Hasil untuk "Diplomatics. Archives. Seals"

Katarzyna Moskal

Przedmioty związane z cechami piekarzy, piernikarzy i rzeźników przechowywane są obecnie przez pięć instytucji. Artykuł miał na celu zebranie dziedzictwa krakowskich cechów spożywczych wyrażonego w przedmiotach związanych z obyczajami cechowymi. Ważne było znalezienie ich wspólnego kontekstu i wzajemnych powiązań. Przedstawione obiekty służyły podczas zebrań cechowych (krucyfiksy, lichtarze, lady), wyróżniały starszych cechu (buzdygany, łańcuchy), były używane podczas uroczystości religijnych i świeckich (chorągwie). Pochodzą z różnych wieków – najstarsze powstały w XVII w. (konwie cechów piekarzy i rzeźników), a najmłodsze – łańcuchy starszych połączonych cechów spożywczych – w latach 80. XX w. Wykonane są w różnych technikach. W tym sumarycznym opracowaniu nie była możliwa ich szczegółowa analiza, choć przy okazji udało się ustalić niektórych autorów oraz odczytać ikonografię przedstawień. Daje to pogląd na współpracę pomiędzy lokalnymi rzemieślnikami w urządzaniu siedzib cechowych i wyposażaniu kaplic (wykorzystywanie majstersztyków stolarskich jak lada cechu rzeźników lub zlecanie wykonywania wyrobów srebrnych okolicznym złotnikom). Pomimo wymuszonej pobieżności opracowania wyraźnie rysuje się wspólnota symboli, motywów, dekoracji i poczucia tożsamości wspólnoty wyrażająca się w samych przedmiotach i ich dekoracjach. Analiza odsłania też szerszy kontekst funkcjonowania: mówią one o fundatorach, ówczesnym rzemiośle i statusie cechu.

Sharon Braun, Jonathan Bushnell, Zachary Cowell et al.

We conducted a large-scale resume audit of 36,880 applications to 9,220 job advertisements for new college graduates across the United States. Firms express task preferences through job-advertisement text, which we link to occupation-level task measures from O*NET and the American Community Survey. We develop a model in which discrimination increases with evaluative discretion, defined as the share of hiring decisions driven by subjective rather than verifiable assessment. Callback gaps vary systematically with the task content of jobs. In management occupations, callbacks are 28 to 43 percent lower for Black men, Black women, White women, and Hispanic men than for otherwise identical White men. Broad occupation categories conceal important variation in task demands. When jobs are grouped by task intensity, discrimination concentrates in positions combining high analytical and interpersonal demands with low routine content. Decomposing task content into subjective-evaluation and objective-precision components, we find that subjective evaluation widens callback gaps while objective precision compresses them. Customer contact amplifies this divergence, widening gaps in non-routine jobs but not in routine jobs. Randomly assigned resume credentials that increase callbacks on average reduce gaps in low-discretion jobs but not in high-discretion jobs. Early-career exclusion from high-return task bundles may entrench long-run demographic gaps in employment outcomes.

Allícya Marya Dias de Lima, Antônio de Souza Silva Júnior

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever a atuação do bibliotecário para desenvolvimento da competência em informação dos usuários de bibliotecas públicas vinculadas a instituições federais de ensino superior do Nordeste Brasileiro. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, quanto à abordagem, esta pesquisa se classifica como descritiva e exploratória. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e a análise dos dados, realizada pelo método da pragmática da linguagem. Os relatos apontaram que a atuação bibliotecária se mostra mais reativa às demandas da comunidade interna e externa. As informações sobre os produtos e serviços da biblioteca são expostos nos sites e redes sociais e, apenas quando provocada, são realizadas ações de formação com os usuários. Foi relatado também a necessidade do desenvolvimento, pelas instituições de ensino, de um programa de formação continuada para aprimorar os conhecimentos dos bibliotecários sobre tecnologias digitais. Conclui-se que a atuação bibliotecária vai mais além da disponibilização de informações, mas também na capacitação de usuários na busca, interpretação e avaliação da informação de modo ético e eficiente. Diante de um cenário de expressivo aumento da publicação das informações, auxiliar na identificação de informações confiáveis e desinformações reforça a participação social consciente na construção dos saberes.

Juliana Marques, Suemi Higuchi

A digitalização de coleções históricas e culturais tem precipitado um processo de profunda transformação, conhecido como “dataficação” das fontes primárias. Esta evolução reconfigura a natureza e o potencial dessas coleções, gerando dados acessíveis e reutilizáveis, ampliando as possibilidades de pesquisa e democratizando o acesso ao patrimônio. Neste artigo, exploramos essa transformação e suas implicações para o futuro de instituições de pesquisa e de guarda de acervos histórico-culturais. Palavras-chave: dados abertos; web semântica; inteligência artificial; humanidades digitais.

