Hasil untuk "General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution"

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The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization and the world’s largest and arguably most important conservation network. It was founded in Fontainebleau, France in 1948 and its headquarters is located in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN has offices in more than 45 countries and runs hundreds of projects around the world, including a multilateral office located in Washington, DC that serves as a global embassy for IUCN. It plays a critical role in the conservation of nature as a knowledge-producing organization (IUCN, UNEP & WWF 1980, 1991). Its vision is achieving a “world that values and conserves nature” and its mission is to influence, encourage, and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. According to its official homepage, IUCN helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environmental and development challenges. IUCN supports scientific research; manages field projects all over the world; and brings governments, nongovernmental organizations, United Nations agencies, companies, and local communities together to develop and implement policy, laws, and best practice. IUCN is a democratic membership union that includes 87 nation-states, 120 government agencies, and more than 821 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). In addition it has 11 714 scientists and experts from 181 countries in its six commissions in a unique worldwide partnership. These are the Commission on Education and Communication (CEC, 625 members), Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (CEESP, 1061 members), Commission on Environmental Law (CEL, 800 members), Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM, 400 members), Species Survival Commission (SSC, 7528 members), and World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA, 1300 members). These commissions contribute to the conservation of nature through action projects to research in their respective fields. In addition to these six major commissions, which include conservation-related international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, civil society organizations, academic institutions, indigenous groups, and individual conservation experts and activists, there are also several groups working in specific subfields. The IUCN Council is the principal governing body of IUCN in between sessions of the World Conservation Congress, the general assembly of the Union. The Council is responsible for oversight and general control of all the affairs of IUCN, subject to the authority of the World Conservation Congress. IUCN member organizations elect the Council every four years at the World Conservation Congress. Along with a President, Treasurer, and three representatives from each of the Union’s eight regions, the Council also includes the chairs of the six commissions. The Council functions in a similar way to a Board of Directors, meeting once or twice a year to direct Union policy, approve finances, and decide on strategy. The Council can appoint up to six additional Councilors. IUCN is a unique organization, formed by the secretariat, the members, and a diverse group of experts coming from various sectors. IUCN members (particularly commissions) hold different backgrounds. Most importantly, because of its working modality IUCN is not solely an international NGO, but it is also not an international governmental organization. That is, it follows the laws and regulations of member nations and does not work for or against particular national

C. David, L. Orme, R. G. Davies et al.

Aili Qin, Bo Liu, Quanshui Guo et al.

Abstract Objectives Detailed and reliable information about the spatial distribution of species provides important information for species conservation management, especially in the case of rare species of conservation interest. We aimed to study the consequences of climate change on geographical distributions of the tertiary rare tree species Thuja sutchuenensis Franch. (Cupressaceae) to provide reference for conservation management of this species, including priority area selection for introduction and cultivation of the species. We expect that this approach could be promising in predicting the potential distribution of other rare tree species, and as such can be an effective tool in rare tree species restoration and conservation planning, especially species with narrow distribution or raw presence-only occurrence data. Methods 107 records covering the whole distribution range of T. sutchuenensis in the Daba Mountains were obtained during a 3-year field survey. The principle of maximum entropy (Maxent) was used to model the species’ potential distribution area under paleoclimate, current and future climate background. Results The Maxent model was highly accurate with a statistically significant AUC value of 0.998, which is higher than 0.5 of a null model; The location of the potential distribution for the last interglacial period is in southeastern China, with the largest optimal habitat area being only 1666 km 2 . In other periods, the central location of the potential distribution is accordant with the real present distribution, but the model’s predicted optimal habitat area is outside the current distribution. Conclusions Our findings can be applied in various ways such as the identification of additional localities where T. sutchuenensis may already exist, but has not yet been detected; the recognition of localities where it is likely to spread to; the priority selection area for introduction and cultivation and the conservation management of such rare tree species.

P. Talhinhas, R. Baroncelli

Oliver Speight, W. Morgan, T. B. White et al.

