Hasil untuk "Hazardous substances and their disposal"

Priyanka Singla, Saras Sanchaya, Shalini Devgan et al.

Background: Unintentional injuries, caused by energy transfers, cause over 2 lakh deaths annually, with drowning and falls being top causes in India. In impoverished neighborhoods, inadequate preventive measures, unstable living, and poor educational conditions contribute to the risk. Hence, this study was conducted to estimate the proportion of under-five children having unintentional injuries along with injury profile at household level in urban and rural areas. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in an institution's field practice area from May 2019 to April 2020, focusing on households with under-five children. A total of 280 mother-child duos were included, with a 1:1.7 ratio for representation of both urban and rural populations. The study used a self-designed household survey questionnaire to assess injury profiles among under-five children. Chi-square analysis was used to assess the variation of variables across urban and rural areas. Results: Out of 280 households, injury was present in 115 (100%) urban and          155 (93.9%) rural houses. Overall, 270 (96.43%) of households reported at least one child injury event. Majority i.e. 254 (90.71%) households reported falls with a 907.14 injury rate/1000/year. Conclusions: Falls were the most common type of injury reported, with a high injury rate per 1000 children per year. Health education among adolescents, parents, school teachers, and district health authorities must address causes, severity, complications, and prevention of unintentional injury. Child injuries can be prevented through public health initiatives, requiring collaboration between international communities, governments, and civil society to create safer societies.

Головань, С.Е., Степанов, А.В., Шаповалова, О.В. et al.

Cтатья посвящена комплексному анализу возможностей повышения экономической и экологической эффективности магистрального транспорта газа за счет внедрения метано-водородных смесей с содержанием H2 до 20% на примере пилотного проекта строительства установки SMR с CCUS на компрессорной станции «Северная» ПАО «Газпром». Исследование охватывает технико-экономические аспекты производства, безопасности, инфраструктурной интеграции и эффективности использования метано-водородных смесей в газотранспортной системе. Особое внимание уделено оценке влияния смеси на оборудование газотранспортной системы, промышленные установки и бытовые приборы, а также расчету экономической целесообразности проекта с учетом возможной государственной поддержки.

Супырев, А.В., Яруллин, Р.Н., Куликова, А.А. et al.

Проведено исследование процесса химической очистки отходов производства лаковых коллоксилинов, а именно, так называемого, ловушечного коллоксилина (ЛОК). Установлено, что максимальный эффект удаления сорбированных волокном ЛОК соединений железа и солей жесткости достигается при совместном присутствии в варочном растворе азотной и фосфорной кислот. На основе проведенных исследований разработан процесс очистки нитратцеллюлозных возвратных отходов. Показано, что себестоимость изготавливаемого из ЛОК коллоксилина, в зависимости от степени загрязненности ЛОК, на 20‒40% ниже, чем себестоимость коллоксилина, получаемого переработкой целлюлозы.

Johanna Freilinger, Jan O. Back, Raphael Plangger et al.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent contaminants for which authorities worldwide have imposed limits on drinking water, groundwater and surface water. This has created challenges in PFAS detection, leading to an urgent need for reliable and selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) materials for PFAS analysis. In addressing this demand, we have tailored highly crosslinked copolymers containing 3-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)-1-vinylimidazolium chloride as a comonomer with ethylene dimethacrylate in various molar ratios. For ionic fluorosurfactants, these copolymers feature a dual binding mechanism that synergistically combines fluorophilic interactions and electrostatic attraction, enhancing selectivity and efficiency. The adsorption behavior of short- and long-chain PFAS and their recoveries were evaluated and compared to commercial SPE cartridges. Characterization revealed the highest ion-exchange capacity (412.7 ± 22 µeq g−1) for a monomer-to-crosslinker ratio of 2:1. The dynamic adsorption capacities for various PFAS ranged from 15.2 to 306 g−1. Recovery experiments consistently demonstrated high PFAS recoveries (98.8–121.6 %), while enrichment studies from wastewater confirmed its robustness in complex environmental matrices (recoveries: 90.8–99.2 %). Additionally, reusability experiments showed consistent recoveries over five cycles (recoveries: 90.34–108.0 %). The findings underscore the potential of this innovative polyelectrolyte as a selective, regenerable, and efficient alternative to conventional SPE materials, qualifying it as a superior candidate for PFAS analysis.

