Hasil untuk "Fuel"

Zhu Liu, D. Guan, Wei Wei et al.

Neelima Mahato, A. Banerjee, Alka Gupta et al.

Yi Ma, Xiuli Wang, Yushuai Jia et al.

Omar Z. Sharaf, M. Orhan

S. J. Peighambardoust, S. Rowshanzamir, M. Amjadi

M. Ehsani, Yimin Gao, A. Emadi

Shahriar Shafiee, E. Topal

C. Chan

R. O'Hayre

S. Adler

H. Mahmudul, F. Hagos, R. Mamat et al.

M. Soudagar, N. Nik-Ghazali, M. Kalam et al.

Abstract Biodiesel is an unsurpassed alternative fuel source intended to extend the value to fossil fuels, and the longevity and cleanliness of diesel engines. It reduces the dependence on the foreign fuels and reduces the greenhouse gas emissions due to its closed carbon cycle. The plentiful advantages of biodiesel are overcome by few drawbacks such as the increase in the nitrogen oxide emission, its incompatibility with cold weather conditions, and the regular intervals of engine parts replacement such as fuel filters, fuel tanks and fuel lines due to clogging. There is a further scope for enhancement in fuel properties and to overcome the drawbacks by addition of nanoparticles as fuel additives. Recent researches on fuel additives indicated the inclusion of nano-sized particles (metallic, non-metallic, oxygenated, organic and combination) with diesel-biodiesel fuel emulsion. The results achieved demonstrated an improvement in the thermophysical properties, enhancement in the heat transfer rate, and stabilization of the fuel mixtures. Also, there was an increase in the engine performance parameters and reduction in the exhaust emissions depending on the dosage of nanofluid additives. This review paper includes the methods for preparation of nanofluids, the stability enhancement of nanofluids by various technique, several characterization methods to find the chemical bonding, nanoparticle shape, and size, dispersion of nano-additives in liquid fuel, the health effects, and applications of nanoparticles in the automotive industry. The numerous literature reviewed had some degree of indistinct and inconsistent outcomes. The experimental results from the various researchers were not generalized to reach a general accord regarding this innovative approach of fuel adulteration. The present work summarizes the literature from most recent articles on nanoparticles as a liquid fuel additive. The effect of dispersion of several nanoparticles on the enhancement in the performance characteristics and reduction in emission of a CI engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel blends are discussed. The further scope suggests the development of an economically sustainable and feasible nanoparticle additive for diesel and biodiesel fuel. Nevertheless, few obstacles and challenges which have been recognized in this review must be addressed before they can be fully put into practice in the industrial applications.

N. Sazali, W. N. Wan Salleh, A. S. Jamaludin et al.

Energy storage and conversion is a very important link between the steps of energy production and energy consumption. Traditional fossil fuels are a natural and unsustainable energy storage medium with limited reserves and notorious pollution problems, therefore demanding a better choice to store and utilize the green and renewable energies in the future. Energy and environmental problems require a clean and efficient way of using the fuels. Fuel cell functions to efficiently convert oxidant and chemical energy accumulated in the fuel directly into DC electric, with the by-products of heat and water. Fuel cells, which are known as effective electrochemical converters, and electricity generation technology has gained attention due to the need for clean energy, the limitation of fossil fuel resources and the capability of a fuel cell to generate electricity without involving any moving mechanical part. The fuel cell technologies that received high interest for commercialization are polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The optimum efficiency for the fuel cell is not bound by the principle of Carnot cycle compared to other traditional power machines that are generally based on thermal cycles such as gas turbines, steam turbines and internal combustion engines. However, the fuel cell applications have been restrained by the high cost needed to commercialize them. Researchers currently focus on the discovery of different materials and manufacturing methods to enhance fuel cell performance and simplify components of fuel cells. Fuel cell systems’ designs are utilized to reduce the costs of the membrane and improve cell efficiency, durability and reliability, allowing them to compete with the traditional combustion engine. In this review, we primarily analyze recent developments in fuel cells technologies and up-to-date modeling for PEMFCs, SOFCs and DMFCs.

