Hasil untuk "Details in building design and construction. Including walls, roofs"

Ting Way Lim, Yuttana Tongtuam, Nawit Ongsavangchai

In tropical climates, where cooling loads dominate building energy use, minimizing cooling demand is particularly critical for achieving carbon neutrality in educational buildings while maintaining adequate daylight and visual comfort. This study investigated the combined effects of the Window-to-Floor Ratio (WFR), Visible Light Transmission (VLT), and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) on building performance through parametric simulations using ClimateStudio. A university classroom in Chiang Mai, Thailand, served as a case study with a baseline configuration of 30% WFR and SHGC 0.82, which is representative of conventional tropical classroom designs. Twenty retrofit scenarios were modelled by varying the WFR (30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, and 10%) and VLT (88%, 77%, 66%, and 56%) with SHGC (0.82, 0.62, 0.53, and 0.61), respectively. Each scenario was evaluated for estimated CO₂ emissions from cooling energy intensity, surface solar exposure, spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA), and annual sunlight exposure (ASE) using radiance-based daylight analysis simulations. Thermal simulations were not conducted; instead, solar radiation was used as a proxy for cooling demand. The results indicate that optimized configurations (e.g., WFR 20-25% with SHGC 0.53) lower surface solar exposure by over 40% and cooling-related CO₂ emissions by approximately 30% compared to the baseline, while maintaining high daylight availability (sDA ≥ 96%). This approach offers preliminary insights for facade optimization aimed at passive cooling and sustainable energy use, though it lacks the precision of dynamic thermal modeling and should be interpreted with caution. The findings support Sustainable Development Goals 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and 13 (Climate Action), offering practical guidance for architects and engineers in designing climate-responsive, carbon-neutral educational buildings in hot-humid regions.

Zehra Aybike Kılıç, Alpin Köknel Yener

Daylight is one of the primary sources to ensure a comfortable, healthy, and energy-efficient neighborhoods. Zoning regulations significantly influence daylight-driven site layouts by constraining design decisions, particularly at the neighborhood scale. This study therefore hypothesizes that zoning design rules should be structured to optimize visual comfort in buildings, ensuring that daylight access is not compromised by restrictive policies. In this regard, the study examines the impact of the different site-layout alternatives, compliant with the Turkish zoning regulation, on the visual comfort conditions in the residential spaces designated for a new residential development. In parallel, the study also analyzes the extent to which site layout design parameters—such as obstruction angle, light reflectance, and building type—affect daylight performance. To achieve these, various parametric daylighting simulations were conducted via Climate Studio for Grasshopper, and site-layout configurations under different legal constraints were comparatively analyzed based on EN 17037 metrics. The results show that the effects of obstruction angle and light reflectance value vary significantly with building type and orientation. Furthermore, obstruction angle can be misleading as a standalone design indicator for predicting daylight performance within a space. The findings of the study contribute to the development of visually comfortable and sustainable living spaces for newly developing residential areas and existing site layout patterns that have changed as a result of urban transformation. In addition, the study can also provide insight into the evaluation methods given in the daylight standard to assess the daylight performance of space in the context of neighborhood scale.

Mihrimah Şenalp, Erdem Köymen, Enes Yaşa et al.

The re-functioning of historical buildings frequently necessitates new additions. This is particularly relevant for historical buildings with open courtyards, where interventions often involve the installation of upper covers using contemporary materials and techniques This issue can become especially apparent in historical buildings that are completely enclosed with transparent materials, raising concerns about the greenhouse effect and its potential to compromise indoor comfort. In this context, the objective of this study is to develop a methodology and model to assessing and optimizing roof covering designs. The model consists of two phases. The first phase involves conducting a visual harmony analysis within the developed algorithm, using parametric model pattern alternatives created in Rhinoceros3D/Grasshopper3D. The second phase focuses on optimizing visual comfort parameters, including sDA, UDIuseful, UDIupper and DGP. The optimal pattern is determined by evaluating a variety property of transparent surfaces such as solar heat gain, light transmittance, and area using the Ladybug, Honeybee plugins. The options constitute via Colibri plugin. The case study chosen for this investigation is one of Mimar Sinan’s building in Istanbul. This choice is motivated by the increasing intervention of enclosed to open courtyards in madrasah buildings from this era. The construction system is proposed to use steel, with ETFE for the transparent surfaces. Consequently, the outcomes demonstrate the model is feasible for interventions.