Atefeh Falakdami, Hossein Rafiei, Ali Razaghpoor

Background: Nursing theories provide structured frameworks that guide practice and enhance care quality. The Betty Neuman Systems Model, widely utilized in the care of patients with chronic diseases, adopts a holistic approach by addressing various dimensions of a patient's health. Therefore, this study aims to apply the model in the nursing care of a patient with breast cancer. Methods: This case study, conducted in Iran in 2021, involved a 47-year-old breast cancer patient selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via interviews, medical records, and physical examinations. Using the Betty Neuman Systems Model, the interactions among five key variables—physiological, psychological sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual—were assessed, and intra-, inter-, and extra-personal stressors, along with the patient's reactions, were identified. This, in turn, informed the formulation of nursing diagnoses and the development of a comprehensive care plan, which included goals, targeted interventions across three levels of prevention, and outcomes. Results: Analysis of the five variables and stressors resulted in 13 nursing diagnoses, including 8 actual and 5 risk diagnoses. The model's evaluation of the nursing care plan indicated positive outcomes for the patient. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the practical application of the Betty Neuman Systems Model in developing a personalized nursing care plan for a breast cancer patient. The findings highlight the model utility in addressing patients' holistic needs and provide practical insights for oncology nursing practice.

Клокова, А.А., Габдуллина, А.М., Богач, В.В. et al.

В статье представлены результаты экспериментального исследования интенсивности испарения ацетона. Установлено, что экспериментально определенная интенсивность испарения превышает расчетные значения, полученные по существующим методикам. Особое внимание уделено анализу влияния скорости движения воздуха на процесс испарения. При нулевой скорости воздушного потока выявлено максимальное расхождение между экспериментальными и расчетными данными.

Mohammad Khalil Kargar Shouroki, Mohsen Shakeri, Kazem Barzegar bafrooei et al.

Background: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the perceptions of Yazd University of Medical Sciences students about the positive aspects of electronic teaching on face-to-face teaching in the post-COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. Participants in the research included 10 students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd,  in the academic year 2022-2023 who were selected through purposive sampling. The research data collection tool included a semi-structured interview. Method of data analysis adapted from Smith  was used, and the criteria of rigor and trustworthiness were considered. Results: Eexperienced perceptions of medical students regarding the positive effects of electronic teaching were investigated and four main themes, including improving the hardware and software of virtual education, understanding the value of medical staff and health laws, increasing knowledge sharing and the role of virtual education, facilitating access to national and international education, and 12 sub-themes were achieved. Conclusion: Based on the results of the current research, the positive experiences gained from e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic can be used when distance learning is necessary, such as air pollution or unexpected events. Therefore, policy makers and planners of medical education can improve the quality of education by taking advantage of these experiences.

Hasan Zareei mahmoodabadi, Arezoo Jabin pour, Zahra Esfahani

Background: Cyberspace is a new form of social interaction that, despite its relatively short history, has successfully become integrated into people’s daily lives. Maladaptive patterns of Internet use and excessive engagement can lead to behavioral addiction and ultimately to internet addiction. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between loneliness and emotion regulation and the tendency toward Internet addiction among men and women in the city of Yazd,Iran. Methods: The research method was a survey. The population included all men and women in Yazd in 1403, from which 300 people (150 men and 150 women) from different age groups were selected by random sampling. In this way, the link to the online questionnaire (Porsline) was placed on local social networks and popular groups in Yazd and in public places such as parks, universities and cultural centers, for optional completion by individuals. The quality of entry included participating, residing in Yazd, and having a minimum level of literacy. The output included incomplete or invalid responses in the questionnaires. Young's Internet Usefulness, Russell's Loneliness, and Gross's Emotion Regulation questionnaires were administered to the subjects. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS26 software. Results: The results of the present study showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between loneliness and relationship (r=0.407, p<0.001). Also, a negative relationship was observed between emotion regulation and Internet use (r=-0.211, p<0.001). These results were felt in both sexes, with the difference that the correlation coefficient was stronger in men (men: r=0.503, p<0.001; women: r=0.307, p<0.001). F=35.802, p<0.001). In this model, loneliness was a positive and significant predictor of Internet use (β=0.389, p<0.001) and emotion regulation was a significant predictor (β=-0.171, p<0.001). In other words, increasing loneliness significantly increased the likelihood of using the Internet, and increasing pressure on other regulation significantly reduced Internet use. Conclusion: In summary, it can be concluded that loneliness and dysfunctional emotion regulation are good predictors of Internet use tendencies.