With over 21% of reptile species threatened with extinction, there is an urgent need to ensure conservation actions to protect and restore populations are informed by relevant, reliable evidence. We examined the geographic and taxonomic distribution of 707 studies that tested the effects of actions to conserve reptiles synthesized in Conservation Evidence's Reptile Conservation synopsis. More studies were conducted in countries with higher gross domestic product per capita, more reptile species, and higher proportions of threatened reptile species. Studies were clustered in the United States (43%) and Australia (15%), and no studies were conducted in large parts of Southeast Asia, South America, and sub‐Saharan Africa. Taxonomically, 47% of 90 reptile families (mostly Squamata) were not studied at all. Although Squamata and Testudines species featured in approximately 50% of studies, 7 of the 10 most‐studied reptiles (constituting 36% of studies) were turtles or tortoises, and there were significantly more studies per species on Testudines than Squamata. There were also significantly more studies on species: classified as least concern (as opposed to all other International Union for Conservation of Nature categories apart from near threatened); not categorized as endemic or insular; with more Wikipedia page views; and lacking data on venomousness. There was no significant relationship between the number of studies and the evolutionary distinctiveness or body mass of species. Our results highlight pressing evidence needs, particularly for underrepresented regions and threatened and data‐deficient species (e.g., evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered reptiles in South America, sub‐Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia). To overcome evidence gaps and a lack of basic ecological data, future work should explore how the effects of actions transfer across taxa and regions. We call for greater efforts to coordinate and increase testing and reporting in a strategic manner to inform more effective and efficient conservation actions globally.

J. Morales‐Saldaña, Héctor M. Guzmán, Ángel J. Vega et al.

Chondrichthyan fishes (sharks, rays and chimaeras) are a group of high conservation concern globally. Species are impacted by varying threats, although fishing pressure is the primary stressor causing population declines. Panama comprises both Pacific and Caribbean coastlines with a diversity of estuarine and marine habitats supporting small to large‐scale fisheries. Understanding the status of chondrichthyans within this Central America seascape can help inform and drive conservation and research. This paper represents the first comprehensive review of the chondrichthyans of Panama and presents a summary of (1) species diversity and distribution; (2) habitat; (3) extinction risk; (4) drivers of extinction risk; and (5) policy tools. The study also discusses current research and critical knowledge gaps and outlines recommendations for research, education and management. Panama supports 112 species of chondrichthyan, the majority of which are associated with coastal and shelf environments. Almost half (47.3%) are at risk of extinction globally, according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Many of the most frequently encountered species in fisheries are globally threatened, such as scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini and silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis. This review found a general lack of species‐specific fisheries data, limiting the assessment of local population trends. Further, although national, regional and international policy tools are in place, deficiencies in monitoring, enforcement and compliance are limiting their effectiveness. Policies should aim to improve data collection and compliance with current management tools while supporting research into life‐history, critical habitats and the socioeconomic values of chondrichthyans. Addressing the research, education and management recommendations within this paper would improve the status of Panama's chondrichthyans and assist the country in meeting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), including SDG 14, which calls to ‘conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development’.

Phillip Ormeño Vásquez, Naysha Rojas Villa, Cristian Rojas Villa

Tourism and hospitality education in Peru is evolving to incorporate a stronger focus on environmental conservation. In this context, this study aims to assess environmental conservation attitudes of students enrolled in tourism and hospitality programs offered by Peruvian universities. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out among students pursuing a degree in Tourism and Hospitality Management at the National University of Cañete, in Lima, Peru. The research focused on the period from July to December 2018. The final report was completed in 2020. A sample of 45 students was taken from a total population of 281, based on specific selection criteria. The demographic variables considered for this study were: age group, gender, and class shift, alongside the following dimensions: cognitive, affective and reactive. The majority of participants were female (73.3%), within the 20- to 22-year-old group (80.0%), and attended morning classes (64.4%). The highest level of agreement among students was observed for the statement that local hotels should implement appropriate waste management systems (item 2). Furthermore, 86.7% of respondents strongly agreed that plants and animals have the same right to life as human beings (item 20). Similarly, 60.0% of them indicated they would be willing to mobilize others in support of public space conservation (item 26). Overall, the findings suggest that students possess sound cognitive and affective attitudes towards environmental conservation. However, a lower reactive performance requires strategies to foster a deep emotional connection.

Rémi Toupin, Geoff Krause, Poppy Nicolette Riddle et al.