Max Langtry, Chaoqun Zhuang, Rebecca Ward et al.

The use of data collection to support decision making through the reduction of uncertainty is ubiquitous in the management, operation, and design of building energy systems. However, no existing studies in the building energy systems literature have quantified the economic benefits of data collection strategies to determine whether they are worth their cost. This work demonstrates that Value of Information analysis (VoI), a Bayesian Decision Analysis framework, provides a suitable methodology for quantifying the benefits of data collection. Three example decision problems in building energy systems are studied: air-source heat pump maintenance scheduling, ventilation scheduling for indoor air quality, and ground-source heat pump system design. Smart meters, occupancy monitoring systems, and ground thermal tests are shown to be economically beneficial for supporting these decisions respectively. It is proposed that further study of VoI in building energy systems would allow expenditure on data collection to be economised and prioritised, avoiding wastage.

Uwe M. Borghoff, Eberhard Pfeiffer, Peter Rödig

The long-term usability of digital building documents is essential for the maintenance and optimization of infrastructure portfolios. It supports the preservation of building-specific knowledge and the cultural heritage hidden within. However, having to do this throughout the lifecycle of a building - or even indefinitely - remains a major challenge. This is especially true for organizations responsible for large collections of digital building documents, such as public administrations or archives. In this article, we first describe the challenges and requirements associated with preservation tasks, and then introduce the concept of so-called representation information within BIM (Building Information Modeling). This type of information is important to give meaning to the stored bit sequences for a particular community. Then, we design a repository for representation information and introduce some so-called 23 BIMcore content elements. Finally, we focus on BIM and the construction sector and explain how the proposed repository can be used to implement the two concepts introduced in the ISO reference model OAIS (Open Archival Information System), namely the representation information and the context information, as well as the concept of significant properties, which has not yet been explicitly modeled in OAIS.

Valerio R. M. Lo Verso, Giulio Antonutto, Santiago Torres

Daylighting and solar availability at urban scale has come to play a crucial role in the perception of discomfort conditions for people, both in outdoor and indoor spaces, and on the energy consumption of buildings. Daylighting and solar analyses are typically done separately. The paper presents a novel method, called the ‘sunlight-daylight signature’ (SDS), which allows the qualitative analysis of urban settings with respect to sunlight and daylight. The method can be used to classify different urban settings in terms of daylight/sunlight access or to test new development proposals by referring to existing locations and confirm whether a certain daylight quality is met. The SDS relies on a new analysis tool, called ‘sunlight-daylight wedge’ (SDW), which combines obstruction (through the vertical sky component VSC) and sunlight access (through the annual probable sunlight hours PASH and the winter probable sunlight hours PWSH). The orientation of the façade at each point is also included as it will affect the times of the day when the sun-hours from PASH and PWSH occur, thus affecting the character of the corresponding sunlight. The SDS approach is based on a clustering technique to subdivide large datasets (in this case, daylight data points across entire cities or major urban areas) into smaller groups, using machine learning by way of the k-medoids clustering technique. This is used to derive typical daylight and sunlight scenarios representing groups of data points with similar conditions. Additional data is included to account for urban density and daylight availability in public areas. Final output of the clustering process consists of a map showing areas with the same daylight signature (SDS), which means areas with the same sunlight and daylight conditions. The SDS can be useful for urban planners and building practitioners to predict the access to both daylight and sunlight of large urban settings to optimize comfort for people and energy usage.

Laura Bellia, Francesca Fragliasso, Matteo Seraceni et al.

