Hasil untuk "Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages"

Ena Podvez, Maarten Rombouts

Wojciech Kunicki

Lisa König

Interaktive Medien gehören in Zeiten zunehmender Digitalisierung längst zu den literarischen Erfahrungsräumen von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Ein Blick in den aktuellen literaturdidaktischen Forschungsdiskurs und den seiner Nachbardisziplinen zeigt jedoch: Die Potenziale des Interaktiven gelten als weitestgehend un- bzw. untererforscht. Im Rahmen des Beitrags werden daher Ergebnisse des empirischen Forschungsprojekts „Mehr als nur eine App“ vorgestellt, in dem in vier Einzelfallstudien erste Hinweise bezüglich der Nutzung interaktionsanregender Elemente in Bilderbuch- Apps für den Zugang zu literarischen Welten abgeleitet werden konnten (Mixed- Methods Design aus Eyetracking-Daten und Leitfadeninterviews, Auswertung qualitativ inhaltsanalytisch, App MirrorWorld, Schwerpunkt des Beitrags: Eyetracking-Auswertung). Hierzu werden aus dem aktuellen Forschungsdiskurs der Interaktionstheorie eine Arbeitsdefinition von interaktionsanregenden Strukturen in literarischen Rezeptionsprozessen abgeleitet und anschließend die empirischen Ergebnisse zur Nutzung von eben jenen Strukturen während zweier Explorationsrunden der Mirror-World-App vorgestellt (Schwerpunkt: Eyetracking-Daten, Heatmaps und Gaze-Analyse).   Abstract (english):  „[…] you can simply discover more“ Interactivity as a (new) way of accessing literary worlds based on the example of the app mirrorworld In times of increasing digitalization, interactive media have recently become part of the literary experience of children and young adults. However, a look at the current research discourse in literature didactics and its neighboring disciplines shows that the potentials of interactivity are largely unexplored or under-researched. This article therefore presents the results of the empirical research project „More than an App“, in which first indications regarding the use of interaction-stimulating elements in picture book apps for access to literary worlds could be derived in four individual case studies (mixed-methods design from eye-tracking data and guided interviews, qualitative content-analytical evaluation, app MirrorWorld, focus of the article: eye tracking analysis). For this purpose, a working definition of interaction-stimulating structures in literary reception processes is derived from the current research discourse of interaction theory, and subsequently the empirical results on the use of precisely those structures during two exploration rounds of the MirrorWorld app are presented (focus: eye tracking data, heat maps and gaze analysis).

A. Khlevov, I. Goubanov

The article examines the problem of the use in combat conditions and classification of single-edged short-bladed weapons of the Germanic and neighboring peoples of Europe in the early Middle Ages — combat knives seaxes. The authors consider the numerous existing archaeological finds in the context of terms used in modern Scandinavian languages, and also turn to the analysis of options for using the terms “seax” and “skalm” in archaic texts. A contextual analysis of the use of these terms in the poetic texts of songs from the Elder Edda and the prose of Icelandic sagas belonging to various subtypes is presented. According to the authors, the term “skalm” had a very specific purpose and fell out of everyday use — as a designation for a real type of weapon — long before the Viking Age. In the texts describing the Viking Age, it is not people who are consistently armed with skalms, but the dark and negative characters opposing them — trolls, jotuns, etc. However, in the heroic epic tradition, skalms, on the contrary, are used by heroes; It was the skalms that became part of the poetic formulas describing the equipment of the heroes of the epic. There is reason to believe that this term comes from ancient times and by the Viking Age it became an anachronism, acquiring new connotations and negative meaning.

