Hasil untuk "Epistemology. Theory of knowledge"

Myung Ho Kim

Large language models exhibit intelligence without genuine epistemic understanding, exposing a key gap: the absence of epistemic architecture. This paper introduces the Structured Cognitive Loop (SCL) as an executable epistemological framework for emergent intelligence. Unlike traditional AI research asking "what is intelligence?" (ontological), SCL asks "under what conditions does cognition emerge?" (epistemological). Grounded in philosophy of mind and cognitive phenomenology, SCL bridges conceptual philosophy and implementable cognition. Drawing on process philosophy, enactive cognition, and extended mind theory, we define intelligence not as a property but as a performed process -- a continuous loop of judgment, memory, control, action, and regulation. SCL makes three contributions. First, it operationalizes philosophical insights into computationally interpretable structures, enabling "executable epistemology" -- philosophy as structural experiment. Second, it shows that functional separation within cognitive architecture yields more coherent and interpretable behavior than monolithic prompt based systems, supported by agent evaluations. Third, it redefines intelligence: not representational accuracy but the capacity to reconstruct its own epistemic state through intentional understanding. This framework impacts philosophy of mind, epistemology, and AI. For philosophy, it allows theories of cognition to be enacted and tested. For AI, it grounds behavior in epistemic structure rather than statistical regularity. For epistemology, it frames knowledge not as truth possession but as continuous reconstruction within a phenomenologically coherent loop. We situate SCL within debates on cognitive phenomenology, emergence, normativity, and intentionality, arguing that real progress requires not larger models but architectures that realize cognitive principles structurally.

Juan Manuel Durán

This chapter is interested in the epistemology of algorithms. As I intend to approach the topic, this is an issue about epistemic justification. Current approaches to justification emphasize the transparency of algorithms, which entails elucidating their internal mechanisms -- such as functions and variables -- and demonstrating how (or that) these produce outputs. Thus, the mode of justification through transparency is contingent on what can be shown about the algorithm and, in this sense, is internal to the algorithm. In contrast, I advocate for an externalist epistemology of algorithms that I term computational reliabilism (CR). While I have previously introduced and examined CR in the field of computer simulations ([42, 53, 4]), this chapter extends this reliabilist epistemology to encompass a broader spectrum of algorithms utilized in various scientific disciplines, with a particular emphasis on machine learning applications. At its core, CR posits that an algorithm's output is justified if it is produced by a reliable algorithm. A reliable algorithm is one that has been specified, coded, used, and maintained utilizing reliability indicators. These reliability indicators stem from formal methods, algorithmic metrics, expert competencies, cultures of research, and other scientific endeavors. The primary aim of this chapter is to delineate the foundations of CR, explicate its operational mechanisms, and outline its potential as an externalist epistemology of algorithms.

Naillivy Carvalho

Este artigo analisa o processo de formação do conceito psiquiátrico de “delírio espírita episódico”, diagnóstico formulado em 1936 pelo psiquiatra Henrique Roxo (1877-1969) para enquadrar o que seria um tipo de delírio próprio dos frequentadores do espiritismo popular carioca. O estudo se baseia na análise dos trabalhos científicos produzidos por Roxo, a partir dos quais são discutidas as principais questões em jogo na construção do “delírio episódico dos degenerados” (1922) e do “delírio espírita episódico” (1936). O artigo se propõe, portanto, a investigar as condições históricas e científicas que permitiram a formulação de um diagnóstico psiquiátrico específico para o chamado “baixo-espiritismo”.

B. T. Batozhargalova, M. P. Kostinov, A. D. Shmitko et al.

Relevance. Pneumococci are among the most common causative agents of severe bacterial infections in humans. The prevalence of invasive pneumococcal infections among people with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases is 3–4 times higher than in the general population. Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV 13) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Materials and Methods. The data of scientific publications PubMed, Web of Science, elibrary, the National Inpatient Database of the USA, the Moscow Unified Register of Arthritis, the V. A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology were used in the review. V. A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology. Conclusion. In the presented review in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving various antirheumatic drugs, the immunogenicity (humoral response, opsonophagocytic activity), safety of vaccines of 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) was assessed. Based on the data presented, a conclusion was made about the safe management of PCV13 and the formation of antibodies to pneumococcus in RA patients with targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs), biologic (bDMARDs) and Glucocorticoids (GCs < 15 mg daily). Methotrexate (MTX) in RA patients reduced the pneumococcal response and the functional activity of antibodies.