The objective of this paper is to outline fundamental principles for the electric lighting design of workplace environments such as offices. The study considers both the suggested guidelines and values for non-visual light design and the specifications for visual tasks dictated by the EN 12464-1:2021. When properly balanced, the two distinct procedures – for the visual task and for the non-visual responses - can lead to an integrated lighting design: This integration ensures that the office environment provides both well-being and optimal visibility for tasks that require good lighting conditions. Various lighting scenarios, using only electric lighting, were analysed under different conditions and parameters (three different photometries, three different spectra and three environmental wall reflectance configurations). The choice of luminaire photometry is critical in achieving a well-rounded integrated design, as observed in the examination of various scenarios. Depending on the goals set, the designer can also decide whether to use a spectrum that stimulates the eye the most: Different spectra with similar correlated colour temperatures were compared to evaluate the impact on design purposes. The next step of the research work is to consider the daylight into the project and an evaluation of the potential energy savings it can offer.

Azhar Ramy Ibrahim, Diana Susilowati

Light is an important element in human life. Without lighting, humans cannot see an object visually. It is from the reflection of the light of these objects that humans visualize shapes clearly and see comfortably. The coffee shop as a public space certainly requires adequate lighting so that visual comfort is maintained. Visual comfort will be achieved if the terms and conditions for achieving visual comfort have been fulfilled, including the brightness level according to the recommended standards and the distribution of lighting according to the spatial layout according to the standards. With the aim to determine the natural and artificial lighting conditions in coffee shops and lighting standards for visual comfort, this study will use a comparative research method. Where this method compares lighting standards with research results. The results of this research are that the level of light intensity found outside and inside the building meets the SNI standard at 250 lux by taking data that has an average lux during the day and lux in the afternoon. The conclusion from this study is that BENING coffee & space on one of the visual comfort factors has met the visual comfort standards set by the SNI.

Sufrial Hendri, Roy Jimmi Tampubolon

Percut Sei Tuan District is one of the sub-districts in Deli Serdang Regency. The position of this sub-district is between Medan City and Batang Kuis District to Kuala Namu Airport. In addition, this sub-district is also one of the centers for the Medindingro development project (Medan - Binjai - Deli Serdang - Karo) as stipulated in RI Presidential Regulation Number 62 of 2011 concerning Medindingro Vision 2027 and is included in the National Strategic Area (KSN).Social and economic problems will arise as the population increases, this requires the development of office facilities, education, health, housing and so on. The challenge is quite complex for the regional government concerned in an effort to build and improve the standard of living and welfare of its people. With the increasing number of activities and dense population, a city can no longer meet the needs of its citizens optimally, so it is necessary to have supporting cities that can accommodate activities that cannot be fulfilled in urban areas. [2] This is done to prevent the development and growth of cities naturally, in other words developing without programmed direction and planning. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out a Study on the Regional Arrangement of Percut Sei Tuan Subdistrict as a guideline for the direction of development for the future, and to avoid uncontrolled forms of development. Creating an integrated urban environment that can increase the efficiency of land use and the carrying capacity of land and can improve the physical quality and appearance of the city.The results of this study are expected to be able to provide directions for regional arrangement in terms of architecture, landscape, regional design in Percut Sei Tuan District, as a guideline for the development and arrangement of urban areas. As a guide for all development actors, both in the design process, space utilization, physical development and in controlling spatial use in Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Tengah Regency.