T. Mikhailova, M. Orlova, Anna A. Smirnitskaya et al.

The article presents the second section of a study devoted to identifying and describing models (patterns) of the strategy for designating the notions “husband, spouse” in the languages of Eurasia. The M-2 model “husband as a socionym” is described, within which a number of sub-groups are identified: M-2-1 husband as a “married man”, M-2-2 husband as “power and authority”, M-2-3 husband as a “master” and M-2-4 husband as an “old man”. The data plotted on the map of Eurasia demonstrate a preference for the latter model in Uralic languages, while Germanic languages and a number of others lean toward the M-2-3 and M-2-2 models. The less productive model M-3 is also described, within which the following groups are identified: M-3-1 husband as a “partner in harness”, M-3-2 husband as a “(legal) friend” (most common in the Scandinavian area, as well as productive for reflecting modern realities associated with changes in the very institution of marriage), and M-3-3 husband as a “wife” (reflects the tendency towards mirror designations of spouses). An analysis was carried out of the specific uses of synonymous lexemes (unexpectedly abundant in this sphere), which led to the assumption that the concept of “husband” (as well as that of “wife”) may not at all relate to the semantic domain “terms of kinship and properties” and, moreover, to the area of “basic” vocabulary. When analyzing specific cases of use, an orientation towards the communicative strategy of the speaker was also noted, both of the Ego itself (in this case, the wife), and of third parties, mentioning in their speech the fact of a certain relationship between Ego and a given person. In other words, it can be stated that if such uniquely (?) defined lexical zones as, for example, zoonyms are included in the language zone, the strategy of nomination and selection of the term meaning “husband” belongs rather to the speech zone.

O. Popova

The development of any language has always been the focus of close attention and thorough study in linguistics, especially at different historical stages. The Norwegian language is a good example to trace the development of anatomical terminology based on its historical stages, including Norwegian somatisms as well as those from other languages, mainly Latin and Greek, including the word-forming elements. Starting with Ancient Scandinavian through the period of Christianity, the Hanseatic League and further on, several structural models have been identified and distinguished. Each period is associated with adoption and adaptation (assimilation) of somatisms. The first group includes one-word somatisms of Germanic origin, one-word non-assimilated and assimilated somatisms of Latin or Greek origin. The second and the largest group consists of two-word somatisms formed by compounding according to different models based on different parts of speech (noun, adjective, numeral, and verb) and the word-forming elements. Each element in a collocation is represented by either a norwegianized Latin or a native part. Three-word somatisms are not so numerous in anatomical terminology. Despite its seeming simplicity, compounding is an interesting phenomenon for studying due to many patterns of combining words in the formation of somatisms. Concerning compounding special remarks are made, taking into account combinatory flexibility and plasticity of the Norwegian language, which makes it possible to enrich its anatomical vocabulary at low cost and to use its own language capacity and resources for developing this language segment.

Zennube Şahin Yılmaz

Peter Stamm writes his works as a close observer of the individual by focusing on the individual’s inner world, behavior patterns, and relationships and by bringing more inner journeys to the fore. The author handles in great detail the thoughts, feelings, and reactions of the individual based on what they experience in their inner world. Therefore, his works have an aspect that is open to psychological questions, and this may also be due to the psychology and psychopathology training the author has received. Stamm chooses individuals who generally believe in a psychological sense that they are at the end of their lives, looking for ways out, wanting to make new beginnings, and totally surrendering or turning inward as his protagonists and uses these characters to actually causes his readers to look for psychological answers. Of course, these answers materialize through the choices the characters in this fictional world make, and the effects from those choices ripple throughout the novel, both within themselves as well as through those around them. The author creates representatives who try to resist the chaos created by the modern world or who symbolize an inbetweenness through their figures who are lost in this chaos. A representative example of this occurs in the novel To the Back of Beyond and thus will be discussed and evaluated here from Freud’s psychodynamic point of view, witnessing an inner journey by concentrating on the inner world. Stamm creates a psychological world in his novel and equips a main figure there, shaping this figure within the framework of his relationship with the people around him and his family. According to Freud’s psychodynamic approach, the character’s desires for liberation and to detach himself from his own life and struggle for years away from his family lead to a process that begins with the dominance of desires and impulses over the individual. From a psychodynamic point of view, the study focuses on how the unconscious field that directs the individual in this novel affects life and the paths on which it leads. The main figure suddenly decides to leave his home and family, and his endless wanderings in the mountains, plains, and forests turn into an inner journey in which the figure tries to find himself. This journey is naturally quite strikingly revealed through the detailed descriptions the author makes, and the figure is dragged from one place to another in this mysterious journey along with all his inner turmoil. From Freud’s psychodynamic point of view, this drift is embodied by figure’s instinctive movements and experiences in his inner world.

Piet van Sterkenburg

Everybody belongs to different groups. These groups have common knowledge that is acquired by language that determines the identity of the group. However, this language varies depending on the social background of the members of the group and it has a social meaning. If a language form stands out and can be considered characteristic of a group, this leads to stereotyping. Another form of stereotyping, also called ‘framing’, is not based on language characteristics of a group but is the result of mostly (negative) judgements of opinion makers (e.g. about Muslims). Stereotyping is also described on the basis of the self-image of a group (the Dutch people) and on the basis of the image that foreigners have about this group (including Queen Maxima). Finally, the question is answered whether THE identity exists.

