Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

J. Mill

John Stuart Mill's Principles of Political Economy stands as one of the most lucid and systematic works ever published on the subject. This classic text, foundational to modern economic thought, offers a comprehensive exploration of the nature of wealth and the laws governing its Production, Distribution, and Exchange. This special abridged edition by Holistence Publications, meticulously prepared by J. Laurence Laughlin, retains Mill's original words while enhancing the text for contemporary and American students. It includes Laughlin's supplementary analysis, a "Sketch of the History of Political Economy", extensive bibliographies for further study, and numerous charts and illustrations applying economic principles to American facts. Mill's treatise systematically investigates the requisites of production (labor, capital, and land), the laws of distribution (wages, profits, rent, and property), the functions of money and credit, the principles of international trade, the influence of societal progress on economic conditions, and the proper functions of government, including taxation and the debate on protectionism. This edition makes Mill's monumental work accessible to a new generation of readers.

C. Safi, Bachar Zebib, O. Merah et al.

Vander Stelt, H. Gerhauser, Jha Jacob Kiel et al.

W. Adger, S. Dessai, M. Goulden et al.

J. Bousquet, Josep M. Antó, C. Bachert et al.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is caused by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions to inhaled allergens and is one of the most common chronic conditions globally. AR often co-occurs with asthma and conjunctivitis and is a global health problem causing major burden and disability worldwide. Risk factors include inhalant and occupational allergens, as well as genetic factors. AR impairs quality of life, affects social life, school and work, and is associated with substantial economic costs. The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) initiative classified AR into intermittent or persistent and mild or moderate/severe. The diagnosis is based on the clinical history and, if needed in patients with uncontrolled rhinitis despite medications or with long-lasting symptoms, on skin tests or the presence of serum-specific IgE antibodies to allergens. The most frequently used pharmacological treatments include oral, intranasal or ocular H 1 -antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids or a fixed combination of intranasal H 1 -antihistamines and corticosteroids. Allergen immunotherapy prescribed by a specialist using high-quality extracts in stratified patients is effective in patients with persistent symptoms. Real-world data obtained by mobile technology offer new insights into AR phenotypes and management. The outlook for AR includes a better understanding of novel multimorbid phenotypes, health technology assessment and patient-centred shared decision-making. This Primer by Bousquet and colleagues summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis. In addition, it reviews the quality-of-life issues faced by patients and provides an overview of how mobile health technologies could improve patient care.

C. Farrar, K. Worden

Ali Rattansi

L. E. Leidy

Suhua Tian, Li Wang, Yonghan Zhao

This study examines the impact of TFP shock, world interest rate shock, domestic deposit rate shock, and fiscal policy shock on China's macroeconomic variables—such as capital credit scale and output growth rate—under the framework of endogenous and exogenous capital controls. Quantitative analysis reveals that an increase in the world interest rates has a negative impact on the domestic credit market, leading to a simultaneous decline in both household savings and capital inflows. Endogenous capital control can mitigate the adverse effect, playing a macroprudential role, whereas exogenous capital controls tend to amplify the negative shock. Expansionary fiscal policy through tax cutting proves effective in stimulating output growth rate. When facing economic downturns, priority should be given to implementing proactive fiscal measures, complemented by appropriate monetary easing with endogenous capital controls, to achieve output growth with less fluctuations.

Marc Barthelemy, Ulysse Marquis

Urban land cover doubled between 1985 and 2015, yet the spatial dynamics of urban form remain under-quantified, despite its importance for sustainability, infrastructure planning, and climate risk. Urban expansion is a non-equilibrium process shaped by interactions between population growth, infrastructure, institutions, and market failures -- rendering static and equilibrium models inadequate. We review key challenges and modeling approaches, focusing on partial differential equation (PDE) frameworks. Borrowed from statistical physics, PDEs capture spatial heterogeneity, anisotropy, stochasticity, and feedbacks between land use and transport networks. Integrating economic and institutional factors remains a major challenge for policy relevance. We propose a research agenda that bridges remote sensing, urban economics, and complexity science to develop dynamic, empirically grounded models of urban expansion.

Hisashi Hayakawa

On a centennial timescale, solar activity was quantified based on records of instrumental sunspot observations. This article briefly discusses several aspects of the recent archival investigations of historical sunspot records in the 17th to 18th centuries. This article also reviews the recent updates for the active day fraction and positions of the reported sunspot groups of the Maunder Minimum to show their significance within the observational history. These archival investigations serve as base datasets for reconstructing solar activity.

