Hasil untuk "Encyclopedias"

Vladyslav Verstiuk

The article presents the conceptual foundations for the creation of the Encyclopedia of the History of the Ukrainian Revolution, 1914–1923, which is currently being developed at the Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The idea of this encyclopedia emerged as a response to the need within contemporary historiography to systematize, interpret, and represent the experience of the Ukrainian Revolution in the broader context of global transformations of the early twentieth century. The project seeks to overcome ideological distortions inherited from the Soviet his­torical tradition and to present the revolution as a multidimensional process of national and state re­vival. The article takes the form of an analytical essay that combines descriptive, historiographical, and conceptual-reflexive approaches. This methodological synthesis makes it possible both to trace the evolution of the concept of the “Ukrainian Revolution” in historical scholarship and to substantiate the relevance of creating the Encyclopedia of the History of the Ukrainian Revolution, 1914–1923 as a contemporary digital humanities project. It is noted that more than 600 encyclopedia entries have already been prepared out of the planned 2,000. The materials cover biographical entries on political, military, civic, and cultural figures, as well as foreign individuals associated with the Ukrainian strug­gle for independence. The article emphasizes that the implementation of the project is taking place under conditions of ongoing Russian aggression, which has significantly complicated research activity in Ukraine. Despite resource limitations and the loss of personnel, work on the encyclopedia continues, contributing to the preservation of historical memory, the strengthening of national identity, and the affirmation of the continuity of Ukraine’s state-building tradition.

Reid Pryzant, Richard Diehl Martinez, Nathan Dass et al.

Texts like news, encyclopedias, and some social media strive for objectivity. Yet bias in the form of inappropriate subjectivity — introducing attitudes via framing, presupposing truth, and casting doubt — remains ubiquitous. This kind of bias erodes our collective trust and fuels social conflict. To address this issue, we introduce a novel testbed for natural language generation: automatically bringing inappropriately subjective text into a neutral point of view (“neutralizing” biased text). We also offer the first parallel corpus of biased language. The corpus contains 180,000 sentence pairs and originates from Wikipedia edits that removed various framings, presuppositions, and attitudes from biased sentences. Last, we propose two strong encoder-decoder baselines for the task. A straightforward yet opaque concurrent system uses a BERT encoder to identify subjective words as part of the generation process. An interpretable and controllable modular algorithm separates these steps, using (1) a BERT-based classifier to identify problematic words and (2) a novel join embedding through which the classifier can edit the hidden states of the encoder. Large-scale human evaluation across four domains (encyclopedias, news headlines, books, and political speeches) suggests that these algorithms are a first step towards the automatic identification and reduction of bias.

Bo Xu, Yong Xu, Jiaqing Liang et al.

Mykola Trokhymovych, Indira Sen, Martin Gerlach

With over 60M articles, Wikipedia has become the largest platform for open and freely accessible knowledge. While it has more than 15B monthly visits, its content is believed to be inaccessible to many readers due to the lack of readability of its text. However, previous investigations of the readability of Wikipedia have been restricted to English only, and there are currently no systems supporting the automatic readability assessment of the 300+ languages in Wikipedia. To bridge this gap, we develop a multilingual model to score the readability of Wikipedia articles. To train and evaluate this model, we create a novel multilingual dataset spanning 14 languages, by matching articles from Wikipedia to simplified Wikipedia and online children encyclopedias. We show that our model performs well in a zero-shot scenario, yielding a ranking accuracy of more than 80% across 14 languages and improving upon previous benchmarks. These results demonstrate the applicability of the model at scale for languages in which there is no ground-truth data available for model fine-tuning. Furthermore, we provide the first overview on the state of readability in Wikipedia beyond English.

Pierre Nugues

Diderot's \textit{Encyclopédie} is a reference work from XVIIIth century in Europe that aimed at collecting the knowledge of its era. \textit{Wikipedia} has the same ambition with a much greater scope. However, the lack of digital connection between the two encyclopedias may hinder their comparison and the study of how knowledge has evolved. A key element of \textit{Wikipedia} is Wikidata that backs the articles with a graph of structured data. In this paper, we describe the annotation of more than 10,300 of the \textit{Encyclopédie} entries with Wikidata identifiers enabling us to connect these entries to the graph. We considered geographic and human entities. The \textit{Encyclopédie} does not contain biographic entries as they mostly appear as subentries of locations. We extracted all the geographic entries and we completely annotated all the entries containing a description of human entities. This represents more than 2,600 links referring to locations or human entities. In addition, we annotated more than 9,500 entries having a geographic content only. We describe the annotation process as well as application examples. This resource is available at https://github.com/pnugues/encyclopedie_1751

Sela Fried

In this work we resolve several conjectures stated in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer sequences.