Tatjana Milošević

The article focuses on the key determinants and substantive features of Yugoslav-American relations following the accession of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964. Special attention is given to the strengthening of the Non-Aligned Movement, which culminated in the Cairo Conference, and to the positive international resonance of that event for Yugoslavia's global standing. This paper is based on archival research conducted using relevant collections from the Archives of Yugoslavia and the Diplomatic Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as on a wide range of specialized academic literature.

A. B. Edemskii

L. Zubanych, I. Prokhnenko

There are many historical tools available to researchers to help them understand the past. In addition to the classical subjects (heraldry, sphragistics, insignology, genealogy, archontology, etc.), a number of new, modern auxiliary sciences (historical psychology, network analysis, etc.) have recently been introduced into the methodology of historiography. Family history research has played an important role in Hungarian history since the 19th century, while the digitisation of the Hungarian National Archives has led to a renewed interest in researching the history of families with a significant historical heritage (and archival material). The archival collection of the Perényi family in Nyaláb and the baron Perényi family archives at the State Archives of Transcarpathia County provide researchers with a relatively accurate picture of the family's history in the 14th and 19th centuries. This may be important, since the public (and scientific) scholarship in Transcarpathia has so far focused mainly on only a fraction of the family's history and its prominent personalities. In our research, we will focus on an early period of the history of the Perényi, the Luxembourg period (1387 – 1437). The members of the Perényi family, who originated in the Abaúj county and rose to the rank of noblemen, rose to the highest echelons of power thanks to their personal talents and loyalty to the ruler, becoming some of the richest landowners in the country. During their European tours (accompanied by the king or on diplomatic missions), the Perényi’s, who were part of King Sigismund's immediate entourage, were able to learn about the various forms of power representation, which they used in their everyday lives and in their wider environment. Some of these have survived to this day, illustrating the Perényi family's cultural patronage. The coats of arms used by the Perényi, for example, adorned church and secular buildings, seals and tombstones, showing the place of the bearer in the social hierarchy. As a result of archaeological research, in addition to the previously known tombstones at Trebišov and Rudabánya, new ones have recently been discovered in Abaújvár and Királyháza.

Ngozi Edeagu

One way historians provincialize New Diplomatic History ( ndh ) is through a microhistorical lens that focuses on specific diplomatic actors, spaces, and rituals. My contribution responds to several distinct nodes highlighted in the text “Provincializing ‘New’ Diplomatic History: An Interdisciplinary Manifesto,” namely those that promote inclusivity, as well as methodological innovations. My response explores the diplomatic practices of African students based in the United States and Canada under the chapter-based All-African Students Union of the Americas ( aasua ). To do this, I bypass official diplomatic archives to challenge hidden orthodoxies and assumptions. I illuminate the aasua ’s diplomatic practices (from its inception in 1953 until 1961 when it reorganized itself as the Pan-African Students Organization in the Americas) to illustrate the Manifesto’s reflections and, subsequently, enhance them.

Myrto Dimitrokali, Maria Rentetzi

This work explores the formative years of Lauriston Taylor, a pivotal American physicist in the history of radiation protection, from the origins of his career until the shift brought about by World War II. It draws primarily on his lengthy and largely unexplored unpublished autobiography, along with archival sources and published materials. It examines Taylor’s early involvement in the field at a time when few scientists in the United States had both the formal education or experience—and perhaps even the interest—in X-rays and radium. Taylor's work was not confined to scientific laboratories and experiments. His significant role in national and international organizations highlights how scientific expertise, institutional power, and political context intertwined in shaping radiation protection as a field. By tracing Taylor’s steps, this paper illuminates the making of radiation standards and the emergence of radiological protection as both a scientific and diplomatic enterprise.

Renato de Mattos

O artigo problematiza os critérios legais que orientam a distinção entre a natureza pública e privada dos acervos presidenciais brasileiros. Constata-se a existência de ambiguidades na legislação vigente que impactam a preservação de parcela do patrimônio documental. As reflexões empreendidas apontam para a importância da participação de profissionais do campo arquivístico nos debates sobre os conjuntos documentais dos presidentes da República a fim de que as imprecisões sejam sanadas. Palavras-chave: acervos presidenciais; legislação arquivística; patrimônio documental.

