman, Fadalla Abd Elgleil Mohammed

Tadika is an institution in the Islamic community. The goal is to inculcate basic religious principles. Make children become good Muslims Be a good member of society If young people are good people, have morals and ethics, and when they grow up to be adults, they will be good people in society, there will be good people and society will be good, but in the present situation, the number of students in learning has decreased In Tadika it is steadily due to parents neglecting their children to waste time studying in Tadika. Because studying in Thai government schools is enough that is why people in Pattani are more distant and not interested in religion because not sending them to study Tadika is one of the factors that make the Muslim community in Pattani away from the faith of Islam. The current study attempts to analyze the main reasons why people do not send their children to Tadika School and the history of Tadika in Pattani.