Hasil untuk "History"

J. Scott

I. Toward a Feminist HistoryII. Gender and ClassIII. Gender in HistoryIV. Equality and Difference

Udbhav, Rachna

M. Gerstung, Clemency Jolly, I. Leshchiner et al.

Cancer develops through a process of somatic evolution1,2. Sequencing data from a single biopsy represent a snapshot of this process that can reveal the timing of specific genomic aberrations and the changing influence of mutational processes3. Here, by whole-genome sequencing analysis of 2,658 cancers as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)4, we reconstruct the life history and evolution of mutational processes and driver mutation sequences of 38 types of cancer. Early oncogenesis is characterized by mutations in a constrained set of driver genes, and specific copy number gains, such as trisomy 7 in glioblastoma and isochromosome 17q in medulloblastoma. The mutational spectrum changes significantly throughout tumour evolution in 40% of samples. A nearly fourfold diversification of driver genes and increased genomic instability are features of later stages. Copy number alterations often occur in mitotic crises, and lead to simultaneous gains of chromosomal segments. Timing analyses suggest that driver mutations often precede diagnosis by many years, if not decades. Together, these results determine the evolutionary trajectories of cancer, and highlight opportunities for early cancer detection. Whole-genome sequencing data for 2,778 cancer samples from 2,658 unique donors across 38 cancer types is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cancer, revealing that driver mutations can precede diagnosis by several years to decades.

V. Kaul, Sarah Enslin, S. Gross

Artificial intelligence (AI) was first described in 1950; however, several limitations in early models prevented widespread acceptance and application to medicine. In the early 2000s, many of these limitations were overcome by the advent of deep learning. Now AI systems are capable of analyzing complex algorithms and self-learning, we enter a new age in medicine where AI can be applied to clinical practice through risk assessment models, improving diagnostic accuracy and improving workflow efficiency. This article presents a brief historical perspective on the evolution of AI over the last several decades and the introduction and development of AI in medicine in recent years. A brief summary of the major applications of AI in gastroenterology and endoscopy are also presented, which will be reviewed in further detail by several other articles in this issue of GIE.

Liyan Tian, J. Adams

by a line of prewetting transitions. These are transitions from a thin to a thick liq­ uid layer. At high temperatures the prewetting line terminates at the prewet­ ting critical point where the distinction between thin and thick films disappears. It is very significant that the wetting tran­ sition temperature Tw lies in the range where the gradual metal-non-metal tran­ sition occurs in liquid mercury at coexis­ tence. The coincidence of these two tran­ sitions is again a striking example of the intimate interplay between changes in in­ terparticle forces and changes in the elec­ tronic structure associated with the metal-non-metal transition. The author is working at Marburg Further reading Fluid Metals:The Liquid-Vapor Transition of Metals by F. Hensel and W.W. Warren Jr (Prince­ ton University Press, 1999) · The MonoatomicMolecular Transition in Expanded Rubidium by W.-C. Pilgrim, M. Ross, L.H. Yang and F. Hensel Physical Review Letters 78 3685-3688 (1997)

R. Peters, L. Krogmann, C. Mayer et al.

M. Shi, Xian-dan Lin, Xiao Chen et al.

R. Nicoll

D. Edgerton

U. Kogelschatz

J. Hamrick, M. Godt

E. Garfield

J. Avise

W. Calder

J. Baker

This book provides a concise introduction to the history of the main institutions and doctrines of English law, from the earliest times to the present. It retains the structure of the fourth edition (2003) but has been heavily revised to take account of recent research and thinking on the topics addressed. Citations of the companion source-book, Baker and Milsom, have all been amended to refer to the enlarged second edition (2010). The concentration is on the common law rather than on the many statutory regimes and reforms of the last two centuries, but stories begun in earlier periods have been carried through in outline to the present.

R. Marioni, S. Harris, Qian Zhang et al.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a public health priority for the 21st century. Risk reduction currently revolves around lifestyle changes with much research trying to elucidate the biological underpinnings. We show that self-report of parental history of Alzheimer’s dementia for case ascertainment in a genome-wide association study of 314,278 participants from UK Biobank (27,696 maternal cases, 14,338 paternal cases) is a valid proxy for an AD genetic study. After meta-analysing with published consortium data (n = 74,046 with 25,580 cases across the discovery and replication analyses), three new AD-associated loci (P < 5 × 10−8) are identified. These contain genes relevant for AD and neurodegeneration: ADAM10, BCKDK/KAT8 and ACE. Novel gene-based loci include drug targets such as VKORC1 (warfarin dose). We report evidence that the association of SNPs in the TOMM40 gene with AD is potentially mediated by both gene expression and DNA methylation in the prefrontal cortex. However, it is likely that multiple variants are affecting the trait and gene methylation/expression. Our discovered loci may help to elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying AD and, as they contain genes that are drug targets for other diseases and disorders, warrant further exploration for potential precision medicine applications.

E. Neumann

The first of Erich Neumann's works to be translated into English, this eloquent book draws on a full range of world mythology to show that individual consciousness undergoes the same archetypal stages of development as has human consciousness as a whole. Neumann, one of Jung's most creative students and a renowned practitioner of analytical psychology in his own right, shows how the stages begin and end with the symbol of the Uroboros, or tail-eating serpent. The intermediate stages are projected in the universal myths of the World Creation, Great Mother, Separation of the World Parents, Birth of the Hero, Slaying of the Dragon, Rescue of the Captive, and Transformation and Deification of the Hero. Throughout the sequence the Hero is the evolving ego consciousness.

A. Ferguson

Claudia Corrò, Laura Novellasdemunt, Vivian S. W. Li

In vitro cell cultures are crucial research tools for modeling human development and diseases. Although the conventional monolayer cell cultures have been widely used in the past, the lack of tissue architecture and complexity of such model fails to inform the true biological processes in vivo. Recent advances in the organoid technology have revolutionized the in vitro culture tools for biomedical research by creating powerful three-dimensional (3D) models to recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity, structure, and functions of the primary tissues. Such organoid technology enables researchers to recreate human organs and diseases in a dish and thus holds great promises for many translational applications such as regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and precision medicine. In this review, we provide an overview of the organoid history and development. We discuss the strengths and limitations of organoids as well as their potential applications in the laboratory and the clinic.

J. Tosh