Kutscher Anna

Verner Egerland

This article aims at discussing the premises for a unified account of auxiliarisation, here understood as a specific subcase of grammaticalisation. The passage of Latin HABEO from a lexical verb to a tense-forming auxiliary is certainly one of the most well-studied innovations of Romance languages. Equally familiar are the cases of auxiliarisation of Latin TENEO, Germanic *habhen and *getan, as well as Scandinavian derivatives of Old Norse fà. Such processes follow a similar path, in the sense that they originally select a secondary predication in the passive voice, which over time is reanalysed as active. At the same time, the governing verb is void of lexical content and turns into an auxiliary, while the implicit agent of the secondary predicate is reinterpreted as the surface subject of the construction. If a unified theory is to be attempted, such an approach should capture why such a path of change is consistently observed and, moreover, why it seems to be a defining property of such auxiliarisation that the verbs involved originally describe possession, reception, or control. Furthermore, ideally the unified theory should account for why the semantic output of these processes varies over time: the earliest cases of auxiliarisation are precisely those involving HABEO/habhen, which give rise to the compound tenses in modern languages. Subsequent cases, however, such as the auxiliarisation of TENEO/getan etc. do not lead to the formation of compound tenses, but rather to what could be defined as compound aspects or, sometimes, compound causative constructions. This circumstance, too, requires a principled account.

Terje Wagene

"Weak and Strong Adjectives in Old Norse: An Examination of Konungs skuggsjá. All early Germanic languages distinguish between a weak and a strong adjectival declension. This contrast is traditionally described in terms of definiteness, the strong declension expressing indefinite reference and the weak one definite reference. Such a description, however, might be more suitable with regard to Modern Scandinavian languages than to Old Norse (and other early Germanic languages), where the strong declension is found in a number of contexts where in Modern Norwegian only the weak one is acceptable, for instance with certain demonstratives and in noun phrases with possessives. This article takes a look at the Old Norse didactic work Konungs skuggsjá and examines various contexts that unambiguously require the weak declension in Modern Norwegian: demonstratives, possessives, proper nouns, vocatives and others. The role and referential properties of the determiners sá and hinn are given special focus. Keywords: weak adjectives, strong adjectives, Old Norse, Konungs skuggsjá, determiners "

K. Skjelde

Knowledge of academic English vocabulary is essential for upper secondary L2 English learners preparing for university studies, yet previous research suggests students in Scandinavian settings may need support to acquire this lexis (Edgarsson, 2017; Henriksen & Danelund, 2015). The abundance of Graeco-Latin cognates between European languages and academic English has been shown to lessen the learning burden of academic English vocabulary for speakers of Romance languages (Cobb, 2000; Petrescu et al., 2017). However, less research has been conducted for speakers of Scandinavian languages who also have appropriate translations of Germanic origin for this vocabulary. Interestingly, previous studies have indicated that proficient Norwegian-speaking students taking tertiary studies made extensive use of Graeco-Latin cognates when translating academic English vocabulary, but research has yet to expand this investigation to upper secondary students and across proficiency levels. Therefore, the current study investigated if Norwegian-speaking students (N= 132) in their first year of upper secondary education produced Graeco-Latin cognates when translating academic English. Findings showed extensive use of L1 Latinate cognate forms to translate the English target words. However, less proficient learners had significantly fewer cognate translations and significantly more untranslated target words than more proficient learners. Findings suggest that in-class instruction raising awareness of Graeco-Latin cognates in academic English may be worthwhile, especially for less-proficient learners. Keywords: Academic vocabulary, cognates, translation, English language learners, vocabulary knowledge, proficiency, educations

C. Allen

McWhorter (2002) argued that contact with Norse caused simplifications in English grammar that set English apart from other Germanic languages. This paper focuses on one of the losses McWhorter attributed to the linguistic impact of the Scandinavian invasions, External Possessors. An investigation of electronic Old and Early Middle English corpora reveals that the construction was already on the decline in the Old English period, and that Norse contact cannot explain the Early Middle English data. There is no support for the view that the loss of the construction spread from the Scandinavianized areas southwards. The facts are consistent with the view that while Celtic influence did not cause the loss of the construction in Old English, Celtic speakers shifting to English may have played a role in triggering the initial decline of the construction. Study of non-standard variants of other Germanic languages is needed to increase our understanding of the history of External Possessor constructions in those languages.