Jimin Choi, Max Z. Li

Hazardous environments such as chemical spills, radiological zones, and bio-contaminated sites pose significant threats to human safety and public infrastructure. Rapid and reliable hazard mitigation in these settings often unsafe for humans, calling for autonomous systems that can adaptively sense and respond to evolving risks. This paper presents a decision-making framework for autonomous vehicle dispatch in hazardous environments with uncertain and evolving risk levels. The system integrates a Bayesian Upper Confidence Bound (BUCB) sensing strategy with task-specific vehicle routing problems with profits (VRPP), enabling adaptive coordination of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for hazard sensing and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) for cleaning. Using VRPP allows selective site visits under resource constraints by assigning each site a visit value that reflects sensing or cleaning priorities. Site-level hazard beliefs are maintained through a time-weighted Bayesian update. BUCB scores guide UAV routing to balance exploration and exploitation under uncertainty, while UGV routes are optimized to maximize expected hazard reduction under resource constraints. Simulation results demonstrate that our framework reduces the number of dispatch cycles to resolve hazards by around 30% on average compared to baseline dispatch strategies, underscoring the value of uncertainty-aware vehicle dispatch for reliable hazard mitigation.

Baimam Boukar Jean Jacques

Classifying potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs) is crucial for planetary defense and deep space navigation, yet traditional methods often overlook the dynamical relationships among asteroids. We introduce a Graph Neural Network (GNN) approach that models asteroids as nodes with orbital and physical features, connected by edges representing their similarities, using a NASA dataset of 958,524 records. Despite an extreme class imbalance with only 0.22% of the dataset with the hazardous label, our model achieves an overall accuracy of 99% and an AUC of 0.99, with a recall of 78% and an F1-score of 37% for hazardous asteroids after applying the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique. Feature importance analysis highlights albedo, perihelion distance, and semi-major axis as main predictors. This framework supports planetary defense missions and confirms AI's potential in enabling autonomous navigation for future missions such as NASA's NEO Surveyor and ESA's Ramses, offering an interpretable and scalable solution for asteroid hazard assessment.

Vishal Choudhary, Shashi Kant Gupta, Shaohui Foong et al.

The localization of Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in deep tunnels is extremely challenging due to their inaccessibility and hazardous environment. Conventional outdoor localization techniques (such as using GPS) and indoor localization techniques (such as those based on WiFi, Infrared (IR), Ultra-Wideband, etc.) do not work in deep tunnels. We are developing a UAV-based system for the inspection of defects in the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) in Singapore. To enable the UAV localization in the DTSS, we have developed a distance measurement module based on the optical flow technique. However, the standard optical flow technique does not work well in tunnels with poor lighting and a lack of features. Thus, we have developed an enhanced optical flow algorithm with prediction, to improve the distance measurement for UAVs in deep hazardous tunnels.

Hatim Madkhali, Salahaldeen Duraib, Linh Nguyen et al.

Electronic waste generation is increasing dramatically throughout the world. Consequently, this increase in E-waste harms the environment, health, and other aspects of human life. Moreover, hazardous substances and the informal disposal of E-waste severely threaten human health and the environment. Saudi Arabia is the largest Arab country in terms of electronic waste generation and is the Arab country that generates the most E-waste. Over the past few decades, several initiatives and policy implementations have been undertaken in the country. However, the management of E-waste is still a source of distress and an unresolved issue. Sustainable development requires much more effort, primarily efficient E-waste management, which can only be achieved by establishing a formal collection system, early forecasting, and accurate estimations. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the fundamental and emerging trends in E-waste production worldwide and in Saudi Arabia. This paper aims to summarize the hazardous elements present in E-waste, their dangerous effects, and the economic potential for recycling E-waste as a means of developing sustainable communities. This study explores the practices regarding efficient E-waste management and E-waste estimation and prediction globally, specifically in Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries. This study suggests that more than the use of a single management probe will be needed to achieve significant results. Instead, a complementary approach can be used to achieve the most effective results. Additionally, people should be aware of the importance of handling and recycling E-waste. This study emphasizes the importance of formal collection and documentation to ensure effective monitoring and sustainable development in any developed country.