Eric Neyman

One aspect of the algorithmic lens in theoretical computer science is a view on other scientific disciplines that focuses on satisfactory solutions that adhere to real-world constraints, as opposed to solutions that would be optimal ignoring such constraints. The algorithmic lens has provided a unique and important perspective on many academic fields, including molecular biology, ecology, neuroscience, quantum physics, economics, and social science. This thesis applies the algorithmic lens to Bayesian epistemology. Traditional Bayesian epistemology provides a comprehensive framework for how an individual's beliefs should evolve upon receiving new information. However, these methods typically assume an exhaustive model of such information, including the correlation structure between different pieces of evidence. In reality, individuals might lack such an exhaustive model, while still needing to form beliefs. Beyond such informational constraints, an individual may be bounded by limited computation, or by limited communication with agents that have access to information, or by the strategic behavior of such agents. Even when these restrictions prevent the formation of a *perfectly* accurate belief, arriving at a *reasonably* accurate belief remains crucial. In this thesis, we establish fundamental possibility and impossibility results about belief formation under a variety of restrictions, and lay the groundwork for further exploration.

Chao Wang, Jiaxuan Zhao, Lingling Li et al.

Graph neural architecture search (GNAS) can customize high-performance graph neural network architectures for specific graph tasks or datasets. However, existing GNAS methods begin searching for architectures from a zero-knowledge state, ignoring the prior knowledge that may improve the search efficiency. The available knowledge base (e.g. NAS-Bench-Graph) contains many rich architectures and their multiple performance metrics, such as the accuracy (#Acc) and number of parameters (#Params). This study proposes exploiting such prior knowledge to accelerate the multi-objective evolutionary search on a new graph dataset, named knowledge-aware evolutionary GNAS (KEGNAS). KEGNAS employs the knowledge base to train a knowledge model and a deep multi-output Gaussian process (DMOGP) in one go, which generates and evaluates transfer architectures in only a few GPU seconds. The knowledge model first establishes a dataset-to-architecture mapping, which can quickly generate candidate transfer architectures for a new dataset. Subsequently, the DMOGP with architecture and dataset encodings is designed to predict multiple performance metrics for candidate transfer architectures on the new dataset. According to the predicted metrics, non-dominated candidate transfer architectures are selected to warm-start the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for optimizing the #Acc and #Params on a new dataset. Empirical studies on NAS-Bench-Graph and five real-world datasets show that KEGNAS swiftly generates top-performance architectures, achieving 4.27% higher accuracy than advanced evolutionary baselines and 11.54% higher accuracy than advanced differentiable baselines. In addition, ablation studies demonstrate that the use of prior knowledge significantly improves the search performance.

Taha Sochi

In this paper of "The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics" series we investigate Newton's third law and discuss and analyze its epistemological significance from some aspects with special attention to its relation to the principle of conservation of linear and angular momentum. The main issue in this investigation is the potential violations of this law according to the claims made in the literature of mainstream physics. This issue may cast a shadow on the validity of classical mechanics, and its Newtonian formulation in particular, formally and epistemologically and could have important implications and consequences on contemporary physics in general. However, what is more important about this issue from our perspective is the lack of clarity, comprehensibility and coherence in the investigation and analysis of this issue and its implications marked by the absence of appropriate conceptual and epistemological frameworks to deal with this issue properly and systematically. As a result, what we find in the literature is a collection of contradicting views which are mostly based on personal choices and preferences and selective or biased theoretical analysis with the lack of proper experimental verification and substantiation.

Webb, Stephen

Exploring an extension to Dick's "intelligence principle" Revisiting Dick’s “Intelligence Principle” in the light of recent technological developments, I present an argument for why one might consider a slight extension to the Principle and I explore some of the implications of the suggested modification.

Tim Schopf, Nektarios Machner, Florian Matthes

Over the past decades, research institutions have grown increasingly and consequently also their research output. This poses a significant challenge for researchers seeking to understand the research landscape of an institution. The process of exploring the research landscape of institutions has a vague information need, no precise goal, and is open-ended. Current applications are not designed to fulfill the requirements for exploratory search in research institutions. In this paper, we analyze exploratory search in research institutions and propose a knowledge graph-based approach to enhance this process.

Frank Hong

Giacomo Mauro D'Ariano

The operational axiomatization of quantum theory can be regarded as a set of six epistemological rules for falsifying propositions of the theory. In particular, the Purification postulate-the only one that is not shared with classical theory-allows falsification of random-sequences generators, a task unfeasible classically.