Kitti Dióssy

Hungarian Életünk és mindennapjaink egyre nagyobb részére van befolyása a mesterséges intelligenciának (MI). A munkaerőpiacon már jelenlévő Y és Z generáció motivációja és attitűdje hatással van hosszú távon a vállalatok versenyképességére. Az MI előnyeinek felismerése mellett annak alkalmazása és az esetleges hátrányaihoz való alkalmazkodás is jelentős feladat. Kutatásomban arra fókuszálok, hogy feltárjam a fiatal közgazdászok gondolkodásmódját az MI-vel kapcsolatban, anonim kérdőívek segítségével (147 magyar, 105 amerikai válaszadó). Ennek érdekében amerikai (fejlett gazdaság és élen járó az MI-ben) és magyar (fejlett gazdaság, de nem jelentős az MI területén) fiatal közgazdászokat kérdeztem meg. Kutatásomból kiderült, hogy a két nemzet közgazdászainak gondolkodása között nem fedezhető fel szignifikáns különbség. Egyértelműen pozitívan és bizakodóan állnak az MI-hez, valamint annak rövid és hosszú távú hatásához. Érdeklődésük középpontjában azonban még nem szerepel az MI és annak megértése, de izgalmasnak találják. Fontosnak tartják a fejleszthető puha és a nehéz készségeket, amelyekkel felülreprezentált helyzetbe kerülhetünk az MI-vel szemben. A fiatal közgazdászok szerint teljesen nem fog megszűnni az emberi munka, csak átalakul, emiatt sem érzik magukat veszélyeztetve a munkaerőpiacon. English An increasing part of our everyday life is affected by artificial intelligence (AI). The motivation and attitude of Generation Y and Z have a fundamental influence on the competitiveness of companies. Therefore, it is important to recognize, apply, and adapt to the potential drawbacks of AI. In my research, by using an anonymous questionnaire, the focus is laid on how young economists think of the subject. Thus, I interviewed American (a developed economy with a significant role in the field of AI) and Hungarian (a developed economy but not significant role in the field of AI) young economists. My research has shown that no significant difference can be identified between the thinking of economists in the two nations. Young people are unambiguously positive and optimistic about AI and its impact in the short and long term. However, AI and its understanding are not yet at the centre of their interest, though they find it fascinating. Soft- and hard skills that can be developed are considered important, with which they can be in an advantageous position against AI. According to young economists, human work will not completely disappear, it will only alter, and due to this, they do not feel threatened in the labour market.

Vladimir Skavysh, Sofia Priazhkina, Diego Guala et al.

Computational methods both open the frontiers of economic analysis and serve as a bottleneck in what can be achieved. We are the first to study whether Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) algorithm can improve the runtime of economic applications and challenges in doing so. We provide a detailed introduction to quantum computing and especially the QMC algorithm. Then, we illustrate how to formulate and encode into quantum circuits (a) a bank stress testing model with credit shocks and fire sales, (b) a neoclassical investment model solved with deep learning, and (c) a realistic macro model solved with deep neural networks. We discuss potential computational gains of QMC versus classical computing systems and present a few innovations in benchmarking QMC.

Sergey Masaev

A review of economic approaches showed the lack of a universal method for assessing management decisions in the face of an increasing volume of analyzed data and changing parameters of the external environment. The method of integral indicators is proposed. Integral indicators are one of the modern methods for researching the behavior of an enterprise. It provides an assessment of the impact of the external environment. It shows the ability of the enterprise to adapt to new conditions. The dynamics of the correlation indicator shows the reaction of the enterprise to the impact of external factors. The purpose of the scientific work was achieved: the optimal control of the enterprise was carried out in the conditions of changing the parameters of the external environment For this, the model of the economic object and the method of its analysis are formalized. The structure of an economic object (enterprise) is given. The characteristics of the parameters of the external environment are given. The state of an economic object (enterprise) is modeled taking into account the influence of the external environment. With the help of the software package created by the author, six optimal options for control decisions have been analyzed. The state of an economic object has been modeled depending on the state of the external environment by 5,000 parameters. The research showed significant changes in the values of the correlation of the parameters of the system and the intensity of business processes when the conditions for the functioning of the system change. The optimal control of an economic object (enterprise) is selected according to the integral indicator.

Sorin Burlacu, Ana Maria Calin, Elena Crizantema Vâlcu et al.

This research paper aims to investigate the role of public administration in promoting sustainable development through a case study of global nutrition interventions and population growth. The study employs a case study approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities presented by these issues, and to explore how public administration can effectively address them. The purpose of the research is to generate new insights and hypotheses that can inform theory and practice, as well as to provide practical recommendations for policymakers and practitioners. The methodology of the study involves an in-depth investigation of four different countries, each selected based on their distinct characteristics and challenges related to global nutrition interventions and population growth. Secondary sources of data are used to develop the case study, including reports, policy documents, and academic literature. The research objectives are to identify the key drivers and barriers to promoting sustainable development in each country, to evaluate the effectiveness of current public administration strategies, and to propose practical recommendations for enhancing policy and practice. The main findings of the study demonstrate the critical importance of effective public administration in promoting sustainable development, particularly in the context of global nutrition interventions and population growth. The case study highlights the need for coordinated and integrated policy approaches that engage a range of stakeholders, including government, civil society, and private sector actors. The study also highlights the importance of context-specific approaches that consider the unique characteristics and challenges of each country. The degree of novelty and originality of this research lies in its holistic and contextualized approach to exploring the role of public administration in promoting sustainable development. By using a case study approach, this research generates new insights and recommendations that can inform policy and practice in a practical and actionable way. The practical implications of this research are significant, as it provides a roadmap for policymakers and practitioners to effectively address the complex and multifaceted challenges posed by global nutrition interventions and population growth.