Piyali Banerjee, Urjit A. Yajnik

Breaking of discrete parity at high scale gives rise to $Z_2$-domain walls (DW). The metastability of such walls can make them relatively long lived and contradict standard cosmology. We consider two classes of theories with similar underlying feature, the left right symmetric theories and two Higgs doublet models. Both of them possess some breaking of $Z_2$ discrete symmetries. As a first step, domains form at a high energy scale during parity breaking. In the second step, these domains further decompose into subdomains due to $Z_2$ symmetry breaking in two Higgs doublet models closer to the electroweak scale. We show that after this two step formation of domains and subdomains, a QCD instanton induced energy difference can remove the domain walls as well as the subdomain walls at around the same time successfully. The removal occurs purely as the result of a chance event taking place with probability very close to 0.25, and does not require one to introduce any non-renormalisable $Z_2$-symmetry breaking term to the Lagrangian. We then investigate the gravitational waves arising from the collapse of such domain walls and show that the peak frequency of these waves lies in the $10^{-7}$--$10^{-6}~\mbox{Hz}$ band, corresponding to annihilation temperatures of $1$--$10$ GeV. This frequency band is sensitive to pulsar timing array based experiments such as SKA and NANOGrav. The recent NANOGrav results rule out our DW collapse model for higher values of parity breaking scale above $10^7$ GeV. Our DW collapse model with parity breaking scales below $10^7$ GeV remains consistent with the current NANOGrav results and has a good chance of being seriously tested in future pulsar timing based experiments.

Sebastian Bischof, Bernhard Mühlherr

We introduce the notion of a wall-connected twin building and show that the local-to-global principle holds for these twin buildings. As each twin building satisfying Condition (co) (introduced in [7]) is wall-connected, we obtain a strengthening of the main result of [7] that covers also the thick irreducible affne twin buildings of rank at least 3.

Jan Stock, Philipp Althaus, Sascha Johnen et al.

Regarding climate change, the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is well-known. As building heating contributes to a high share of total energy consumption, which relies mainly on fossil energy sources, improving heating efficiency is promising to consider. Lowering supply temperatures of the heating systems in buildings offers a huge potential for efficiency improvements since different heat supply technologies, such as heat pumps or district heating, benefit from low supply temperatures. However, most estimations of possible temperature reductions in existing buildings are based on available measurement data on room level or detailed building information about the building's physics to develop simulation models. To reveal the potential of temperature reduction for several buildings and strive for a wide applicability, the presented method focuses on estimations for temperature reduction in existing buildings with limited input data. By evaluating historic heat demand data on the building level, outdoor temperatures and information about installed heaters, the minimal actual necessary supply temperature is calculated for each heater in the building using the LMTD approach. Based on the calculated required supply temperatures for each room at different outdoor temperatures, the overall necessary supply temperatures to be provided to the building are chosen. Thus, the minimal heatcurve possible for an existing building is deduced. The method described is applied to multiple existing office buildings at the campus of Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany, demonstrating the fast application for several buildings with limited expenditure. Furthermore, a developed adapted heatcurve is implemented in one real building and evaluated in relation to the previously applied heatcurve of the heating system.

Basel Elkhapery, Robert Pěnička, Michal Němec et al.

This paper introduces a wall construction planner for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), which uses a Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) metaheuristic to generate near-time-optimal building plans for even large walls within seconds. This approach addresses one of the most time-consuming and labor-intensive tasks, while also minimizing workers' safety risks. To achieve this, the wall-building problem is modeled as a variant of the Team Orienteering Problem and is formulated as Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP), with added precedence and concurrence constraints that ensure bricks are built in the correct order and without collision between cooperating agents. The GRASP planner is validated in a realistic simulation and demonstrated to find solutions with similar quality as the optimal MILP, but much faster. Moreover, it outperforms all other state-of-the-art planning approaches in the majority of test cases. This paper presents a significant advancement in the field of automated wall construction, demonstrating the potential of UAVs and optimization algorithms in improving the efficiency and safety of construction projects.