G. Nandakumar, N. Ryde, M. Montelius et al.

Phosphorus (P) is considered to be one of the key elements for life, making it an important element to look for in the abundance analysis of spectra of stellar systems. Yet, there exists only a handful of spectroscopic studies to estimate the P abundances and investigate its trend across a range of metallicities. We have observed full HK band spectra at a spectral resolving power of R=45,000 with IGRINS instrument. Abundances are determined using SME in combination with 1D MARCS stellar atmosphere models. The investigated sample of stars have reliable stellar parameters estimated using optical FIES spectra (GILD; Jönsson et al. in prep.). In order to determine the P abundances from the 16482.92 Angstrom P line, we take special care of the CO($ν=7-4$) blend. We determine the C, N, O abundances from atomic carbon and a range of non-blended molecular lines (CO, CN, OH) which are aplenty in the H band region of K giant stars, assuring an appropriate modelling of the blending CO($ν=7-4$) line. We present [P/Fe] vs [Fe/H] trend for 38 K giant stars in the metallicity range of -1.2 dex $<$ [Fe/H] $<$ 0.4 dex. We find that our trend matches well with the compiled literature sample of prominently dwarf stars and limited number of giant stars. Our trend is found to be higher by $\sim$ 0.05 - 0.1 dex compared to the theoretical chemical evolution trend in Cescutti et al. 2012 resulting from core collapse supernova (type II) of massive stars with the P yields from Kobayashi et al. (2006) arbitrarily increased by a factor of 2.75. Thus the enhancement factor might need to be $\sim$ 0.05 - 0.1 dex higher to match our trend. We also find an empirically determined primary behaviour for phosphorus. Furthermore, the phosphorus abundance is found to be elevated by $\sim$ 0.6 - 0.9 dex in two metal poor s-enriched stars compared to the theoretical chemical evolution trend.

I. D. Zarva, L. D. Shchuchinova, S. A. Chalchikov et al.

Relevance. The experience of combating rabies in Europe has shown that the tactics of preventive measures in mountains must be modified. At the beginning of the 21st century, the spread of fox rabies into the previously rabies-free mountain areas in southern Siberia was noted. The aim is to trace the spread of rabies in the Altai Mountains after the introduction of the virus. Materials and methods. A retrospective descriptive study using GIS was carried out. For mapping, information on 55 laboratory confirmed cases of rabies in the Altai Republic, QGIS 3.16.0, ArcMap 10.8.1, ArcScene 10.8.1 programs and an electronic landscape-geographical maps "Natural Earth" and "Open street map" were used. The spatial-temporal distribution of rabies was compared with changes in postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Results. In 2007, rabies was detected for the first time since 1948 in the Altai Mountains. Wild animals (fox, wolf, badger) accounted for 52.7% (95% CI 39.5–65.9). Most of the cases were found in the foothills and river valleys at an altitude of less than 1,000 meters above sea level and only 16.4% (0.0–26.2) – in areas with heights from 1,000 to 2,000 m. Rabies was not recorded in the mountains above 2,000 m. Two different directions of the virus introduction are assumed: from the forest-steppe plains of the Altai Territory (Russia) and from the mountainous steppes of Mongolia. In 2007–2019 the annual number of patients seeking medical attention after animal bites increased by 86%. A correlation between the animal case number in different areas and the average annual PEP was noted (r = 0.649, p = 0.03). 4. Conclusions. Features of the fox rabies spread in the Altai Mountains allows to use the experience of fighting this disease in the mountainous regions of Central Europe.

Olena Igorivna Astapova-Vyazmina

Метою статті є визначення поля гендерних стереотипів в рекламній продукції вітчизняного телебачення. Семіотичне дослідження спрямовано проаналізувати роль перекладачів комунікативного процесу при використанні знакових систем для трансляції суб’єктивного досвіду. Використання режиму образів дозволяє коректувати версію гендерних стереотипів буденної культури та формувати сучасний погляд на поведінку чоловіків та жінок, їх ціннісні орієнтири. Артикуляція шаблонного розуміння соціальних функцій сучасної родини дозволяє нейтралізувати моделювання оціночного судження щодо упередженого ставлення до гендерної проблематики в соціальному контексті. В якості ілюстрації порівняємо вербальну складову та візуальний образ реклами кастингу реаліті-шоу «Хата-на-тата».