In recent years, ocean governance has called for strategic action and science‐informed policy to work towards the sustainable development of the ocean, most notably as part of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030). This common framework identifies the integration of scientific knowledge in governance as a key process to deliver solutions responding to the current challenges, opportunities, and transformations posed by global change in the oceans. This article presents a methodological approach for identifying ocean‐related research outputs and documenting research‐based knowledge integration in documents that inform ocean governance. Specifically, this study builds on an analysis of the references included in the UN Second World Ocean Assessment report to (a) identify and describe the research outputs cited in the distinct chapters of the report, (b) identify research outputs relevant to ocean governance through the analysis of citations from and to references included in the UN Second World Ocean Assessment, (c) compare both datasets to examine the position of the literature cited in the report within a broader ecosystem of ocean‐related research, and (d) present a method to identify topically relevant research that could be integrated in future ocean assessments. Our findings show distinct referencing practices across chapters and expert groups and a higher reliance on high‐profile sources in the report compared to a broader dataset of ocean research outputs. Moreover, this study highlights an innovative approach to identifying ocean research based on knowledge syntheses and considers discussion points about integrating research‐based knowledge in documents informing ocean governance.

Michael A. Petriello, Lauren Redmore, Aby L. Sène et al.

Conservationists increasingly position conservation that is mutually beneficial to people and biodiversity on the promise of empowerment of people through participatory discourse, metrics, processes, and outcomes. Empowerment represents multidimensional concepts and theories that permeate the interlinking levels of power, from the psychological to the political, and social scales in which conservation operates. The multifaceted nature of empowerment makes it challenging to understand, pursue, and evaluate as a central philosophical commitment and goal‐oriented practice in conservation. Moreover, definitional and methodological uncertainty may disempower interested and affected groups because they can foster conceptual assumptions that reinforce institutionalized barriers to systemic changes. Despite these complexities, there are no targeted reviews of empowerment in conservation. We conducted a scoping review of the conservation literature to synthesize the meanings and uses of empowerment in the field. We reviewed 121 of the most cited conservation articles that invoked or assessed empowerment from 1992 to 2017 to document geographic, conceptual, and methodological trends in the scales and theories of empowerment deployed by conservationists. Research claiming or assessing empowerment through conservation often focused on communities in the Global South. Most studies relied on qualitative and mixed methods (78%) collected largely from male or non‐Indigenous participants. Few studies (30%) defined the 20 types of empowerment they referenced. Fewer studies (3%) applied empowerment theories in their work. Our findings show that empowerment discourse of local and Indigenous communities permeates the discourse of people‐centered conservation. Yet, overreliance on empowerment's rhetorical promise and minimal engagement with theory (e.g., postcolonial theory) risks disempowering people by obscuring empowerment's foundational value to conservation and communities and oversimplifying the complex realities of people‐centered conservation. Lasting change could come from more meaningful engagement with empowerment, including coproducing definitions and measures with and for disempowered social groups to tackle widespread power disparities in conservation today.

C. Waldock, B. Wegscheider, Dario Josi et al.

It remains unknown how species’ populations across their geographic range are constrained by multiple coincident natural and anthropogenic environmental gradients. Conservation actions are likely undermined without this knowledge because the relative importance of the multiple anthropogenic threats is not set within the context of the natural determinants of species’ distributions. We introduce the concept of a species ‘shadow distribution’ to address this knowledge gap, using explainable artificial intelligence to deconstruct the environmental building blocks of current species distributions. We assess shadow distributions for multiple threatened freshwater fishes in Switzerland which indicated how and where species respond negatively to threats — with negative threat impacts covering 88% of locations inside species’ environmental niches leading to a 25% reduction in environmental suitability. Our findings highlight that conservation of species’ geographic distributions is likely insufficient when biodiversity mapping is based on species distribution models, or threat mapping, without also quantifying species’ expected or shadow distributions. Overall, we show how priority actions for nature’s recovery can be identified and contextualised within the multiple natural constraints on biodiversity to better meet national and international biodiversity targets. Explainable Artificial Intelligence can improve conservation decisions by revealing hidden insights to where human impacts on biodiversity are greatest. In this investigation of freshwater fish in Switzerland, around 90% of potentially habitable areas were negatively impacted human influences - these areas form the species’ “shadow distribution”.

A. H. B. Rosa, A. V. L. Freitas

N. Dudley, H. Jonas, F. Nelson et al.

Continued biodiversity loss has prompted calls for half of the planet to be set aside for nature – including E. O Wilson's “Half-Earth” approach and the Wild Foundation's “Nature Needs Half” initiative. These efforts have provided a necessary wake-up call and drawn welcome global attention for the urgent need for increased action on conserving biodiversity and nature in general. Yet they have also sparked debate within the conservation community, particularly due to the huge practical and political obstacles to establishing or expanding protected areas on this scale. The new designation of “other effective area-based conservation measures” (OECMs) provides the opportunity for formal recognition of and support for areas delivering conservation outcomes outside the protected area estate. We argue that OECMs are essential to the achievement of big and bold conservation targets such as Half-Earth. But integration of OECMs into the conservation estate requires fundamental changes in protected area planning and how the conservation community deals with human rights and social safeguards issues; it therefore challenges our understanding of what constitutes “conservation”. It will only succeed if the key drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem service loss are addressed in the whole planet. A broad, multifaceted and innovative approach, coupled with ambitious targets, provides our best hope yet of addressing complex conservation challenges.