Felipe Cazetta

Através da história intelectual e da análise de discurso buscamos realizar exames das alterações impostas ao regime salazarista, através da nova conjuntura decorrente do pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial. Sob atenção nos estatutos referentes às colônias, especificamente os de 1941 e 1954, e das obras de Gilberto Freyre e Ploncard D’Assac, há o objetivo de compreender as estratégias do salazarismo para se perpetuar no poder e preservar suas possessões territoriais. Palavras-chave: salazarismo; história intelectual; análise de discurso.  

Rachel Zheng, Michele C. Weigle

To prevent the spread of disinformation on Instagram, we need to study the accounts and content of disinformation actors. However, due to their malicious nature, Instagram often bans accounts that are responsible for spreading disinformation, making these accounts inaccessible from the live web. The only way we can study the content of banned accounts is through public web archives such as the Internet Archive. However, there are many issues present with archiving Instagram pages. Specifically, we focused on the issue that many Wayback Machine Instagram mementos redirect to the Instagram login page. In this study, we determined that mementos of Instagram account pages on the Wayback Machine began redirecting to the Instagram login page in August 2019. We also found that Instagram mementos on Archive.today, Arquivo.pt, and Perma.cc are also not well archived in terms of quantity and quality. Moreover, we were unsuccessful in all our attempts to archive Katy Perry's Instagram account page on Archive.today, Arquivo.pt, and Conifer. Although in the minority, replayable Instagram mementos exist in public archives and contain valuable data for studying disinformation on Instagram. With that in mind, we developed a Python script to web scrape Instagram mementos. As of August 2023, the Python script can scrape Wayback Machine archives of Instagram account pages between November 7, 2012 and June 8, 2018.

Chia Ning

This study underscores the crucial role of seal impressions on Sino-Russian treaties, viewing the indifference of seal-created visual information as a significant defect in current treaty scholarship. This research proposes that the analysis of material seals holds equal importance to the textual examination of written articles in comprehending Sino-Russian diplomatic culture. The mandatory use of official seals for signing bilateral treaties in both the Qing and Russian Empires is deeply rooted in their unique civilizations and traditions. From this background, the political culture of these empires guided the treaty negotiators to perceive the seal impressions on treaties not only as mutual commitments to fulfilling the treaty promises but also as a non-linguistic means to engage with their respective relationship positions. As a result, both written articles and visual sigillography are invaluable as primary sources in treaty research.

Ertan Ünlü

1768-1774 Osmanlı Rus Savaşı, sonuçları açısından Osmanlı İmparatorluğu için bir dönüm noktasıdır. Çünkü 21 Temmuz 1774’te imzalanan Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması, Kırım’ın bağımsızlığı ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun savaş tazminatı ödemesi gibi ağır şartlar barındırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması, her ne kadar iki devlet arasındaki savaşı bitirmiş olsa da içerdiği belirsizliklerle yeni sorunların çıkmasına temel teşkil etmiştir. Zira Rusya, antlaşmayı gerekçe göstererek, İstanbul dışında konsolosluk açma, Karadeniz’de Osmanlı aleyhine ticari faaliyet yürütme, Kırım’ı ilhaka yönelme gibi çeşitli girişimlerde bulunmuştur. Bu nedenle iki devlet beynindeki sular, Küçük Kaynarca sonrasında bir türlü durulmamıştır. Bu da Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Rusya arasında Aynalıkavak Tenkihnamesi’ne kadar devam eden yoğun bir müzakere sürecine yol açmıştır.Burada neşrettiğimiz ve Osmanlı Arşivi’nde Yıldız Esas Evrakı tasnifi içinde 91/44 numara ile kayıtlı olan mükâleme belgesi de bu sürecin bir ürünüdür. Bu belge, Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması sonrasında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Rusya arasındaki ilişkiler açısından önem arz etmektedir. İlgili belge, Reisülküttap Raif İsmail Efendi’nin Rusya orta elçisi Aleksandr Stachieviç Stachiev’le Kuzguncuk’taki yalısında 7 Mayıs 1776’daki görüşmesinde yönelttiği on iki maddelik sorular temelinde şekillenmiştir. Bu sorular, reayanın durumu, kiliseler, tazminat ödemeleri, Tatarların durumu gibi konular hakkındadır. Fakat Stachiev devletine danışması gerektiğinden, Raif İsmail Efendi’ye hemen cevap verememiştir. Dolayısıyla Rusya’dan beklenen yanıt ancak 15 Eylül 1776’da gelmiştir.