Hüseyin Özdemir, Bilgehan Yılmaz Çakmak

There has been an increasing awareness in recent years about the evaluation of daylight and glare quality in buildings. In the study, an office space with a flat and a dynamic shading system facade (triangular cell facade) is discussed in the province of Mardin, which is in a hot and arid climate zone. Observing two different facade types in a single office space allows the study to be carried out in detail, and their suitability can be checked by producing quick design alternatives. The analysis and evaluation of daylight and glare quality over office spaces with two different facade types aims to develop an innovative approach. This objective is designed to respond to climatic conditions and contribute to the development of climate-sensitive designs. The study was parametrically simulated with the Grasshopper plugin and daylight plugin ClimateStudio tools in Rhino, an office space with both a flat facade and a dynamic shading system facade located in a hot-arid climate. As a result of the analysis, the dynamic shading system, which can transform according to the position of the sun, shows outputs in accordance with the LEEDv4 standard, minimizing the ASE value of the facade's annual sunlight exposure by up to 10%, while maximizing the spatial daylight autonomy sDA value by 60% or more. In addition, Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) values of 0.38 keep the visual quality affective. As a result, the office space with a dynamic shading system facade showed that it can significantly improve the flexibility of shading to control daylight measurements and glare, achieving the maximum level of visual comfort based on the LEEDv4 certificate.

Biljana Obradovic, Barbara S. Matusiak

This paper describes a field study of the illumination and lighting energy use in a full-scale test office in a building located in southern Norway. Natural light is provided to the office via southwest-oriented windows and a horizontal light pipe (HLP) with a daylight entrance facing the south. The study is a full-scale field study, and it is a continuation of the recently published study addressing a scale model and a theoretical model. The novelty of this study is a custom-made reflector for the HLP’s daylight distribution to preserve the features of natural light noted as the primary human association with daylight. The main research aim was to determine if the daylighting level in the back of the office was improved as a consequence of the daylighting provision from the HLP compared to a reference situation without a HLP, as well as whether the lighting energy use for the electric lighting system that was supposed to provide the recommended light level was reduced. This study includes monitoring of the outdoor and indoor illuminance levels as well as the energy consumption of the luminaires throughout the study’s test period and a corresponding reference period. The recorded data were used to test hypothesis applying inferential statistical analyses. In conclusion, this paper reports an increased daylight level on the working area in the rear part of the office of approximately 200 to 300 lx during clear and sunny days at equinox. The increased daylight level on the working area near the window of approximately 50 lx was also recorded. These findings have important implications for energy balance in the Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB) and the ‘peak load’ for energy consumption.

Yu-Ting Cheng, Mathias Funk, Rung-Huei Liang et al.

Increasing amounts of sensor-augmented research objects have been used in design research. We call these objects Data-Enabled Objects, which can be integrated into daily activities capturing data about people's detailed whereabouts, behaviours and routines. These objects provide data perspectives on everyday life for contextual design research. However, data-enabled objects are still computational devices with limited privacy awareness and nuanced data sharing. To better design data-enabled objects, we explore privacy design spaces by inviting 18 teams of undergraduate design students to re-design the same type of sensor-enabled home research camera. We developed the Connected Peekaboo Toolkit (CPT) to support the design teams in designing, building, and directly deploying their prototypes in real home studies. We conducted Thematic Analysis to analyse their outcomes which led us to interpret that privacy is not just an obstacle but can be a driver by unfolding an exploration of possible design spaces for data-enabled objects.

Rui Duan, Hui Deng, Mao Tian et al.

Computer vision-based deep learning object detection algorithms have been developed sufficiently powerful to support the ability to recognize various objects. Although there are currently general datasets for object detection, there is still a lack of large-scale, open-source dataset for the construction industry, which limits the developments of object detection algorithms as they tend to be data-hungry. Therefore, this paper develops a new large-scale image dataset specifically collected and annotated for the construction site, called Site Object Detection dAtaset (SODA), which contains 15 kinds of object classes categorized by workers, materials, machines, and layout. Firstly, more than 20,000 images were collected from multiple construction sites in different site conditions, weather conditions, and construction phases, which covered different angles and perspectives. After careful screening and processing, 19,846 images including 286,201 objects were then obtained and annotated with labels in accordance with predefined categories. Statistical analysis shows that the developed dataset is advantageous in terms of diversity and volume. Further evaluation with two widely-adopted object detection algorithms based on deep learning (YOLO v3/ YOLO v4) also illustrates the feasibility of the dataset for typical construction scenarios, achieving a maximum mAP of 81.47%. In this manner, this research contributes a large-scale image dataset for the development of deep learning-based object detection methods in the construction industry and sets up a performance benchmark for further evaluation of corresponding algorithms in this area.