Yaara Grossmark, Barak Azriali Zohar, Adi Barash et al.

Growing human use of the marine environment increases the proximity of humans to marine wildlife and thus likely increases human–wildlife interactions. Such interactions influence perceptions of nature and promote or undermine conservation. Despite their importance, human–wildlife interactions are rarely considered in ecosystem‐based marine spatial planning (MSP). Ideally, these interactions should be identified and considered in ecosystem‐based management (EBM), which is often purported to be the basis for MSP. We used Marxan software and data from a citizen science project documenting location, species, age, sex, and activity type to identify regions along Israel's coast with a high probability of encounters between people and 2 species of guitarfish. We considered the geographic distribution of these encounters and the various activities undertaken by the reporting observers. We ran 4 scenarios in Marxan. Two had conservation goals of 30% and 50% guitarfish habitat protection. In the third and fourth scenarios, we added a 50% conservation goal of human leisure activities to each guitarfish conservation goal. We also conducted a gap analysis between our guitarfish conservation goals and the Israel Nature and Parks Authority's master plan for marine protected areas. We found the park authority was close to meeting the 30% goal but was far from meeting the conservation goal of 50% of guitarfish habitat conservation. Different human uses were more likely to interact with different life stages of guitarfish, and different recreational activities occurred in different areas. Identifying areas of specific human use showed which activities should be addressed in conservation management decisions. Our addition of certain recreational uses to the model of habitat conservation showed how enhancing human dimensions in conservation planning can lead to more holistic ecosystem‐based conservation necessary for effective marine planning.

E. Schifani, D. Grasso, M. Gobbi et al.

Due to particular vulnerabilities and environmental constraints, Alpine faunas are exposed to significant threats from climate change. However, baseline diversity and distribution data to monitor the trends of key arthropod groups are often scarce. Ants are highly diversified and key ecological actors across terrestrial ecosystems, including mountain ranges. We investigated ant diversity and distribution in the Southern European Alps to provide detailed data over wide elevational gradients and make a first assessment of potential vulnerabilities in the face of global warming. We detected 40 species from 700 to over 2600 m asl, with progressively less diversity corresponding to higher elevations and lower temperatures. Maximum temperature was weakly related to ant diversity as compared to mean and minimum temperature. In shaping ant diversity, the highest elevation species had wide elevation ranges, consistent with Rapoport’s rule. We documented a fauna characterized by cold-adapted genera, species with wide geographic distributions and presumably high dispersal capabilities, no dietary specializations, and a high frequency of social parasitism. Concerning Bergmann’s rule, average ant species size was not larger in the coldest environments. Red wood ants, characterized by much more populous colonies as compared to the other ant species, had the highest number of ant individuals to be found at intermediate elevations and in woodland habitats. On the other hand, grasslands and shrublands proved to be the most species-rich habitats. Our data lay the groundwork for further investigation on elevational shifts and provide context for the discussion of key aspects of the management and conservation of European alpine ants. The cold climate of the European Alps has so far protected its ant fauna from the incursion of alien competitors as compared to what is observed in the Mediterranean region. The scarcity of species with restricted distribution ranges or high-elevation specialists, as well as diet specialists, may grant ants of the European Alps more resilience to climate change as compared to other Alpine arthropod groups. On the other hand, many species are highly interconnected by social parasitism relationships that may be vulnerable to ecological cascade effects. While forest habitats host red wood ants, which are often protected for their important ecological role, the importance of grassland must not be overlooked as they support the highest ant species richness.

Rana O. Khayat, Mohammed A. Dakhil, Mohammed Tolba

DeXiang Huang, DeXiang Huang, YongFu Sun et al.