Kirsten Jeppesen Kragh, Erling Strudsholm

Our paper concerns different strategies of communication with respect to formality and politeness, and how these differences relate to the diasystematic dimensions. Our contrastive approach involves forms of address in French and Italian compared to Danish, German, and English norms and usage. Both Romance and Germanic languages have two systems of address pronouns with different levels of formality. There are, however, significant differences in usages in the respective languages, both typological and interlinguistic. Different language areas have different conventions for communication and politeness, and we believe that address forms reflect such socio-cultural differences. Our analyses of these differences are anchored in the diasystematic dimensions as proposed by Eugenio Coseriu, with special focus on the diaphasic variation and its intertwinement with diastratically conditioned factors.

Ditte Zachariassen

Studies of urban dialects in the Germanic languages show a development where the otherwise strict V2 syntax rules are supplemented with V3 syntax in specific syntactic and social contexts. Based on recordings of naturally occurring interaction in multilingual areas of Aarhus, Denmark, this paper adds to existing research with an interactional collection analysis of actions supporting V3. It describes six structural subtypes of V3 characterised by different adverbial and object material in first position and shows how the subtypes are connected to three interactional resources used in organising storytelling, claiming epistemic authority and reframing referents or discourse. V3 is often used when contrasting one type of information with another. It does not result in a different semantic meaning, rather it existing possible meanings that could also be emphasised by extra wording or multiple sentences. In the discussion, I argue that the extra syntactic options allow speakers to say more with fewer words by pushing the limits of the rather strict V2 syntax of Standard Danish.

Verner Egerland

This article aims at discussing the premises for a unified account of auxiliarisation, here understood as aspecific subcase of grammaticalisation. The passage of Latin HABEO from a lexical verb to a tense-formingauxiliary is certainly one of the most well-studied innovations of Romance languages. Equally familiar are thecases of auxiliarisation of Latin TENEO, Germanic *habhen and *getan, as well as Scandinavian derivativesof Old Norse fà. Such processes follow a similar path, in the sense that they originally select a secondarypredication in the passive voice, which over time is reanalysed as active. At the same time, the governing verbis void of lexical content and turns into an auxiliary, while the implicit agent of the secondary predicate isreinterpreted as the surface subject of the construction. If a unified theory is to be attempted, such an approachshould capture why such a path of change is consistently observed and, moreover, why it seems to be a definingproperty of such auxiliarisation that the verbs involved originally describe possession, reception, or control.Furthermore, ideally the unified theory should account for why the semantic output of these processes variesover time: the earliest cases of auxiliarisation are precisely those involving HABEO/habhen, which give riseto the compound tenses in modern languages. Subsequent cases, however, such as the auxiliarisation ofTENEO/getan etc. do not lead to the formation of compound tenses, but rather to what could be defined ascompound aspects or, sometimes, compound causative constructions. This circumstance, too, requires aprincipled account.

Sara Ahmed Karim

Artikkelen tar utgangspunkt i forståelser av transnasjonalisme og transspråking for å få innsikt i forhandlinger om språk og identitet blant andregenerasjon med kurdisk bakgrunn som vokste opp i Vest-Europa og som returnerte til foreldrenes hjemland, den sørlige delen av Kurdistan (nord i Irak). Datagrunnlaget er semistrukturerte intervjuer med 12 unge informanter fra denne gruppen. En kort kurdisk migrasjonshistorie utgjør et nødvendig bakteppe. I det teoretiske rammeverket retter jeg fokus mot identitet og språk på bakgrunn av Levitt og Glick-Schiller (2004) sin forståelse av transnasjonale sosiale felt. Et av hovedfunnene som presenteres i artikkelen, er at bakgrunnen for foreldregenerasjonens flukt påvirket informantenes forhandling om språk og identitet. Ungdommene ble sosialisert inn i regler og institusjoner i oppvekstlandet, mens de samtidig ble eksponert for idéer, verdier og praksiser fra foreldrenes hjemland. I identitetsdannelsesprosessen søkte ungdommene etter symboler, referanser og mening i ulike sammenhenger for å konstruere en selvforståelse. Informantenes opplevelse av sin identitet var tett forbundet med deres beherskelse av to språk. Deres evne til å snakke kurdisk gjorde det mulig å gi uttrykk for deres kurdiske identitet. Språket i oppvekstlandet var også sentralt for deres selvforståelse ved å ha fungert som deres hovedspråk utenfor hjemmet. Informantene følte på denne måten tilknytning til to samfunn og kunne derfor identifisere seg med begge landene, når de ønsket, og avhengig av kontekst.