S. A. Churchill, R. Smyth, L. Farrell

We use 13 waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey to examine the effect of fuel poverty on subjective wellbeing (SWB) in Australia. We find that being in fuel poverty lowers SWB. When we instrument for fuel poverty using electricity and gas prices, we find that a standard deviation increase in fuel poverty is associated with declines of 0.168–0.458 standard deviations in SWB, depending on how fuel poverty is measured. The general conclusion that fuel poverty lowers SWB is robust to alternative ways of measuring fuel poverty, a suite of estimation approaches and other sensitivity checks.

Hongjian Wei, Wenzhi Liu, Xinyu Chen et al.

Abstract Due to excessive greenhouse gas emissions and high dependence on traditional petroleum jet fuel, the sustainable development of the aviation industry has drawn increasing attention worldwide. One of the most promising strategies is to develop and industrialize alternative aviation fuels produced from renewable resources, e.g. biomass. Renewable bio-jet fuel has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions over their life cycle, which make bio-jet fuels an attractive substitution for aviation fuels. This paper provided an overview on the conversion technologies, economic assessment, environmental influence and development status of bio-jet fuels. The results suggested that hydrogenated esters and fatty acids, and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis can be the most promising technologies for bio-jet fuels production in near term. Future works, such as searching for more suitable feedstock, improving competitiveness for alternative jet fuels, meeting emission reduction targets in large-scale production and making measures for the indirect impact are needed for further investigation. The large-scale deployment of bio-jet fuels could achieve significant potentials of both bio-jet fuels production and CO2 emissions reduction based on future available biomass feedstock.

R. Williamson, J. Hales, S. Novascone et al.

Abstract BISON is a nuclear fuel performance application built using the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) finite element library. One of its major goals is to have a great amount of flexibility in how it is used, including in the types of fuel it can analyze, the geometry of the fuel being modeled, the modeling approach employed, and the dimensionality and size of the models. Fuel forms that can be modeled include standard light water reactor fuel, emerging light water reactor fuels, tri-structural isotropic fuel particles, and metallic fuels. BISON is a platform for research in nuclear fuel performance modeling while simultaneously serving as a tool for the analysis of nuclear fuel designs. Recent research in BISON includes techniques such as the extended finite element method for fuel cracking, exploration of high-burnup light water reactor fuel behavior, swelling behavior of metallic fuels, and central void formation in mixed-oxide fuel. BISON includes integrated documentation for each of its capabilities, follows rigorous software quality assurance procedures, and has a growing set of rigorous verification and validation tests.

M. Soudagar, N. Nik-Ghazali, M. Kalam et al.

Abstract In the present investigation, the effects of graphene oxide nanoparticles on performance and emissions of a CI engine fueled with dairy scum oil biodiesel was studied. Nanofuel blend was prepared by dispersing graphene oxide in varying quantities in dairy scum oil methyl ester (DSOME)-diesel blend. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a surfactant for a steady dispersion of graphene oxide nanoparticles in the fuel blends. The dispersion and homogeneity were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectrometry. An ideal graphene-to-surfactant ratio was defined, highest absolute value UV-absorbency was seen for a mass fraction of 1:4. The concentration of surfactant above or below this ratio resulted in reduction in the stability of dispersion. Graphene oxide nanoparticles were amalgamated with dairy scum oil biodiesel at proportions of 20, 40 and 60 parts per million using ultrasonication technique. Experiments were performed at a constant speed and varying the brake power and load condtions. The results were notable enhancements in the performance and emissions characteristics, the brake thermal efficiency improved by 11.56%, a reduction in brake specific fuel consumption by 8.34%, unburnt hydrocarbon by 21.68%, smoke by 24.88%, carbon monoxide by 38.662% for the nanofuel blend DSOME2040 and oxides of nitrogen emission by 5.62% for fuel DSOME(B20). Similarly, the addition of graphene nanoparticles in DSOME fuel blends resulted in significant reduction in the combustion duration, ignition delay period, improvement in the peak pressure and heat release rate at maximum load condition. Finally, it is concluded that nano-graphene oxide nanoparticles can be introduced as a suitable substitute fuel additive for dairy scum oil biodiesel blends to enhance the overall engine performance and emissions characteristics.

Aron Bell, Liam Anthony Mannion, Mark Kelly et al.