Alberto Olivetti

Heber Vázquez Jiménez

Natalia Verónica Soto Coloballes (2021) en su obra El aire de cada día. Política y medición de la contaminación atmosférica en la Ciudad de México (1960-2015) presenta tres momentos importantes de la construcción local de la noción de calidad del aire en la Ciudad de México desde la década de 1960. Su libro es tanto una historia cultural de la ciencia y la tecnología así como una etnografía de laboratorio enmarcadas dentro de la historia de normativas ambientales nacionales e internacionales y de decisiones políticas. Esta perspectiva multidisciplinaria elucida las elecciones epistémicas, técnicas y políticas que han influido en la construcción de la noción de la calidad del aire urbano en relación con la contaminación atmosférica en el Valle de México.

Danielle Cristina dos Santos Barreto, Simone Petraglia Kropf

Este artigo analisa a trajetória de Evandro Chagas no Instituto de Patologia Experimental do Norte (IPEN), criado por ele em 1936 em Belém do Pará. O pesquisador do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e filho mais velho do renomado cientista Carlos Chagas tinha por objetivo implantar na Amazônia um centro de pesquisa e ensino em medicina tropical capaz de subsidiar os órgãos estadual e federal de saúde no combate aos problemas sanitários mais relevantes na região, como a leishmaniose visceral e a malária. Evandro Chagas mobilizou seu capital científico e social para estabelecer no norte do país a tradição institucional de Manguinhos da qual seu pai e a doença que leva seu nome haviam sido um emblema. Entretanto, isso se deu num cenário em que os novos atores e estruturas político-institucionais criadas em 1930 impunham transformações expressivas no campo da saúde pública e no próprio arcabouço institucional do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Ao acompanharmos as negociações e conflitos vividos pelo cientista nesse empreendimento, esperamos contribuir para a compreensão dos processos de institucionalização da ciência e da saúde pública na chamada era Vargas.

Michela Luzi

Il genere si mostra quale dinamica delle conseguenze che la struttura sociale può riuscire ad esercitare sui corsi di vita individuali, definendo il percorso di costruzione sociale delle differenze biologiche. Ciò significa che rappresenta tutto quell’insieme di processi con i quali i sistemi sociali trasformano i corpi sessuati e le loro specificità in identità, compiti e ruoli, differenziando socialmente le donne dagli uomini anche attraverso l’imposizione e la legittimazione di comportamenti distinti e distintivi, appropriati e culturalmente approvati  in un processo di cristallizzazione che ostacola la libera definizione del sé (Piccone Stella et al. 1996), poiché spesso, quel processo, cela un’egemonia, una persuasione, una coercizione o una posizione di rendita sociale esistente e persistente (Villa 2012: 157).

DEL RE, ALISA

Reproduction work and machines: some considerations in times of Pandemia The reflections on the relationship that links human bodies, technologies and cyber-spaces often focus on the processes of “disembodiment”, while the reproductive work cannot be separated from the materiality of the needs of the care-dependent individuals. The changes in this type of work particularly affect its commodification, transforming social relations and traditional gender relations. The changes in the reproductive work related to technology seem positive and linked to modernization and progress. But although they do diminish the physical fatigue, they are strongly dependent on the market and as a result, they produce loneliness and dispossession of skills. The staging of the reproductive work has also ambiguous aspects: on one hand it may seems like a saving path, due to its capacity to solve some problems related to the overcoming the fatigue and it can also reorganize and simplify the daily life, which is very important. But, on the other hand, in its more crude applications, the reproductive work can become a devious instrument of control and of isolation. It is certainly not a matter of technological pervasiveness, rathera case of scarce attention and scarce scheduling. In this scenario, it is legitimate to wonder if there might be a limit to the “machinisation” of the reproductive work. what can be related to the “work of affection”, to the empathy, to the care of the dependent or sick bodies is certainly alien to it. It is interesting to deal with this topic by quoting some cases of dystopian or utopian literature that has dealt with the “mechanization” of the daily life, investigating the consequences of the introduction of the machines and the computerization in the life of all of us with regard to the social reproduction and the changes in relationships

RUSSO, NICOLA

On Science and Philosophy Connection Science and philosophy sometimes fail to dialogue. This essay sheds some light on this controversial issue by considering some historical instances of their complicated relationship, since the mid-nineteenth century. We will examine intellectual trends, training processes, and most of all, the increasing knowledge we are nowadays witnessing. As the last years suggest, these difficulties are not insurmountable, if only the connection between science and philosophy is taken into consideration. This connection deals not only with their common origin, but also with the process, they are always implicated in, of continuous reborn and reciprocal regeneration. This perspective suggests us to individuate new professional figures standing on the frontier between science and philosophy. These figures appear to be indispensable to construe a new koiné and thereby preserve a community which is devoted to knowledge and pure science.