Elisângela da Silva Santos

O texto apresenta e discute as cartas da escritora peruana Teresa González de Fanning enviadas ao escritor uruguaio José Enrique Rodó. Nossa proposta é reabrir os arquivos para revelar uma faceta importante do epistolário do autor: a presença de mulheres refletindo sobre o destino nacional e continental. Concluímos que as missivas cumprem o papel de nos aproximar do tema da sociabilidade intelectual de uma autora que acessou a escrita como forma de expressão cultural e política. Palavras-chave: Teresa González de Fanning; correspondência; sociabilidade literária; José Enrique Rodó.  

Hengli Li, Song-Chun Zhu, Zilong Zheng

Pragmatic reasoning plays a pivotal role in deciphering implicit meanings that frequently arise in real-life conversations and is essential for the development of communicative social agents. In this paper, we introduce a novel challenge, DiPlomat, aiming at benchmarking machines' capabilities on pragmatic reasoning and situated conversational understanding. Compared with previous works that treat different figurative expressions (e.g. metaphor, sarcasm) as individual tasks, DiPlomat provides a cohesive framework towards general pragmatic understanding. Our dataset is created through the utilization of Amazon Mechanical Turk ( AMT ), resulting in a total of 4, 177 multi-turn dialogues. In conjunction with the dataset, we propose two tasks, Pragmatic Identification and Reasoning (PIR) and Conversational Question Answering (CQA). Experimental results with state-of-the-art (SOTA) neural architectures reveal several significant findings: 1) large language models ( LLMs) exhibit poor performance in tackling this subjective domain; 2) comprehensive comprehension of context emerges as a critical factor for establishing benign human-machine interactions; 3) current models defect in the application of pragmatic reasoning. As a result, we call on more attention to improve the ability of context understanding, reasoning, and implied meaning modeling.

S. M. Seals, Valerie L. Shalin

Psycholinguistic analyses provide a means of evaluating large language model (LLM) output and making systematic comparisons to human-generated text. These methods can be used to characterize the psycholinguistic properties of LLM output and illustrate areas where LLMs fall short in comparison to human-generated text. In this work, we apply psycholinguistic methods to evaluate individual sentences from long-form analogies about biochemical concepts. We compare analogies generated by human subjects enrolled in introductory biochemistry courses to analogies generated by chatGPT. We perform a supervised classification analysis using 78 features extracted from Coh-metrix that analyze text cohesion, language, and readability (Graesser et. al., 2004). Results illustrate high performance for classifying student-generated and chatGPT-generated analogies. To evaluate which features contribute most to model performance, we use a hierarchical clustering approach. Results from this analysis illustrate several linguistic differences between the two sources.

Rina Su, 2. Yumeng Li, Xin Yang et al.

The digitization of displaced archives is of great historical and cultural significance. Through the construction of digital humanistic platforms represented by MISS platform, and the comprehensive application of IIIF technology, knowledge graph technology, ontology technology, and other popular information technologies. We can find that the digital framework of displaced archives built through the MISS platform can promote the establishment of a standardized cooperation and dialogue mechanism between the archives authoritiess and other government departments. At the same time, it can embed the works o fichives ction of digital government and the economy, promote the exploration of the integration of archives management, data management, and information resource management, and ultimately promote the construction of a digital society. By fostering a new partnership between archives departments and enterprises, think tanks, research institutes, and industry associations, the role of multiple social subjects in the modernization process of the archives governance system and governance capacity will be brought into play. The National Archives Administration has launched a special operation to recover scattered archives overseas, drawing up a list and a recovery action plan for archives lost to overseas institutions and individuals due to war and other reasons. Through the National Archives Administration, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and the Ministry of Justice, specific recovery work is carried out by studying and working on international laws.

Mrinalini Luthra, Konstantin Todorov, Charles Jeurgens et al.

Colonial archives are at the center of increased interest from a variety of perspectives, as they contain traces of historically marginalized people. Unfortunately, like most archives, they remain difficult to access due to significant persisting barriers. We focus here on one of them: the biases to be found in historical findings aids, such as indexes of person names, which remain in use to this day. In colonial archives, indexes can perpetuate silences by omitting to include mentions of historically marginalized persons. In order to overcome such limitations and pluralize the scope of existing finding aids, we propose using automated entity recognition. To this end, we contribute a fit-for-purpose annotation typology and apply it on the colonial archive of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). We release a corpus of nearly 70,000 annotations as a shared task, for which we provide baselines using state-of-the-art neural network models. Our work intends to stimulate further contributions in the direction of broadening access to (colonial) archives, integrating automation as a possible means to this end.

Fabricio Souza

Resenha do livro Eterna vigilância: como montei e desvendei o maior sistema de espionagem do mundo, de Edward Snowden. Tradução de Sandra Martha Dolinsky. São Paulo: Planeta do Brasil, 2019. 288p.