The life cycle carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) intensity of Power-to-Liquid (PtL) sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) scenarios in Spain are evaluated using a specific, granular, and transparent modelling approach. Post combustion CO2 capture and direct air CO2 capture are considered, in addition to grid and renewable electricity sources. The mass and energy requirements of the PtL system are determined from a mass and energy conserved reaction mechanism and a comprehensive literature review. The SAF yield is constrained by its molecular composition, formulated to meet the physical property specifications for Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene (FT-SPK) in ASTM D7566 Annex 1. The results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) show large ranges in CO2e intensity of PtL SAF scenarios, from 11 to 101 gCO2e/MJ. The electricity emission factors at which the CO2e intensity of PtL SAFs meet the 70% reduction required under the ReFuelEU Aviation legislation are 112 – 168 gCO2e/kWh for direct air capture and post combustion capture of biogenic CO2. As the average EU grid is approximately 300 gCO2e/kWh, the use of renewable electricity (onsite or power purchase agreement) is therefore essential to achieve the 70% reduction. The carbon intensity of the Madrid to Dublin commercial flight route is analysed, per revenue-passenger-kilometre (RPK), as a specific use case with actual data of Ryanair Boeing 737-800 and 737 MAX 8 aircraft. Compared to the Science Based Targets 1.5°C limit of 3.3 gCO2/RPK, it is shown that sustainable aviation is challenging using PtL SAF, with a best case of 9 gCO2/RPK.

Jarief Farabi, Christos Mourouzidis, Pericles Pilidis

Hydrogen as fuel in civil aviation gas turbines is promising due to its no-carbon content and higher net specific energy. For an entry-level market and cost-saving strategy, it is advisable to consider reusing existing engine components whenever possible and retrofitting existing engines with hydrogen. Feasible strategies of retrofitting state-of-the-art Jet A-1 fuelled turbofan engines with hydrogen while applying minimum changes to hardware are considered in the present study. The findings demonstrate that hydrogen retrofitted engines can deliver advantages in terms of core temperature levels and efficiency. However, the engine operability assessment showed that retrofitting with minimum changes leads to a ~5% increase in the HP spool rotational speed for the same thrust at take-off, which poses an issue in terms of certification for the HP spool rotational speed overspeed margin.

Anjana M S, Aryadevi Remanidevi Devidas, Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh

Electrical energy plays a pivotal role in modern society by powering homes, industries, and transportation systems. However, the production of electricity is associated with significant carbon emissions, primarily from fossil fuel-based power generation, and there is 1.1% rise in carbon emissions by 2023 compared to 2022. Mitigating carbon emissions from electrical energy is a critical global challenge that requires a multifaceted approach. Transitioning to cleaner energy sources and improving energy efficiency are essential steps to reduce the environmental impact of electricity generation. Energy management is crucial to reduce energy consumption effectively. So this study proposes a Multi-Model Energy Management System (MEnMS) integrated with a Fractal Internet of Things (IoT) architecture to address enhanced energy management by reducing energy usage, and carbon footprint. The study conducts a detailed energy consumption analysis across distinct cases. From the analysis, it can be seen that an average of 25% of energy can be saved with MEnMS without IoT energy overhead. Key observations include, EnMS with IoT devices and automation offers smartness, they do not lead to a significant reduction in energy consumption. Moreover, these IoT devices and centralized learning consume more energy. However, integrating IoT devices with distributed learning and multiple models significantly reduces energy consumption as well as the carbon footprint. The analysis reveals that the MEnMS system outperforms alternative approaches, particularly at higher occupancy levels, establishing itself as the most efficient energy management solution. At an occupancy level of 25 users, it achieves an impressive 8% reduction in energy consumption compared to the Traditional System, showcasing its unique capability to scale energy savings as occupancy increases. This innovative system combines advanced local processing with EQC optimization, providing a cutting-edge approach to sustainable energy management in high-occupancy scenarios. Furthermore, the algorithms driving occupant-centric automation and the indoor localization method demonstrate remarkable performance, achieving an efficiency of 92% and an accuracy of 90%, respectively. Therefore, the MEnMs framework can be used to monitor energy usage thereby reducing energy consumption, which results in a low-carbon footprint. By tracking the activity, the occupants get a clear understanding of their carbon footprint and they can make adjustment to reduce carbon emissions.