Muhammad Razki Adrell, Pedia Aldy, Gun Faisal

Penyediaan lingkungan belajar yang baik di sekolah dapat meningkatkan kesehatan dan produktivitas pelajar. SMAN 3 Padang merupakan salah satu institusi pendidikan yang masih kurang dalam memperhatikan lingkungan belajar, yang membutuhkan penyelesaian desain untuk memberikan solusi ke depan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan sustainable architecture mampu menghadirkan rancangan sustainable school dengan lingkungan belajar yang lebih baik dan berdampak positif pada lingkungan sekolah. Melalui analogi dari konsep “belajar seperti di bawah naungan pepohonan” dan ditransformasikan dengan pendekatan sustainable architecture. Redesain SMAN 3 Padang dapat memberikan lingkungan belajar yang berkelanjutan di sekolah untuk meningkatkan produktivitas siswa dan kemampuan siswa di masa depan, terutama prestasi sekolah.

Qian He, Hongfei Zheng, Xinglong Ma et al.

Agricultural greenhouses are commonly built around cities to supply residents with agricultural products or green plants. With an increasing demand for plants’ growing environment, the temperature and illumination inside the greenhouses are counted especially during cold winter. This paper proposes a new construction idea of an energy-saving agricultural greenhouse, by which a solar energy collector is added onto the agricultural greenhouse to improve the energy utilization efficiency. Besides, the solar collector does not occupy extra land resource and merely influence the illumination inside the greenhouse. The design and modeling of solar system are introduced in accordance with the actual parameters of agricultural greenhouse. Then the characteristics of energy collection and inner house’s illumination are elaborated by simulation. It shows that when the inclination incident angle of the sunlight ranges from -38° to 38°, the receiving efficiency of ray in receiver is more than 80%. This implies that the system can work about 5 hours in heat collection. The light environment and the thermal environment are both important. When scattered and direct light are set 40% and 60% of daylight, respectively, the illumination of ground is up to 8.38×105 Lux. The minimum illumination is not less than 4.22×105 Lux. In addition, the illumination of rear wall ranges from 3.05×105 Lux to 7.62×105 Lux. Thus, the light environment in the greenhouse is not influenced and all the indoor activities could be maintained. Finally, local meteorological data are combined with simulated solar collection results to evaluate the economy. It shows that the system could provide about 1887.8 MJ/m2 in six cold months, which approximately equals to 6153.9$ per year.

Jacob Adha Putra, Mira Dharma Susilawaty, Pedia Aldy

Banyaknya masyarakat yang berminat terhadap mainan LEGO membuat mainan LEGO menjadi terkenal. mulai banyaknya event-event yang diselenggarakan di mall atau convention center terhadap mainan LEGO, memunculkan ide untuk merancang LEGO Center. ide ini muncul karena tidak adanya tempat yang mengkhususkan untuk kegiatan menggunakan mainan LEGO tersebut. tujuan perancangan bangunan LEGO Center ini adalah sebagai tempat pameran, dan sebagai tempat rekreasi yang bersifat edukasi dengan menggunakan LEGO. Menggunakan tema arsitektur kubisme, yang dimana pemikirian ini timbul dari sudut pandang LEGO yang memiliki tiga dimensi panjang, lebar dan tinggi. Konsep pada rancangan LEGO Center di Kota Pekanbaru ini menggunakan konsep “Tumpukan LEGO Bricks” yang dihasilkan dari keterkaitan objek rancangan dan tema Arsitektur Kubisme terhadap objek rancangan yang memiliki penyederhanaan bentuk-bentuk kotak atau kubus sesuai dengan sifat Kubisme.