Titilayo Monsurat Musa, Adekola Ridwan Ademola, Adewale Olugbemiga Adeleye et al.

The mistake made in Article 3 is that the affiliation of the first Author is "Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago – Iwoye, Negeria" and the correct affiliation is "Department of Education Foundation and Counseling, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago – Iwoye, Negeria". The publisher apologizes on behalf of the author for this error. The online version of the article was updated on 2023 and can be viewed at https://sbrh.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-208-en.html

Dmytro Yelatontsev

The paper presents the results of the application of raw phosphogypsum as an adsorbent for the preliminary treatment of coke-chemical wastewater with an initial concentration of phenol 395 mg/L. Studies in batch mode have proved that phenol removal is promoted by increasing the adsorbent dose and effluent temperature, the optimal phosphogypsum dose was found to be 5 g/L. The adsorption kinetics follows a pseudo-first-order model, the maximum adsorption capacity of phosphogypsum reaches 85 mg/g, which provides purification from phenol at the level of 85–90%. The process is spontaneous and endothermic. In column mode, at an effluent flow rate of 3 mL/min and the height of the fixed bed of 15 mm adsorbent dynamic capacity reached 124 mg/g. The obtained data indicate that raw phosphogypsum, available in huge quantities in the dumps of phosphoric acid plants, can be effectively used for the pretreatment of phenolic wastewater before biological treatment.

Yanchun Huang, Lingxiao Yang, Weifang Huang et al.

In advanced oxidation processes with metal-containing catalysts, metal dissolution usually leads to reduced efficiency and biotoxicity. Therefore, it is very important to find efficient non-metallic materials. In this work, a metal-free mesoporous tubular g-C3N4 was fabricated using melamine and urea mixed according to the mass ratios of 1:12 (TPCN12) by a facile one-step thermal polymerization method. Mesoporous tubular TPCN12 was proved to be successfully synthesized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Then the degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) of TPCN12 under visible light was investigated. It was found that degradation rate constant of CBZ in TPCN12/Vis/PMS system (0.0939 min−1) exhibited great superiority over that in TPCN12/Vis system (0.0149 min−1) and in TPCN12/PMS system, which indicated TPCN12, Vis and PMS had a synergistic effect. The dominant role of the electron transfer and the primary contribution of the holes (h+) and •O2− reactive species were revealed in TPCN12/Vis/ PMS system. Furthermore, the system showed sufficient advantages over a wide pH range and high resistance to inorganic anions. In general, the TPCN12/Vis/PMS system was capable of high stability and recyclability. This metal-free mesoporous tubular catalyst was proposed to achieve efficient and green elimination of pharmaceutical organic pollutants.

Chaozhong Xue, Yongqi Dong, Jiaqi Liu et al.

With social progress and the development of modern medical technology, the amount of medical waste generated is increasing dramatically. The problem of medical waste recycling and treatment has gradually drawn concerns from the whole society. The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic further brought new challenges. To tackle the challenges, this study proposes a reverse logistics system architecture with three modules, i.e., medical waste classification & monitoring module, temporary storage & disposal site (disposal site for short) selection module, as well as route optimization module. This overall solution design won the Grand Prize of the "YUNFENG CUP" China National Contest on Green Supply and Reverse Logistics Design ranking 1st. This paper focuses on the description of architectural design and the module on site selection. Specifically, regarding system architecture, a framework diagram is provided, together with brief descriptions of the three proposed modules and a case study under the COVID-19 epidemic with the customized model. Regarding the disposal site selection module, a multi-objective optimization model is developed, and considering different types of waste collection sites (i.e., prioritized large collection sites and common collection sites), a hierarchical solution method is developed employing linear programming and K-means clustering algorithms sequentially. The proposed site selection method is verified with a case study using real-world data, and compared with the baseline, it can immensely reduce the daily operational costs and working time. Limited by length, detailed descriptions of the whole system as well as the remaining medical waste classification & monitoring module and route optimization module can be found at https://shorturl.at/cdY59.

Longfei Mo, Min Hua, Hongyu Sun et al.