Gerrit Verhoeven

Igor Borysov

Problem setting. In the conditions of the digital economy, the level of development of science and technology is a determining factor in the progress of society and a source of economic growth in Ukraine. Therefore, one of the priority tasks of modern state policy is the formation and ensuring the functioning of a stable innovative infrastructure. Target of research. To conduct an analysis of the current legislation in the field of innovation to identify the effectiveness of the influence of state regulation on the development of innovative infrastructure and its components in the conditions of Industry 4.0. Analysis of recent researches and publications. In the domestic scientific literature, among the representatives of both economic and legal sciences, in the conditions of qualitative changes in the world economy, the problem of the development of innovative infrastructure, its essence and history are dealt with, in particular, by such scientists as H. P. Klimova, I V. Podrez-Ryapolova, A. S. Samorodov, V. V. Maloyvan and others. Article’s main body. The article examines the prospects for the development of Ukraine’s innovative infrastructure in the conditions of the digital economy, and solves the problems of ensuring the effectiveness of its functioning. The current legislation of Ukraine in this area, international legal acts, scientific works have been analyzed, conclusions have been drawn that have both theoretical and practical significance regarding the outlined issue. It is noted that the infrastructure (production, social, urban, innovative, research, educational, information, etc.) in the market economy is traditionally considered as a specific system (subsystem) of interconnected institutions, the purpose of which is to create general conditions for the functioning of subjects in various spheres of economy. It was concluded that the innovative infrastructure of Ukraine consists of a set of enterprises, organizations, institutions, their associations, associations of any form of ownership, which provide services for the provision of innovative activities (financial, consulting, marketing, information and communication, legal, educational, etc.). The state must provide conditions for the development of the infrastructure of knowledge dissemination (patent organizations, research centers, communication links, open databases, etc.), organize an innovative structure of education and science, providing sufficient funding for these systems, and also direct its efforts to the development of human creative potential. At the same time, solving the problem of the competitiveness of scientific research and scientific and technical (experimental) development in modern conditions is impossible without the integration of the scientific and innovative system of Ukraine into the European Research Area – a system of programs and political instruments that unites the institutional environment of research and development of the states that are members of the European Union and associated members for the purpose of development of international scientific and technical cooperation, free transfer of knowledge, mobility of researchers. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Summarizing the above, it should be noted that in the conditions of the digital economy, one of the priority tasks of modern state policy is the formation and ensuring the functioning of a stable innovative infrastructure, in particular, the creation of the necessary organizational, legal and financial conditions for the development of the research infrastructure system, promoting the integration of the scientific and innovative system of Ukraine to the EDP, the development of «digital infrastructures», in particular, e-infrastructures, the accession of Ukraine to the Single Digital Market of the EU, the adaptation of higher education to the European Higher Education Area.

Andreas Fischer, Malte Küper, Thilo Schaefer

Abstract As Russia’s invasion of Ukraine continues, more and more people are calling for a ban on Russian energy imports. The proponents argue that abstaining from importing billions worth of coal, oil and gas will further increase the pressure on the Kremlin. Critics, however, including German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, warn of what they believe to be incalculable consequences, with the gas supply being particularly at risk. This article outlines the different options for substituting Russian coal, oil, and especially gas and explains why the wait-and-see attitude of the German government towards a complete import ban is understandable.

Victor Ushahemba Ijirshar

This study examined the relationship between trade facilitation and economic growth among the middle-income countries from 2010 to 2020 using 94 countries made up of 48 lower-middle-income countries and 46 upper-middle-income countries. The study utilized both difference and system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) since the cross-sections (N) were greater than the periods (T). The study found that container port traffic, quality of trade and transport-related infrastructure have a strong influence on imports and exports of goods and national income while trade tariff hurts the growth of the countries. The study also found that most of the trade facilitation indicators indicated a weak positive influence on trade flows and economic growth. Based on these findings, the study recommends that reforms aimed at significantly lowering the costs of trading across borders among middle-income countries should be highly prioritized in policy formulations, with a focus on the export side by reducing at-the-border documentation, time, and real costs of trading across borders while the international organizations should continue to report the set of Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFIs) that identify areas for action and enable the potential impact of reforms to be assessed.

E. Guntermann, Gabriel S. Lenz, J. Myers