Volker Pietsch

Der Artikel legt dar, mit welchen Praktiken in einer Kultur der Digitalität über fiktionale Erzählungen in Media Franchises kommuniziert wird. Er zeigt die hohe Relevanz der mit diesen Weltmarken interdependenten Kommunikationsformen für Sozialisation und Enkulturation auf. Nicht nur Interessen der Produktions- und Distributionsfirmen prägen die Auseinandersetzungen, in diesen wird vielmehr kulturelle Teilhabe von verschiedensten Akteur*innen eingefordert. Zentral ist dabei die Repräsentation von Diversität. Der Artikel arbeitet heraus, warum Trailer als Anlässe besonders geeignet sind, um besagte Aushandlungsprozesse kritisch zu reflektieren und sich ggf. an ihnen zu beteiligen. Er begründet, warum die Literatur- und Mediendidaktik einer entsprechenden Erweiterung ihrer Gegenstände bedarf, nicht nur um die Trailer der Franchise-Erzählungen, sondern auch um die Interaktionen, die durch diese Paratexte online initiiert werden. Er plädiert dafür, diese Ausprägungen und Herausforderungen literarischen Lernens in einer digitalen Kultur der Referentialität, Gemeinschaftlichkeit und Algorithmizität im Sinne Stalders (2016) nicht unberücksichtigt zu lassen, um Lernenden ein vertieftes Verständnis der inklusiven Funktionen von Literatur für Sozialisation und Enkulturation zu eröffnen.   Abstract (english): Conflicts over participation in digital interactions on trailers of global media franchises and their potential for literary understanding The article explains which practices are used to communicate in a culture of digitality concerning fictional narratives in media franchises. It shows that the forms of communication interdependent with these global brands have a high relevance for socialisation and enculturation. It is not only the interests of the production and distribution companies that shape the disputes, but rather cultural participation is demanded by the most diverse stakeholders. Central to this is the representation of diversity. The article elaborates why trailers are particularly suitable as occasions to critically reflect on these negotiation processes and, potentially, to participate in them. It justifies why the didactics of literature and media needs a corresponding expansion of its objects, not only to include the trailers of franchise narratives, but also the interactions that are initiated online by these paratexts. It argues that these characteristics and challenges of literary learning in a digital culture of referentiality, communality and algorithmicity in the sense of Stalder (2016) should be regarded in order to enable learners to develop a deeper understanding of the inclusive functions of literature for socialisation and enculturation.

Christian Drobe

This study looks at how the early art debates in the Jahresring Annual shaped out. Werner Haftmann was the most prominent figure in the post-war art scene and used various media to spread his ideas. In a programmatic contribution he articulated his ideal of artistic freedom, while his contemporaries were still struggling with the challenge of abstraction. A dispute between Hans Sedlmayr and Arnold Gehlen, later published in the Jahresring Annual, symbolizes the most prominent discourse of the whole 1950s, a debate, which altered between the desire for freedom and the wish to find new boundaries for contemporary art.

Birgitte Fondevik

Artikkelen tar utgangpunkt i et prosjekt i voksenopplæringen der målet var å gi innvandrere med liten skolebakgrunn en bedre norskopplæring ved å bruke elevenes flerspråklige kompetanse som ressurs i opplæringen. Prosjektet ble plassert inn i en aksjonsforskningsramme, og i artikkelen drøftes det som foregikk, i lys av tre sentrale kjennetegn i aksjonsforskningsteori: erfarings-, deltaker- og aksjonsorientering. Prosjektet var erfaringsorientert og sprang ut av opplevde utfordringer med å gi innvandrere med lite skolebakgrunn en tilpasset norskopplæring. Deltakerorienteringen handlet om at forsker, lærere og flerspråklige assistenter samarbeidet om å utvikle flerspråklige undervisningspraksiser. Aksjonen utgjorde selve kjernen i aksjonsforskningen, og gjennom utprøving av planlagt og systematisk bruk av flere språk i klasserommet etterfulgt av observasjon og refleksjon, ble det i fellesskap utviklet praktisk kunnskap om ulike former for flerspråklig støtte i norskopplæringen.