Testing of function safety and Safety Of The Intended Functionality (SOTIF) is important for autonomous vehicles (AVs). It is hard to test the AV's hazard response in the real world because it would involve hazards to passengers and other road users. This paper studied on virtual testing of AV on the CARLA platform and proposed a Humanoid Scenario Generation (HSG) scheme to investigate the impacts of hazardous behaviors on AV collision rates. The HSG scheme breakthrough the current limitation on the rarity and reproducibility of real scenes. By accurately capturing five prominent human driver behaviors that directly contribute to vehicle collisions in the real world, the methodology significantly enhances the realism and diversity of the simulation, as evidenced by collision rate statistics across various traffic scenarios. Thus, the modular framework allows for customization, and its seamless integration within the CARLA platform ensures compatibility with existing tools. Ultimately, the comparison results demonstrate that all vehicles that exhibited hazardous behaviors followed the predefined random speed distribution and the effectiveness of the HSG was validated by the distinct characteristics displayed by these behaviors.

N.A. Sacco, M.E. Lovato, F.A. Marchesini et al.

This work aims to study the catalytic performance of Cu/Al2O3 catalysts in the catalytic reaction of oxidation of phenol. The addition of La and Mn to Al2O3 support and the calcination temperature influence on the catalytic performance and Cu leaching were studied. The addition of either La or Mn to the support triggered less Cu leaching compared to the unmodified support. The catalysts modified with Mn and calcined at 650ºC and 900 °C yielded low Cu leaching values and high phenol conversions at 120 min of reaction, achieving total consumption of H2O2. The catalysts prepared in the same way but modified with La and calcined at 900 °C, achieved 100% phenol conversion and higher TOC conversion. Copper leaching was higher when the support was modified with La, but improved when compared to the unmodified support, suggesting that the presence of Mn allowed a better anchoring of Cu on the support. However, this was not beneficial for the reaction since a certain amount of Cu in the homogeneous phase was required for the reaction to start. Cu-La-Al2O3 showed stability after consecutive reaction cycles with the corresponding calcinations in each cycle.

Bejawada Chanikya Naidu, K.A.Martin Xavier, Satya Prakash Shukla et al.

Microplastics have become ubiquitous on the planet and are considered one of the biggest threats to life on earth. Several recent studies have addressed the serious risks that microplastics can pose to human health. In this study, the microplastic content and spatial variations in number, size, colour, and polymers from a highly urbanized cosmopolitan, urban, and rural coastal locations of the northwest Indian coast were documented using yellow clams. The mean incidence of microplastics across all the stations among the clams is found to be one of the highest ever reported worldwide, which is 35.93 MPs items/g in soft tissue parts and 91.42 MPs items/individual. The clams were found to have a higher microplastic diversity integrated index (MDII) and Microplastic index (MPI). The majority of the microplastics observed were fibres and fragments, belonged to the size range of 1–100 µm (51.36%), and were identified as HDPE, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, and polypropylene. The clam condition index (CI) was recorded high at the rural coast with lower population and lowest at the megacity having greater population which may indicate the negative effect of MPs on clams growth.

Maryam Safara, Zahra Saeedi, Pooya Jafari Doudaran

Background: Neurotic people have intense and continuous emotional sensitivity to others and avoid expressing their feelings. Because of the low level of ego power, they are easily overcome by their emotions and are unable to adapt their behavior to various situations. Training the life skills improves psycho-social abilities which can empower individuals to deal with conflicts and contradictions of life. Methods: This study determined the effectiveness of training programs of life skills to reduce the symptoms of neurosis in married women living in deprived areas of Isfahan, in 2017. To achieve this end, a clinical trial was conducted using pretest-posttest and control group. Among all married women living in deprived areas of Isfahan, 40 individuals who acquired the highest scores in assessment of neurosis by NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory-short Form were selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (20 people per group). Life skill training was performed for experimental group for 8 sessions, one session per week, each session lasting 2 hours. Data were analyzed with SPSS using descriptive statistics (Mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANOVA, Analysis of covariance). Results: The results of analysis of covariance showed that life skill training program significantly reduced the symptoms of neurosis among women (P<0.005). Such a change was not seen in women in the control group. Conclusions: Findings of the study reflect the efficacy of life skills training on diminishing neurosis symptoms in women.