Lubica Babotova

Author informs about the large Slovak encyclopedia “Beliana”. It is noted that of the planned over 20 volumes, only nine have been published so far. The significant contribution of Ukrainians, particularly Mykola Mushynka, in preparing encyclopedia articles dedicated to Ukrainian topics is highlighted.

Leena Raappana-Luiro

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of an illustrator’s visual style in representing nature. The focus is on the author’s own artistic project in which the personal relationship with nature is reflected. As for theory, the style used in the representation is seen as a combination of semiotic resources. In this case, the style is inspired by historical images: old still life paintings and illustrations from natural encyclopedias and field guides. The stylistic influences work as a connotative semiotic resource. From a wider perspective, how we represent nature creates social discourses of nature and our attitudes toward it. The results indicate that fact-based communication of nature would also benefit from the emotional effect of esthetic imagery.

Brian James Baer

This article proposes four characteristics that define a field of study as an academic discipline and then applies them to early Soviet efforts regarding the study of translation, referred to as perevodovedenie. The article focuses on the scholarly activity of two Soviet cultural institutions of the 1920s, the State Academy for Artistic Sciences, in Moscow, and the State Institute for the History of the Arts, in Petrograd, then Leningrad. Both institutes created subcommittees on translation, which hosted lectures as well as other scholarly activities, such as the creation of a Translation Studies bibliography. Key figures in the promotion of perevodovedenie at this time are also discussed. The article challenges the dominant narrative of the field, as consolidated in the many English-language handbooks and encyclopedias, that situates the emergence of Translation Studies in the post-World War II West and that construes writings from before the war as non-scholarly.

Dalia Gargasaitė

Creation of biograms for the publications of retrospective bibliography is a rather complicated matter. A biogram is composed for the author, compiler, and translator, commencing with the appearance of the first Lithuanian book in 1547 and extending to the present, with the 3rd volume, including the publications of 1905-1917, now in preparation. Encyclopedias and reference books usually contain data only about the most distinguished authors. Thus, authors or translators who have produced one or another minor work often remain unmentioned, and the priority for authorship stays with the compilers of national bibliographies. Information about most of such authors is quite sketchy, and the latest facts might be extremely useful for readers and users when thoroughly selected. Bibliographers should investigate all biographical materials about the author that are available and make precise evaluations regarding these materials. Special attention should be paid to accuracy and reliability. Due to the presentation of misleading dates, the so-called "errors-travelers" might occur, e.g., a case of inaccuracy in the date of birth of the traveler and writer Matas Šalčius. In the description of biograms, the administrative distribution of the definite period of the author's life should be considered.

Marta Recasens, Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Dan Jurafsky

Noah Zweig

Shangbin Feng, Chan Young Park, Yuhan Liu et al.

Language models (LMs) are pretrained on diverse data sources, including news, discussion forums, books, and online encyclopedias. A significant portion of this data includes opinions and perspectives which, on one hand, celebrate democracy and diversity of ideas, and on the other hand are inherently socially biased. Our work develops new methods to (1) measure political biases in LMs trained on such corpora, along social and economic axes, and (2) measure the fairness of downstream NLP models trained on top of politically biased LMs. We focus on hate speech and misinformation detection, aiming to empirically quantify the effects of political (social, economic) biases in pretraining data on the fairness of high-stakes social-oriented tasks. Our findings reveal that pretrained LMs do have political leanings that reinforce the polarization present in pretraining corpora, propagating social biases into hate speech predictions and misinformation detectors. We discuss the implications of our findings for NLP research and propose future directions to mitigate unfairness.

Michael R. Douglas, Liam McAllister

We give a mathematical perspective on string compactifications. Submitted as a chapter in the Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics.

Dwi Novita, Abdul Mujib

The background of this research is that the capital market is also able to provide real benefits for investors, where in the capital market, parties who have excess funds can meet with parties who need funds with certain agreements so that mutually beneficial reciprocity occurs, one of the parts is margin trading. Basically, no one wants disputes with other people. However, in a business relationship or an agreement, each party must anticipate the possibility of a dispute arising at any time in the future, especially in the world of capital markets, so what is the margin trading system like? and what is the role of the Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution (LAPS) in resolving margin trading disputes? on the capital market dispute itself. The type of research used in this study is library research, which is a study whose data sources are obtained from written sources, including books, laws, journals, encyclopedias, the internet, and other written works related to object under study. The approach used in this research is normative juridical, namely studying and testing secondary data in the form of positive law. This research yields, first, margin trading is capital for investors to gain greater profits through stocks that are rising in value when they themselves do not have enough funds to buy. In addition, they will also be charged interest on the loan. In the event of default or default, the consequence is that share ownership is automatically liquidated to cover losses. One of them is forced selling. Second, in the realm of civil law, there are several ways of resolving disputes which in general are through litigation (using formal court channels) and through alternative dispute resolution.