The western Pacific seamount area is abundant in both biological and mineral resources, making it a crucial location for international investigation of regional seabed resources. An essential stage in comprehending and advancing seamounts is gaining knowledge about the distribution characteristics and laws governing the seabed substrate. Deep-sea geological sampling is challenging because of the intricate nature of the deep-sea environment, resulting in increased difficulty in identifying and evaluating substrates. This study addresses the aforementioned issues by utilizing in-situ video footage obtained from the “Jiaolong” manned deep submersible and shipborne deep-water multibeam data. This data is used as a foundation for constructing a Western Pacific seamount areas substrate classification point set. Additionally, the paper introduces the mRMR-XGBoost substrate classification model. Substrate categorization in deep sea and mountainous regions has been successfully accomplished, yielding a classification accuracy of 92.5%. The classification experiments and box sampling results demonstrate that the mRMR-XGBoost substrate classification model proposed in this paper can efficiently use acoustic and optical data to accurately divide the substrate types in seamount areas, with better classification accuracy, when compared with commonly used machine learning models. It has a significant application value and the best classification effect on the two types of substrates: nodules and gravel substrates.

Baodong Dai, Jifeng Cao, Gonghang Chen et al.

This article focuses on 11 coastal provinces in China and selects relevant data from 2008 to 2021. The improved entropy method is used to calculate the level of informationization development in each province. The Malmquist index is used to calculate the marine ecological efficiency of each province. The panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model is established to study the dynamic relationship between informationization and marine ecological efficiency. The results show that: (1) There is a long-term equilibrium relationship between informationization and marine ecological efficiency, and informationization is a Granger cause of marine ecological efficiency at the 5% significance level. (2) Overall, informationization has a promoting effect on marine ecological efficiency, but with a certain lag; the improvement of marine ecological efficiency also benefits the development of informationization. (3) There is a bidirectional relationship between informationization and marine ecological efficiency, and informationization has become the main influencing factor of marine ecological efficiency.

Yiqin Deng, Songzhe Fu, Songzhe Fu et al.

Darshika Manral, Doroteaciro Iovino, Olivier Jaillon et al.

Ocean currents are a key driver of plankton dispersal across the oceanic basins. However, species specific temperature constraints may limit the plankton dispersal. We propose a methodology to estimate the connectivity pathways and timescales for plankton species with given constraints on temperature tolerances, by combining Lagrangian modeling with network theory. We demonstrate application of two types of temperature constraints: thermal niche and adaptation potential and compare it to the surface water connectivity between sample stations in the Atlantic Ocean. We find that non-constrained passive particles representative of a plankton species can connect all the stations within three years at the surface with pathways mostly along the major ocean currents. However, under thermal constraints, only a subset of stations can establish connectivity. Connectivity time increases marginally under these constraints, suggesting that plankton can keep within their favorable thermal conditions by advecting via slightly longer paths. Effect of advection depth on connectivity is observed to be sensitive to the width of the thermal constraints, along with decreasing flow speeds with depth and possible changes in pathways.

Jiang Yuqi, Yang Yikang, Tian Wenbo et al.

[Objective] The spatial differences and dynamic evolution of carbon ecological security level were analyzed to optimize the overall plan of carbon ecological security in the Yellow River basin (an important “energy basin” in China) in order to objectively reflect the current status and evolution trend of carbon ecological security, and to provide a reference for optimizing the carbon ecological security pattern. [Methods] An evaluation index system for carbon ecological security in the Yellow River basin was constructed under the framework of driving-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) analysis. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) model was used to evaluate the level of carbon ecological security, and the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics were analyzed by the kernel density estimation method. [Results] ① Carbon sinks and carbon emissions increased from 2012 to 2021 in the Yellow River basin, and the growth rate of carbon emissions was faster than that of carbon sinks. Carbon sinks were spatially characterized as “higher in the west and lower in the east”, while carbon emissions were “lower in the west and higher in the east”. ② The carbon ecological security level in the Yellow River basin increased over time, from 0.356 in 2012 to 0.639 in 2021. In terms of spatial distribution, the carbon ecological security level in the upstream region was higher than in the middle and downstream regions, and was characterized as “upstream leading, midstream catching up, and downstream surpassing”. In addition, the level of carbon ecological security tended to be good. ③ Based on the kernel density estimation results, the differences in carbon security levels among different regions in the Yellow River basin were gradually narrowing, and were decreasing in the upstream region faster than in the middle and downstream regions. [Conclusion] Based on the current status of carbon ecological security in the Yellow River basin, carbon sink capacity in the upstream region is expected to increase over time, while clean energy industries and technology-intensive industries with high added value should be developed to promote green GDP growth in the middle and downstream regions. In addition, a carbon ecological compensation mechanism should be established to coordinate and resolve cross-regional security issues, and to improve the carbon ecological security level of the entire basin.