Mardhatillah Zulpiani, Endang Rusyani

People with disabilities also need ease of accessibility anywhere that allows them to do all the activities without any interruption of access in order to realize the similarity of opportunity in all aspects of life and livelihood that will aim to realize the independence of those who have obstacles, both physical, intellectual and other. Ease of access to public space is one of the rights to which are owned by them, therefore we need to pay attention to universal design principles so that they also get the right and the opportunity to enjoy the facilities provided by the government. In this research, using library research (library research). The study of literature is a study by using the method of data collection library, or in other words a research object of research is sourced from a variety of literature such as books, encyclopedias, journals and scientific articles. As a result, the application of universal design principles in public spaces for persons with disabilities is still lacking and needs attention. Public space should be a comfortable place for people with disabilities to do activities like the general public.

Priyanka Banerjee, Jevgeni Erehman, Björn-Oliver Gohlke et al.

Natural products play a significant role in drug discovery and development. Many topological pharmacophore patterns are common between natural products and commercial drugs. A better understanding of the specific physicochemical and structural features of natural products is important for corresponding drug development. Several encyclopedias of natural compounds have been composed, but the information remains scattered or not freely available. The first version of the Supernatural database containing ∼50 000 compounds was published in 2006 to face these challenges. Here we present a new, updated and expanded version of natural product database, Super Natural II (http://bioinformatics.charite.de/supernatural), comprising ∼326 000 molecules. It provides all corresponding 2D structures, the most important structural and physicochemical properties, the predicted toxicity class for ∼170 000 compounds and the vendor information for the vast majority of compounds. The new version allows a template-based search for similar compounds as well as a search for compound names, vendors, specific physical properties or any substructures. Super Natural II also provides information about the pathways associated with synthesis and degradation of the natural products, as well as their mechanism of action with respect to structurally similar drugs and their target proteins.

Rudolf A. Römer

Anderson localization provides a challenge to numerical approaches due to the inherent randomness, and hence absence of simple symmetries, in its discrete Hamiltonian representation. Numerous algorithmic approaches have been developed or adopted from other fields and have been collected in this encyclopedia entry. In the discussions below, the emphasis is on the numerical algorithms for localization, while the discussion of the physics of localization is referred to in companion entries by Elgart and Oganesyan in this encyclopedia.

JIANG Xueyao, LI Weichen, LIU Jingping, LI Zhixu, XIAO Yanghua

The core of constructing multi-modality knowledge graph is to ensure the correct and appropriate images match the entities in the knowledge graph.Existing entity image collection methods mainly use encyclopedias and image search engines as the source of images to serve as entity candidates;however, their application of image data elements is relatively simple in that they cannot accurately grasp the characteristics of image data sources, and their scalability is poor.Here, an entity image collection method based on multi-modality pattern transfer is proposed.The method extracts the corresponding semantic template from different types of head entities and transfers the visual mode to the image acquisition process of similar non-head entities.Semantic templates are used to build search engine search keywords, and visual modes are used to denoise the search results.Ultimately, the method collects 1.8×10⁶ images for 1.278×10⁵ entities in 25 categories of WikiData.The experimental results show that, compared with IMGpedia, VisualSem, Richpedia, and MMKG, the images corresponding to entities in the multi-modality knowledge graph constructed by the proposed method are more accurate with greater diversity.The accuracy of the link prediction in downstream task can be significantly improved by introducing the images collected by this method.In Hits@10, the accuracy of the index is 59.74%, which is at least 12.7 percentage points higher than that of the methods used for comparison.

Muhamad Fahmi Fakhrezi, M. Bijaksana, A. Huda

Abstract Studying the Qur’an by understanding the Qur’an’s vocabulary so that understanding its meaning is not easy. Then we need a Qur’anic vocabulary encyclopedia that focuses on explaining the meaning of the words in it. The development of encyclopedias used automatic text summarization with the TextRank method because from one query that is searched there are many meanings of words that must be summarized. This method starts by selecting documents that are relevant to the query, then summarizes the selected documents using the TextRank method so that they get a summary based on all the word meanings, finally testing the summary results by the system by comparing them with summary targets that are constructed manually by humans. The application of the TextRank method for automatic text summarization has an average value of F-Score 0.6173. The results of automatic text summarization using the TextRank method are no duplicates, and for some queries, it is almost the same as the summary results created manually by humans.